Characteristics of catchments disturbed by lignite mining ... · The speciﬁc characteristics of catchments disturbed by lignite mining ... landscape is the large number of forming

Ecological Engineering 24 (2005) 37–48

Characteristics of catchments disturbed by lignite mining—casestudy of Schlabendorf/Seese (Germany)

Christine Hangen-Brodersen∗, Petra Strempel, Uwe Grunewald

Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Chair of Hydrology and Water Resources Management,Collaborative Research Center ‘Development and Evaluation of Disturbed Landscapes’ (SFB 565),

Konrad-Wachsmann Allee 8, D-03046 Cottbus, Germany

Accepted 1 November 2004

Abstract

In the Lower Lusatian lignite mining district, large areas have been mined and recultivated. An even larger area has beenaffected by groundwater lowering. The specific characteristics of catchments disturbed by lignite mining are presented for theSchlabendorf/Seese region, where a close relation between water issues and open-cast lignite mining exists. In general, thisrelationship starts prior to mining and persists even after the land is reclaimed.

The most obvious feature of this post-mining landscape is the large number of forming post-mining lakes. A further featureis the recovery of the groundwater table. Dry streams and springs now are starting to flow again, and areas with a formerly deepgroundwater table are now directly influenced by rising groundwater.

The disturbance causes various acidification phenomena. The aeration of pyrite-bearing material leads to a drastic deteriorationo ost-miningl s, causingw

hydroge-o ent of thep©

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f the groundwater quality, which affects receiving streams and lakes. Thus there is the tendency for some parts of pakes to become acid. Additionally, in the marginal areas of the groundwater recovery, acidification of streams occurater quality problems in ponds and lakes located downstream.The development of each individual water body with respect to water quantity and quality depends on its specific

logical and hydrological setting. The region is experiencing dynamic changes, and shows that the future developmost-mining catchments is difficult to predict.2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

eywords:Disturbed catchment; Lignite mining; Water/matter balance; Groundwater/surface water recovery

. Introduction

Open-cast mining is the most efficient method ofxtracting lignite. However, its impact on the surfacend subsurface water resources is severe. Since the last

∗ Corresponding author.

century, has been lignite intensively exploited inLower Lusatian mining region by open-cast miniThis has resulted in a drastic modification of the caments due to the lowering of the groundwater taand the degradation of the landscape. For the moperations, water has to be removed from the subsoverlying the lignite seam. By the end of 2000, an a

925-8574/$ – see front matter © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.12.005

38 C. Hangen-Brodersen et al. / Ecological Engineering 24 (2005) 37–48

of 794 km2 was mined (Rauhut, 2001). The area af-fected by groundwater lowering, however, is 2100 km2

(in the year 1990). The corresponding deficit of ground-water in the aquifers amounts to about 9 billion m3 andin the developing post-mining lakes about 4 billion m3,respectively (Grunewald, 2001a).

The removal of the overburden above the ligniteseams and its subsequent re-deposition has lead to theformation of a new landscape and of new catchmentswith altered soil, topography, microclimate, and geo-logic strata. This becomes particularly evident when thedistribution of water and land is considered. Throughthe extraction of lignite, a deficit of land mass and,with it, huge pits have been created, which will even-tually become the post-mining lakes (Hildmann andWunsche, 1996). For various reasons, mining of lignitehas declined drastically since the German reunificationin 1990. Once mining ceased, the water table has risenresulting in the formation of post-mining lakes in themining pits.

Due to the oxidation of iron disulfide minerals(mainly pyrite and marcasite) in the aerated aquifersand dump materials, the filling of pits with ground-water causes severe water quality problems. Mostof the forming post-mining lakes show acidification

atian lig

and mineralization phenomena (Grunewald, 2001a),which also threaten watercourses and ecosystemslocated downstream.

The assessment of the hydrologic effects of surfacemining is an integral part of the information needed todetermine the suitability of an area for mining opera-tions and to plan rehabilitation measures at landscapelevel, in creeks, lakes and catchments. In the Lusa-tian mining region, decisions have to be made todayconcerning rehabilitation measures for re-establishinga self-sustainable water and matter balance of catch-ments, even if all related side-effects are not known yet.

