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U N C L A S S I F I E D
Characterization of Particles d V id U i X Miand Voids Using X-ray Micro
TomographyTomographyBrian M. Patterson, E.K. Cerreta, D. Dennis-Koller, C.A.
B kh t d C E H iltBronkhorst, and C. E. Hamilton
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
Tomography Workshop 2010
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OverviewOverview
How many radiographs do you need for y g p ydimensional quantification?
How many voxels do you need for object How many voxels do you need for object particle statistics, not image artifacts?
Dynamically damaged Cu Dynamically damaged Cu
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Xradia Micro Computed TomographyXradia Micro Computed Tomography
150 kV, 10W, W-source2 glass slides for beam hardening10X objective ~2.5 mm FOV2.24 μm voxel size
17~24 hrs per sample for best image quality
Great for meso scale features
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Analysis Using AvizoFireAnalysis Using AvizoFire3D image analysis using AvizoFire 6.2g y g
64-bit, HP workstation, Windows 7, Nvidia FX-5600 graphics card with 4gb ram
The use of μCT lends 3D statistics to traditional 2D characterization. Exciting new capability and g p yextremely useful if implemented carefully.
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Calibrated Volume MeasurementsCalibrated Volume MeasurementsEmbedded solid NIST standard beads in 60 mg/cm3 polymer
3D image of NIST standard beads using X-ray CTvaried the number of x-ray images to determine
1. can beads be used as standards2. are the 3D measurements accurate
Data sets of:181, 361, 721, 1261 images collected
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PATTERSON, B.M. & HAMILTON, C.E. (2010). Analytical Chemistry 39(3), 184-190.
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Photomicrograph of glass spheresg p g p
Geometry of x-ray tomography instrument
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PATTERSON, B.M. & HAMILTON, C.E. (2010). Analytical Chemistry 39(3), 184-190.
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Reconstructed slices through sphere embedded polymer
1261 721
Reconstructed slices through sphere embedded polymer
361 181
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PATTERSON, B.M. & HAMILTON, C.E. (2010). Analytical Chemistry 39(3), 184-190.
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Histogram of binary particlesHistogram of binary particles
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PATTERSON, B.M. & HAMILTON, C.E. (2010). Analytical Chemistry 39(3), 184-190.
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20 micron beads, 1261 images, g
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PATTERSON, B.M. & HAMILTON, C.E. (2010). Analytical Chemistry 39(3), 184-190.
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Average bead diameter calculation comparison
1261
Average bead diameter calculation comparison
NIST Standard 1261 Radiographs 721 Radiographs 361 Radiographs 181 Radiographs
Average Bead Diameter
(μm) and SD17.3 ± 1.4 18.4 ± 1.9 17.8 ± 1.9 17.4 ± 1.9 17.0 ± 1.9
(μm) and SD
R l ti %Relative % SD 12 10.7 10.8 11.1 11.2
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PATTERSON, B.M. & HAMILTON, C.E. (2010). Analytical Chemistry 39(3), 184-190.
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How many voxels?How many voxels?
No one would believe that the surface area of a single voxel object is accurate!What about a 5 voxel object? jWhat about a 50 voxel object?
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27 cylinders in various resampled datasets
9003 1003 253
27 cylinders in various resampled datasets
900 100 25
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Slice through one cylinder in various resampled datasets
9003 1003 253
g y p
9003 1003 253
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Define Feret Shape 3DDefine Feret Shape 3D
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Accuracy measures as a function of the ynumber of object voxels
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Precision measure of the cylinders as f i f b f la function of number of voxels
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Numerous industrial applications call for damage tolerant materials in extreme environments
Crash WorthinessVulnerability and Safety
Structural Integrity
Foreign Object Damage
A future of materials with designer properties relies on our capabilityU N C L A S S I F I E D
A future of materials with designer properties relies on our capability to understand and predict the response of such materials in the
extreme environments of stress, strain, temperature, and pressure.
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Experimentally we mimic this effect through gas gun, laser drive or high explosive loading platformsg p g p
Damage in a shocked specimenquartz Cu targetm
e
impactor targetup
t tim
x
Flat top loading
(supported)
t
Discreet
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Discreetregion of tension
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3 2 1About ~ 7 mm available for analysis
h= ~ 4 2 mmHigh purity OFHC copper
h= ~ 4.2 mm
thickness = ~ 1.7 mmthickness 1.7 mm
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Shocked SamplesShocked Samples
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Flow chart for segmentation
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Smoothed Arithmetic
Dilation MaskDilation Mask
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Smoothed 3D image of voids in damaged Cug g
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Feret Shape Cut-Offp
All voids with 1000 voxels or moreAll voids
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Is it accurate?Is it accurate?
Void volume by 2D areay0.41%
Void Mass Void Mass0.42%
CT CT0.64%
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Cu damaged at higher velocityCu damaged at higher velocity
3 t3mm quartz171 m/s
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Normalized Radius of Voids40
30
20
mbe
r of V
oids
10
Num
113 total number of voids with a volume greater than 27 voxels
0 50 100 150 2000
g
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Normalized Radius (micrometers)
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Binary and Labeled Reconstructed Slicey
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Normalized Radius of Voids
35
40
Individual voids
Normalized Radius of Voids
30
35 Individual voids
20
25
ber o
f Voi
ds
10
15
Num
b
Large void virtually separated
0 50 100 150 2000
5 Congealed void
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0 50 00 50 00
Normalized Radius (m icrometers)
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SummarySummaryX-ray Micro CT coupled with high end image processing provides a non-destructive 3D characterization of meso scale damage structures in a laboratory based environment. Information on the resultant process’ are imaged; not available in typical 2D cross sectioning.
Now we can balance resolution versus field of view.
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AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Funding was provided by the LaboratoryFunding was provided by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program(LDRD DR 20100026)(LDRD-DR-20100026)
PATTERSON B M & HAMILTON C E (2010) Analytical Chemistry 39(3) 184 190PATTERSON, B.M. & HAMILTON, C.E. (2010). Analytical Chemistry 39(3), 184-190.
Patterson, B.M. et. al., (2011), Microscopy and Microanalysis, submitted 12/10.
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