CHE Fall 2014 Wind Wave & Tidal 2X Grey Scale

8/9/2019 CHE Fall 2014 Wind Wave & Tidal 2X Grey Scale

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There are Many Forms of Renewable Energy

Hydroelectric Non-Hydroelectric

Wind Solar Geothermal Ocean/Water

Wave, Tidal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Bioenergy

crops waste: old tires, municipal solid waste,

agricultural waste

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Renewable Energy Is A Small Part of OurOverall Fuel Mix

Source: AER 201110/6/14 4


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Biofuels and Wind Have Experienced RapidGrowth Recently

Source: EIA AER 201110/6/14 5

Solar & Wind are Green & Clean

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The Real World is Hot, Dry, & Windy

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Wind Power

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Wind Power is Not New

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Windmills Prairie Pumps

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Once a ubiquitous feature in Rural America, Every Farm & Ranchhad one or several

Rural Electrification Programseliminated most of them.

Switched to electric pumps forwater wells


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Wind Power Comes in Many Flavors

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Different Scales:Utility Scale 10s of KWs to MWsResidential Scale 100s of Ws to several KWs

Different Technologies:Horizontal AxisVertical Axis

Different Locations:Terrestrial:

OnshoreOffshore

Aerial:Low AltitudeHigh Altitude

Wind Energy Has Many Benefits

No emissions Inexhaustible, renewable supply Fuel is free Efficient Conversion: direct mechanical to

electrical (m e)

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Height is Critical in Wind Resources

[NREL]10/6/14 15

Higher is better>30 Meters

Not as well suited forResidential or smallcommercial applications

Favors Utility Scaleprojects

The US Has Abundant Wind Resources

[NREL]

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The US Has Abundant Wind Resources

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Installed Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly[NREL]

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Installed Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly

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2013

Wind Tends to be Where People Arent

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>$7 BillionInvested inTransmissionLines to BringWest TexasWind Power toPopulationCenters


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US Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly

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2013

Onshore Horizontal Axis (HAWT)

What most people think of as Traditional Wind Power Utility Scale 0.5 2.5 MW per turbine Several to Hundreds per Wind Farm

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First Generation

Large A/C Generators, Gearboxs, Complex, MultipleFailure Modes

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Maintenance Was Not Insignificant

Gear box seal failuresplagued many earlygeneration Wind Turbines

Direct Drive Technology hasgreatly improved reliability andreduced maintenancerequirements


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And Oil is Flammable

Second Generation

Smaller (size), Simpler, Still Had Gear Boxs10/6/14 26


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Third Generation

Smaller Still but greater power, Direct Drive, PMM10/6/14 27

Wind Turbines Are Getting Larger

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For Onshore There are Physical Limits

Road, Bridge, Tunnel, Transport, & Crane Limitations

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As Capacity Increases, Cost Decreases


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Wind Turbines Show Three Key Trends

Larger turbines Lower Wind Speed Efficiency Offshore

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Visual Pollution Is Very Real to Some

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Wind Farms Are Moving Offshore

Less NIMBYism Better wind patterns Close to cities 80% of the Worlds Population Lives within 200

miles of a coastline

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Offshore Wind is More Expensive But Scale Helps

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~ Twice the $ of Onshore! Higher Capitol Cost! Higher Maintenance Cost

But:! Higher Capacity Factor! Less Visual Impact! No Noise Concerns! Close to Load Centers! Larger Scale


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High Fidelity Modeling Aids Design

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Offshore Has Fewer Physical Size Constraints

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European Countries Are Moving to OffshoreWind Resources

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The US Might Move to Offshore Wind Resources

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The World is Moving to Offshore Wind Resources

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Wind Has Enjoyed Phenomenal Growth

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Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)

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VAWT is Not New Technology

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Aerial Wind?

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Aerial Wind?

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Residential Wind Power

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Many Technologies Suit Residential

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They All Strive for: High Efficiency Low Wind Speed Low Noise Low Maintenance Low Cost

Very Challenging toOvercome theInherently poor Wind

Resource Near theGround & AroundBuildings, Trees etc.


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Ocean Energy

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There Are Several Forms of Ocean Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Wave Osmotic/Salinity Gradients Tidal Benefits:

scale of resource base renewable avoids NIMBYism

Concerns: large-scale engineering and thermodynamics challenges unknown environmental impacts

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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)Uses Natural Temperature Gradients

Uses natural temperaturedifferences between theocean surface and depths suns rays only

penetrate ~65 m Carnot efficiency:

3.4% Originally proposed in

the late 19th century

Source: Texas Renewable Energy Resource Assessment, 1995; Carcas, 2007

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Wave Power Harnesses Kinetic Energy In theWaves

Source: Ocean Energy

Wave power potential in kW/m of wave front

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Wave Power: Recoverable resource is aboutthe same size as hydroelectric power

Is it feasible to put wave power systems alongall the coasts?

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Wave Power Has Multiple Forms

First wave-power patents in the 18thcentury

First commercial wave farm installed inOctober 2007

PG&E will build a wave farm of the coastof CA by 2012

3 Pelamus devices with 750 kW apiece tobe installed in 2009 off the coast ofPortugal

concerns: surviving the waves, corrosion,transmission

FinaveraSource: The Coming Wave, Economist, June 7th, 2008


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Wave Power Has Multiple Forms

Wave hello to Aquaboy (at the top of the article) and (clockwise from topleft) AWS Ocean Energy's submerged buoy; Limpet; Oyster; and Pelamis

Source: The Coming Wave, Economist, June 7th, 2008

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Salinity Gradients and Osmotic Power

Uses pressure difference between fresh and salt water atriver/ocean interface Can duplicate this effect by injecting fresh water into

brine reservoirs Depends on sophisticated semi-permeable membranes

1,650 billion kWh worldwide potential if you put a lot of membranes in place. U.S. annual electricity consumption is 3,700 billion kWh

Statkraft (a Norwegian company) building a power station at the Oslo fjord

demonstration system will generate enough power for afew lightbulbs

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Ocean Tidal & Current

Very Similar to Offshore Wind:

Near to Loads High Capacity Factor (approaching 100% for Current) Huge Resource High Capitol Cost High Maintenance? No Emissions No Visual Impact No Noise Impact Renewable Marine Life Impact?

Tidal Energy

Dates back to the Roman occupation of Englandwhen established to grind corn and grain

Need good separation between low and high tide Can be forecasted (unlike waves, wind, solar,)

Source: Statkraft Development AS


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Like Wind Several Technology Approaches


Ocean Current


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Tapping Ocean Currents Could Power the World

80% of the Worlds Population Lives With 200 Miles of a Coastline

Another Source of Solar Power but Very Concentrated Unlike Traditional Solar & Wind

The Energy in the Oceans Currents is Vast & Untapped

Ocean Current

Essentially the SameConcept & Technologyas Sea Floor Tidal butPlaced in Major OceanCurrents

Huge Resource Potential

Base Load with Near100% Capacity Factor


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Gulf Stream Current


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Documents

CHE Fall 2014 Wind Wave & Tidal 2X Grey Scale