2. Objectives and methods

The general objective of this study is the stepwiseimprovement of the knowledge about the water balancesustainability, the dynamics of the water and matter bal-ance of the developing catchments and the post-mininghydrological conditions. Based on this, improved meth-ods for the assessment of consequences of disturbancesas well as of rehabilitation measures should be deducedby linking processes and subsystems at different scalesfor disturbed catchments.

Fig. 1. Lower Lus
nite mining region.

C. Hangen-Brodersen et al. / Ecological Engineering 24 (2005) 37–48 39

For investigating the processes and the subsystems,suitable study catchments have to be selected. Thedrainage areas should represent an exemplary sectionof the landscape encompassing a typical compositionof naturally grown and recultivated parts as well asareas consisting of recently dumped overburden withsurfaces of different age. Additionally, the recovery ofthe groundwater should be observable and with it theresulting interaction with the surface waters.

F(wr

3. Selection of investigation area

Due to their specific characteristics the catchmentswithin the north-western corner of the Lower Lusatiangroundwater depression cone, the post-mining regionSchlabendorf/Seese (Figs. 1 and 2) seem to be repre-sentative study objects.

This region encompasses the area of four formeropen-cast mines of different age (Table 1). Surface min-

ig. 2. Hydrological overview of the investigation area Schlabendorf/groundwater depression cone is represented by the 2 m lowering conater (mainly groundwater) is actually pumped into the watercourses

epresent the post-mining planning) (data provided by Lusatian and C

Seese with the watercourse network according the post-mining planningtour line and does not represent the absolute influenced area; water input:to maintain a minimum discharge; catchments, watercourses, and lakes

entral German Lignite Mining Administration Company).


Table 1Mining operations and related groundwater withdrawals and their consequences in the Schlabendorf/Seese region (BKA, 1994a, 1994b)

Mining area Schlabendorf Seese

South North West East

Period of mining 1975–1991 1959–1977 1962–1978 1983–1996Total extraction of lignite (million tonnes) 171 137 214 42.8 (1992)Period of groundwater withdrawal 1974–until today 1957–1984 1960–until today 1981–until todayMaximum groundwater pumping rate (m3/min) 200 (1982) 103 (1961) 90 (1964–1974) 130 (1985–1987)Regional water deficit (million m3) 512 (1990) 512 (1990) 370 (1992) 370 (1992)Cone of groundwater depression (km2) 154 (1990) 154 (1990) 140 (1992) 140 (1992)Mined area (ha) (1992) 3269 2490 2860 981

ing started in 1959. The second of five coal seams (2.Miocene seam) was mined until 1996, mainly usingconveyor bridge technology. When closing the mines,a regional water deficit of about 900 million m3 andan extreme backlog in recultivation were left behind(BKA, 1994a, 1994b).

F in the m uth (datas

Within the landscape the changes induced by themining operations become apparent when comparingthe land use of the pre-mining with the planned post-mining situation (Fig. 3). The area covered by surfacewater had been negligible in the “pre-mining situation”,whereas in the future it will become an important el-

ig. 3. Change in land use from “pre-mining” to “post-mining”ource: LMBV, unpublished data).

ining areas: (a) Schlabendorf-North and (b) Schlabendorf-So


ement of the landscape. Also the percentage of areasleft open for natural succession increases.

A further characteristic of the investigation area isthe relatively fast recovery of the groundwater. The ex-tent of the groundwater depression cone is shrinking(seeFig. 2). Streams, which fell dry during the min-ing operations, now are starting to flow again. Gener-ally, the whole area encompasses numerous differentlystructured water bodies. There are natural streams out-side the groundwater depression cone carrying water.Those, entering the groundwater depression cone, arefalling dry or transport water only episodically. Streamshave been diverted during the mining operations, andit is planned to divert some of them back on the minespoil areas. Besides the water courses, many ponds andnatural shallow water bodies exist or are in the formingprocess. There are numerous wetlands and water bod-ies resulting from former local mining activities (e.g.peat mining, lignite mining).

Large parts of the area belong to the nature reservepark “Lower Lusatian Ridge”. A feature of the park isthe integration of the mining areas within the naturallygrown landscape. This should be established especiallyby connecting biotopes via the watercourse network.One objective of the current landscape reclamation isthe re-implementation of natural and sustainable wa-tercourses (Mutz et al., 2002).

