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Characteristics of
Population Growth
A) Growth rate is affected by:#of births#of deaths
immigration and emigration
Growth rate = birth rate – death rate
Growth rate may be positive, negative, or 0
B) Exponential Growth
Populations will grow exponentially if:
• resources are unlimited
• individuals reproduce at a constant rate
ex: E. Coli bacteria reproduce asexually every 20 minutes
in 6 hours – over 200,000
in 2 days – enough to cover the planet!
WHY DON’T THEY?
Exponential growth rate: J curve
C) Logistic Growth
Limited resources will cause the growth to slow down or stop
Carrying Capacity – the largest number of individuals of a population that the environment can support
Logistic Growth rate:
S curve
K = carrying capacity
Fictional "Tribbles" from Star Trek: One of the more peculiar species encountered, the defining characteristic of the Tribbles is their extreme reproductive rate. Over half of a Tribbles metabolism is devoted to reproduction, allowing them to bear a litter of young every twelve hours.
With an average litter of ten, a single Tribble can therefore create a population of 1,771,561 within three days,
and an amazing 304,481,639,541,400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 in thirty days!
Did the “Tribbles” have logistic or exponential growth?
D) Limiting Factors on Human Populations:
Famine, Disease, War
Will we reach carrying capacity and level off?
What are the consequences if we don’t?
E) Density Independent Factors
Affect all populations, regardless of size or density Ex: weather natural disasters seasonal cycles
certain human activities
clearcutting forests, damning rivers, filling wetlands, building roads, etc.
F) Density-Dependent Factors
Effect depends on the population size or density
Ex: competition for food or shelter predation disease/parasites
spread easily in dense populations,
may wipe out small populations
Predator/Prey Populations
Lynx and Snowshoe hare
Small populations are very vulnerable to extinction
• If only a few remain, inbreeding will occur. This reduces genetic variations.
• Populations with low genetic variability are less able to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
The genetic diversity of cheetahs is so low that biologists think their population was reduced to a very small size in the past.
Survivorship Curve:
If birth rates are constant, then age structure can be used to calculate survivorship.
(patterns in age-specific death rates)
• Some species produce many offspring, with most dying young (Type III).
• While other species produce few offspring with most surviving to maturity (Type I).
• This indicates that there is an evolutionary trade-off
between energy invested to reproduction versus energy invested to survival.
Page 123 – Compare the Fruit Fly population growth and the Rabbit population growth.
1. Which one shows logistic growth and has reached carrying capacity?
2. How would the growth curve change for the rabbit population if more predators moved into their habitat?