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CHARACTERIZATION OF FINE AND COARSE PARTICULATE MATTER COLLECTED IN INDONESIA USING NATs
Muhayatun Santoso, Diah DL,
Syukria K, Endah D, Indah K, Djoko
National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
10th BAQ 2018
Kuching, Malaysia, November 12-16, 2018
www.batan.go.id
Air Pollution Problem in Indonesia
• Increased economic development in the Indonesian region has often led to rapid and
unplanned urbanization.
• Urban air pollution is a major problem in this region and growing recognition of the
health effect problems resulting from airborne particles.
• Some cities have been identified for high air pollution level
• Forest fires and volcanic eruption are also problems that occur periodically in
Indonesia. These can cause regional problem due to air transport taking place across
countries in a few days and around the globe in a few weeks.
Figure courtesy of NASA
February 14, 2014
Indonesia’s Mount Kelud Erupts
September-October 2015
Smoke and Fires in Sumatra
and Borneo
Jakarta
www.batan.go.id
Why we need fine particulate matter analysis?
• Only few existing data for PM10
particles in Indonesia
• Data on PM2.5 are relatively scarce,
but are needed more beacuse of
the health effects
• Identifying pollution sources is the
first critical step towards developing
strategies for its management
Objective :
Elemental analysis in APM is crucial
to identify the pollution sources
Nuclear Analytical Techniques
To assess the level of PM2.5 and its
chemical composition in 16 cities in
Indonesia covering Java, Sumatera,
Borneo, Sulawesi, Papua
www.batan.go.id
Methodology
Elemental concentration
measurement using NAT
Sampling of Airborne Particulate
Samples
PM and Black carbon measurement
Data Analysis using:• Receptor Modeling
• Conditional Probability Function
• Transboundary
NAA
- NAA
- AAS
- NAA
- AAS
- XRF
www.batan.go.id
Sampling sites in 16 cities
5
❖ Papua: Jayapura
Sub urban, small city,No large industry
❖ Java Island: Jakarta, Tangerang, Bandung,
Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surabaya (2)
Large scale industries, vehicles/transportation, coal
power plant, smelters, volcano. More than 35 power
plants are planned to build mainly in Java.
❖ Sumatra
Island:
Pekanbaru,
Medan
Volcano Sinabung,
Forest fire, coal
power plant
❖ Borneo: Palangka Raya, Balikpapan
Peat forest fire, mining industry,
ship docking
❖ Sulawesi: Makasar, Manado
Ship docking, industry mining,
coal power plant
❖ Bali: Denpasar
❖ Nusa Tenggara Barat: Lombok
Tourism, ritual incense burning (Bali),volcano
❖ Maluku: Ambon
Surrounded by the
sea, less industry
www.batan.go.id
Sampling Activities
6
❖ The APM samples were collected in almost all big islands in Indonesia covering 16 cities
❖ Sampling were carried out using dichotomous sampler Gent stacked filter unit in each site, once a week from 2014~ now
❖ The data presented will be focused on 2014-2016
❖ Involving the local EPA in each sites
❖ 2-3 monthly the collected samples were sent back to BATAN laboratory for mass, BC and elemental analysis
www.batan.go.id
IBA facility in ANSTO, Australia
NATs Technology for PM Analysis
Advantages :➢ Simultaneous multi
elemental
➢ Non destructive, selective
and sensitive
➢ Small weight samples ➢ Cost and time effective
Figure courtesy of ANSTO
NAA and XRF, Indonesia
Air pollution is a regional problem
Regional cooperative
framework
Regional Cooperative
Modalities
Synchrotron Elettra, Italy
NAA is an analytical technique based on the measurement of characteristic gammarays emitted by isotopes of the sample that are produced by irradiation with neutrons.
www.batan.go.id
Application of synchrotron in Elettra for airborne
particulate samples and coal fly ash samples.
Utilization of Synchrotron in Elettra, Italy
www.batan.go.id
Air Quality PM2,5 in 2014
The highest concentration of PM2.5 in Yogyakarta
occurs when mount Kelud erupts
February 14, 2014
Indonesia’s Mount Kelud Erupts in
East Java
Volcanic ash was sent covering an
area of about 500 km in diameter
www.batan.go.id
AIR MONITORING DURING KELUD ERUPTION
www.batan.go.id
Air Quality PM2,5 in 2015
Some cities are higher in
PM2.5 due to the forest
fires event in Pekanbaru,
Palangka Raya
Industrial areas in Java
also showed higher
PM2.5
Pekanbaru and Palangka Raya are higher in
PM2.5 due to the forest fires event
Urban areas in Java also showed higher PM2.5
www.batan.go.id
S and Si concentrations
Palangka Raya and Pekanbaru: forest fire of peat land
In megacities (Jakarta ) : transportation & coal power plant/oil burning,
Bandung: Tangkuban Perahu volcano
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Surabaya
Fe and K concentrations
www.batan.go.id
• High concentrations of Pb were detected inearly 2001 is it from transportation orsomething else??