The implementation of such conceptions highly de-pends on the future development of the water and matterbudget of the forming catchments. Besides the naturer ento thed f theU

4

e de-t coldp undt ben-d thee ingt ice-m seli e-t re lo-

cated. The area ranges in altitude from 120 m a.s.l. onthe “Lower Lusatian Ridge” down to 50 m a.s.l. in theNorth (Upper Spree Forest). Due to the glacial actionthe surface mostly constitutes of Quaternary sediments(of glaciofluvial origin). Below the glacial sedimentsthere are deep Tertiary marine, estuarine, and fluvialsediments with embedded lignite seams.

The climate of the Lusatian lignite mining district istypical for the thermal continental areas of the Ger-man Northern Lowlands. According to the data ofthe German National Meteorological Survey, the av-erage annual precipitation of the station Cottbus forthe period 1960–2001 (seeFig. 1) amounts to 560 mm,the mean annual temperature for the same period to9.1◦C.

Thepre-mininghydrological situation was charac-terized by numerous headwaters at the northern slopeof the “Lower Lusatian Ridge”, which drained fromsouthwest to northeast towards the “Upper Spree For-est”. In the lowland areas, numerous wetlands had beenformed, and fishing ponds have been set up. The streamnetwork (1) led the natural discharge from the “LowerLusatian Ridge” to the Spree river, (2) supplied the nu-merous ponds with water and (3) drained existing wet-lands. The mean specific discharge amounted to ap-proximately 4.5 l s−1 km2 (OLB, 2000). The ground-water depths respective to the surface fluctuated be-tween 0 m (floodplains of the receiving watercourses)and 4 m (surrounding plateaus) (BKA, 1994a, 1994b).

In 1960s, extensive reclamation projects for gain-i f theg nse-q elds,d , them rfacew theg in-i

esw a-t beenc eringo teda (seeF wedr therh ped( ing

eserve park “Lower Lusatian Ridge” the developmf these areas will also play an important role forownstream located UNESCO biosphere area opper Spree Forest.

. Hydrological setting

The geological and landscape characteristics arermined by the Pleistocene epoch with severalhases. The forms of glacial series can be fo

hroughout the Lusatian region. The region Schlaorf is dominated by the characteristic feature ofnd-moraine “Lower Lusatian Ridge” (formed dur

he Saale-Ice age II) in the South and by thearginal valley of the last cold epoch, the Weich

ce age (Baruth glacial valley) in the North. In bween these two landscapes Pleistocene basins a

ng new arable land caused severe disturbance oroundwater conditions and induced negative couences, such as dryness, wind erosion on large firainage and degradation of moor land. Howeverost massive impact on the surface and subsuater resources within the area was caused byroundwater pumping for the operation of lignite m

ng (LAG, 2001).Due to themining activities, several watercours

ere interrupted, shifted or cut off from their headwer areas. Correspondingly, the catchments havehanged. The dewatering resulted in a severe lowf the former high groundwater level, which affecmuch larger area than the mining area itself

ig. 2). Consequently, many watercourses shoeduced discharge or even fell dry. On the oand, the enormous amounts of groundwater pumseeTable 1) were discharged into already exist


or newly created watercourses causing an artificialincrease of the natural discharge (“oversupply ofwater”).After the mining, the groundwater withdrawal dras-

tically ceased and the groundwater started slowly torecover. To date many of the watercourses are stilldry or show reduced discharge. For ensuring a mini-mum discharge within the watercourses, groundwaterpumping is continued (only to a small extent com-pared to the times of mining operations) and dis-charged into the watercourses (seeFig. 2) until thegroundwater has recovered and, with it, the surfacewater.

5. Post-mining phase-recovery

The recovery of the groundwater first becomes ap-parent with the filling of the mining pits, formingthe futurepost-mining lakes. In the area of Schlaben-dorf/Seese, 12 post-mining lakes are in formation, 7larger (Table 2) and 5 smaller ones. Additionally, smallshallow, partly temporary water bodies develop on thedump areas.

These post-mining lakes will be a dominant featureof the post-mining catchments. They will influence thehydrological regime of the receiving streams, but alsothe groundwater conditions in the vicinity. The maindirection of groundwater flow from southwest to north-east will re-establish. However, around the post-miningl willc theg amo f thel

TM the S data source:B

P 24

L 4V 3V 1LM 3M

ite Min

Mining results in changes of the water balance aswell as of thematter balance. The filling of pits withhighly mineralized groundwater poses severe waterquality problems. As a result of the excavation and re-deposition of the overburden within the mining areas,and also of the water lowering for the drying of thelignite seams, an intensive aeration with oxygen of fer-rous sulfide minerals (mainly pyrite and marcasite) inthe accompanying sediments of the lignite seams oc-curred. The rising groundwater and its exfiltration intothe pits leads to highly mineralized and acidic lakes(Grunewald, 2001b).

As long as sufficient oxygen is available, especiallyin the mine spoil massifs, the iron disulfide weath-ering causes acid and oxidized (dump)groundwater.These waters show very high sulfate (e.g. morethan 2000 mg/l) and mineralization (e.g. more than3000 mg/l) values as well as high concentrations ofpedogenic metals (e.g. aluminum more than 30 mg/l)and heavy metals (e.g. zinc about 20 mg/l) (Grunewald,2001b).

Today, the hydrochemical development of the post-mining lakes is governed mainly by the matter inputof the incoming groundwater and the sediments of thebank slopes as well as by technical measures (for in-stance flooding with surface water, alkaline condition-ing). An example for this is the developing post-mininglake RL 12 (Lake Drehna) in the southern part of theinvestigation area (Fig. 4).

Applying the geotechnical measure of dump flush-i s ofa useda thato Toi it

akes the groundwater levels and flow directionshange. Compared with the pre-mining situationroundwater level will be relatively lowered upstref the lakes and relatively elevated downstream o

akes.

able 2orphometrical data of the seven largest post-mining lakes inTUC, 2001a, 2001b, 1999)

arameter RL 12 RL 13

ake volume (million m3)a 15.2 5.5olume of epilimnion (million m3) 9.4 2.3olume of hypolimnion (million m3) 5.8 3.2ake surface (million m2)a 2.18 0.51aximum depth (m)a 25.0 25.8ean depth (m) 7.0 10.7

a Information received by Lusatian and Central German Lign

chlabendorf/Seese region for the planned final water stage (

RL 14/15 RL F RL 4 RL 23 RL

7.6 24.3 10.6 18.8 2.10.7 13.0 7.3 13.2 2.06.9 11.3 3.3 5.6 0.15.76 2.47 1.38 2.59 0.692.3 31.0 27.2 24.4 7.38.3 9.8 7.7 7.2 3.0

ing Administration Company.

ng for stabilizing the bank slopes, large amountcid material were transported into the lake and cadecrease in alkalinity and pH. With the end of

peration, the alkalinity and pH values recover.mprove the water quality of the post-mining lake


Fig. 4. Development of the pH and alkalinity values of the water of lake RL12 (Drehna lake) for the period (June 1997–November 2001)(modified afterBTUC, 2002a).

Fig. 5. General methodological concept developed for the forecast of the hydrochemistry of post-mining lakes in the Lower Lusatian miningregion (modified afterLUA, 1995).


is flooded with surface water, which is diverted fromnearby rivers, e.g. the Spree river. The intended effectsof flooding with surface water are:

1. to hold back the acid- and sulfate-rich groundwater(especially of the dumps);

2. to dilute the acid- and sulfate-rich water and to in-crease the acid buffer capacity;

3. and to accelerate the natural filling process by thegroundwater.

To date, this measure is considered to be the mosteffective way to stabilize the water management con-ditions and to approach the specific utilization tar-gets of the post-mining lakes in a relatively short time(Grunewald, 2001b).

To optimize the flooding with surface water, aforecast of the water quality development is neces-

sary. Fig. 5 shows the general methodology, whichhas been developed for the Lusatian lignite miningregion.

The prediction of the water quality of the develop-ing post-mining lakes requires the assessment of thedifferent interactions between lake and groundwater inaddition to the differentiated assessment of the qualityof the ground water and flooding water. Therefore, foreach specific post-mining lake, the prediction requiresa forecast of

• groundwater inflow and outflow provided by a largescale geo-hydraulic model run by the LMBV (Lusa-tian and Central German Lignite Mining Adminis-tration Company);

• climatic water balance, i.e. difference of precipita-tion and evaporation of the open lake surface;

FB

ig. 6. Forecasted pH value for the post-mining lakes in their final stTUC, 2002b, 2002c).

age (arrows are indicating the groundwater flow direction) (data source:


• incoming streams of the surface catchment; at thepresent state mainly the surface water from the bankslopes; and

• inflow of flooding water and lake outflow in the re-ceiving streams (after the final water stage has beenreached) (Grunewald, 2001b).