• Several studies were conducted withouthelping to identify the pollution source. Atthat time, BATAN reactor was suspected asmain pollution source.
Lead Pollution in Serpong Indonesia
Pb (PM10) Bandung & Lembang
2008-2009
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Sampel BLSJ
KO
ns
ng
/m3
Pb (PM10) Serpong 2009
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sampel BLSJ
KO
ns
ng
/m3
Pb (PM10) Jakarta 2008-2009
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Sampel BLSJ
KO
ns n
g/m
3Comparison in pre study by BATAN Bandung – EMC in 2008-2009, showed higher Pb
concentration in Serpong was hundred ~ thousand times than in Bandung or Jakarta
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
m
W akt u Sampling
➢Effect of Lead on IQ in Children
www.batan.go.id
From the NATs Analyses the high concentrations of lead
were primarily associated with a lead battery recycling
and lead bar production facility.
Source Identification of PM2.5 in Serpong Indonesia
One of NGO, KPBB research showed that
none of elementary student’s blood lead level
(BLL) were below the WHO limit (10 ug/dL)
0
20
40
60
80
0 10 20 30 40 50
BLL Curug BLL Cinangka Threshold Level
Fig. courtesy of KPBB
Proposed revision of Goverment
Regulation (PP. 41/1999) : Air Pollution
Control (NAAQS): Pb in TSP :
1 μg/m3 0.5 μg/m3 (annual)
2 μg/m3 1 μg/m3 (daily)
Blood lead level in childrenPb Industries
BC Al As Br Ca Cl Cr Cu Fe K MgMnNa Ni P Pb S Si Ti V Zn
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Two-Stroke
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Power Plants
Conc
entra
tion
(ng/
ng)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Road Dust
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Biomass
BC Al As Br Ca Cl Cr Cu Fe K MgMn Na Ni P Pb S Si Ti V Zn0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Muhayatun Santoso et al., APR 2 (2011)
www.batan.go.id
Utilization of Synchrotron
The XANES speciation of As in the coal
fly ash revealed that the less toxic
inorganic form As(V) represented the
main arsenic species.
The XANES (X-Ray
Absorption Near Edge
Spectrometer) facility of
Synchrotron is applicable for
elemental speciation analysis
(As, Cr, etc)
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Acknowledgement
1. National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia
2. International Nuclear Energy Agency - IAEA
3. Ministry of Environment and Forestry Indonesia
4. The Environmental Protection Agency of Jakarta Province
5. The Environmental Protection Agency of West Java Province
6. Center for Accelerator Science and Technology, BATAN Yogyakarta
7. The Environmental Protection Agency of Center Java Province
8. The Environmental Protection Agency of East Java Province
9. The Environmental Protection Agency of Surabaya City
10. The Environmental Protection Agency of North Sumatera Province
11. Eco Region Center for Sumatera
12. The Environmental Protection Agency of Pekanbaru
13. The Environmental Protection Agency of Palangka Raya
14. The Environmental Proctetion Agency of Balikpapan
15. Eco Region of Bali and Nusra
16. The Environmental Proctetion Agency of Mataram
17. Eco Region for Sulawesi and Maluku, Makassar
18. The Environmental Proctetion Agency of North Sulawesi Province
19. The Environmental Proctetion Agency of Maluku Province
20. The Environmental Protection Agency of Papua
Government
Comitment
www.batan.go.id
Summary
NAT has been applied in Indonesia national scale through sampling in almost big
cities in Indonesia covering Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua
Islands.
Several findings for heavy metals pollution in several cities as an early warning to
government and stakeholders to take proper actions.
Indonesia has a data base on database of air quality in Indonesia, that could be
utilized as scientific based reference for government regulation and policy for
proper action and strategy to improve the air quality
The results has encourage the revision of government regulation (PP No.
41/1999) on Air Pollution Control (NAAQS)
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