These water fluxes have to be classified according tothe water quality. The main uncertainties of the resultsgained by this methodological concept are caused bythe insufficient quantity and quality of the data avail-able.

The analysis of the Schlabendorf/Seese region il-lustrates that most of the post-mining lakes will ex-perience acidification in the course of the groundwa-ter recovery (Fig. 6). As a result, for some of them,only the utilization as “landscape lake” is planned. Butthere is already a highly diverse development of thehydrochemistry of the different lakes expected. TheLake Schonfeld (RL 4), for instance, will not expe-rience acidification due to its favorable hydrogeolog-ical setting. In the dump area Seese-West, spoil ma-terial with a higher alkalinity is present, and at thewestern side there exists a fluvial erosion rill with acidbuffering sediments (BTUC, 2002c). The lakes locateddownstream of dump areas with high acid potentialare threatened by acidification (e.g. lake RL 14/15)(BTUC, 2002b), the hydrological and hydrogeologicalsetting of the lake bodies is determining their chemicaldevelopment.

c ost-m ter,t aterb er-i es.W onea e ism wa-t ama

ifted,w ght wa-t rdingtm wa-t sub-

Fig. 7. Schematic sketch of the discharge conditions at the main sur-face watercourses in the region Schlabendorf/Seese, exemplified bythe upper Schrake river on 17 May 2002, data for groundwater input(OLB, 2000); discharge data obtained by measurements of the Chairof Hydrology and Water Management, Brandenburg University ofTechnology.

catchments of the study area, former dry watercourseswere starting to flow again. In the area of Schlabendorf-South, there were first indications that watercourses up-stream of the lakes and outside of the mining area arealso experiencing deterioration of their water qualityin the course of the recovery of groundwater. Strongfish killing was reported in Spring 2000 for a pond inthe southwest of the mining area Schlabendorf-South(SAFETEC/LMBV, 2001). The amelioration ditch sys-tem, feeding the pond, started to transport water witha quality similar to acid mine drainage. The measure-ment campaign conducted in Spring/Summer 2002 onstreams in the southern part of the investigation areawithin the margin of the groundwater cone revealedthat the water quality deterioration is not limited tothis specific pond area. Several stream reaches in themarginal area of the groundwater depression are af-

So far little attention has been paid to thewater-oursesand the catchment areas upstream of the pining lakes. With the recovery of the groundwa

he influence of these watercourses on the lake’s walance will increase. Today the groundwater low

ng still governs the water flow in the watercoursatercourses entering the groundwater lowering c

re losing water and/or even fall dry. The dischargainly dominated by the input of pumped ground

er to maintain a minimum discharge for downstrereas (Fig. 7).

Some of the watercourses, which have been shill be diverted back in newly formed beds throu

he mining areas. The surface topography and theercourses are modulated as far as possible accoo the pre-mining conditions (seeFig. 2). Until now,ost watercourses have not started to discharge

er. However, during the last 2–3 years in some


fected. Examples of the measured pH values and sulfateconcentrations are presented inFigs. 8 and 9.

Chemical analysis gives the first indication of pyriteoxidation at those sites. The streams, which were re-cently starting to flow again, are especially affected.They are located in former wetlands (moors) withinthe margin of the groundwater depression cone. Theseareas are the first ones directly influenced by the rise ofgroundwater. It is known that moors function as a sinkfor elements such as sulfur. Sulfur is mostly transportedinto the moor areas in oxidized form as sulfate via pre-cipitation or groundwater. Under anaerobic conditions,sulfate is reduced to sulfide. In the presence of Fe(II)-ions sulfide precipitates as ferrous sulfide. As a result ofthis process, large amounts of the imported sulfur canbe retained in moors. In the case of groundwater low-ering (e.g. by drought or dewatering), the sulfur mightbecome re-oxidized and can be washed out into the re-ceiving stream. If such sulfur-bearing peat layers areclose to the surface, they are extremely acid (pH < 2.5)and hostile for vegetation (Succow and Joosten, 2001).

Further investigations have to follow to explain the pro-cesses within these rewetting areas. However, it be-comes evident, that these phenomena are likely to be ofimportance for the ecosystems and post-mining lakesdownstream. For instance, the planned integration ofthe post-mining lakes into the watercourse network isbased on the ultimate intention to improve the waterquality in the post-mining lakes with the surface water.These new developments have to be accounted for and,if necessary, the actual plans should be adjusted.

It can be expected that, with further interaction ofstreams, wetlands and moors with the rising ground-water, a swamping front will pass through the naturereserve park “Lower Lusatian Ridge” causing vari-ous impairments of water-related ecosystems. The elu-cidation of these manifold interactions of influencesfrom the former local mining activities, melioration,recultivation, groundwater recovery, hydrogeologicalconditions, etc. poses various challenges. The fastgroundwater recovery within the region will particu-larly give new insights into the aquatic–terrestrial in-

ndorf-
Fig. 8. pH values in watercourses for the region Schlabe South in Spring/Summer 2002 (modified afterDe La Cruz, 2002).


Fig. 9. Sulfate concentrations (mg/l) in watercourses for the region Schlabendorf-South in Spring/Summer 2002 (modified afterDe La Cruz,2002).

teraction concerning water and matter balances withinthe different sub-catchments and sections of the land-scape. The already affected moor areas give such anexample.

6. Conclusions and further working steps

Open-cast lignite mining and related dewatering ac-tivities have severely impaired the surface and subsur-face water resources in the area Schlabendorf/Seese.The main feature of the new forming catchments islikely to be large post-mining lakes. For these a method-ology has been developed for forecasting the waterquality. Diverse development of the water quality inthe post-mining lakes is expected, governed by the spe-cific hydrogeological and hydrological setting of eachlake. The main uncertainties of the application of themethodology are due to the insufficient quantity andquality of data in the disturbed landscapes in both spaceand time (Grunewald, 2001a).

The recovery of the groundwater and the surface wa-ters is now in progress and is expected to accelerate overthe time. Within this recovery, unexpected phenomenacan already be observed. Water quality deterioration isoccurring outside the mining areas, in areas influencedby the rising groundwater. Such effects are likely tohave far reaching consequences. To find the processesbehind these phenomena, many unknown factors haveto be assessed, such as hydrogeology, moor areas, olddrainage systems, clay surface layers, artesian wellsetc., similar to the situation in the post-mining lakes.Where data are scarce, underlying structures and pat-terns within the landscape have to be used, such as moordistribution, the boundary of the groundwater depres-sion cone and geology.

The actual situation within the post-mining catch-ments of the Schlabendorf/Seese region shows the im-portance of investigation and monitoring areas to elu-cidate these complex interactions. The catchments ofthe Schlabendorf/Seese region are suitable study ob-jects for investigating the development and the charac-


teristics of post-mining catchments. In this landscape,there is a large diversity in water bodies. The devel-opment of water quantity and quality of each individ-ual water body depends on its specific hydrogeologicaland hydrological setting. The Schlabendorf/Seese re-gion is dynamic and experiencing unexpected phenom-ena. These have to be studied and assessed to improvetools/models for assessing the effects of disturbancesby open-cast lignite mining.

Acknowledgements

This research is part of the Collaborative Re-search Center ‘Development and evaluation of dis-turbed landscapes—case study Lusatian post-mininglandscape’ (SFB 565), financially supported byDFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). The au-thors would like to thank the LMBV (Lusatian andCentral German Lignite Mining Administration Com-pany) and the Administration of the Nature ReservePark “Lower Lusatian Ridge” for their support withdata and information. The authors are grateful toSusanne Schweigert for her technical assistance inGIS-subjects and data management as well as forediting figures. Further we thank Sabine Schumberg,Manfred Warstat, Remo Ender and Julio De LaCruz for their active support in field measurementcampaigns.

R

B plan

B eese-

B s),derSee,

B 1a.klungetrie,

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Characteristics of catchments disturbed by lignite mining ... · The speciﬁc characteristics of catchments disturbed by lignite mining ... landscape is the large number of forming