Chapter_014.ppt

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Copyright 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Periodontal Diseases

Chapter 14


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Introduction

Periodontal disease is an infectious diseaseprocess that involves inflammation.Periodontal diseases involve the structures

of the periodontium.

Periodontal disease can cause a breakdownof the periodontium resulting in loss of tissueattachment and destruction of the alveolarbone.


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Prevalence of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal diseases are the leading cause oftooth loss in adults.

Almost 75% of American adults have some formof periodontal disease, and most are unaware of

the condition.

Almost all adults and many children havecalculus on their teeth.

Fortunately, with the early detection andtreatment of periodontal disease, most peoplecan keep their teeth for life.


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Systemic Conditions:

L inks to Periodontal Disease

Certain systemic conditions increase the patientssusceptibility to periodontal disease, and periodontaldisease may actually increase a patients susceptibilityto certain systemic conditions.

Cardiovascular disease

Preterm low birthweight

Respiratory disease


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F ig. 14-1 Structures of the per iodontium: junctional epithel ium,

gingival sulcus, per iodontal ligaments, and cementum


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Periodontal Diseases

Infectious diseases that are the leading cause

of tooth loss in adults.

Nearly 75% of American adults suffer fromvarious forms of periodontal disease and most

are unaware of it.

Almost all adults have calculus on their teeth.

With the early detection and treatment of

periodontal disease, it is possible for mostpeople to keep their teeth for a lifetime.


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Causes of Periodontal Diseases

Dental plaque is the major factor in causingperiodontal disease.

Dental calculus provides a surface for plaque

to attach. Subgingival calculus

Supragingival calculus



F ig. 14-2 Bui ldup of bacter ial plaque on the

teeth affects the gingival tissues



F ig. 14-3 Per iodontal disease(Cour tesy Dr. Edward J. Taggart, San Francisco, CA.)



Types of Per iodontal Diseases

Periodontal disease is an inclusive termdescribing any disease of the periodontium.

Gingival diseases and periodontitis are thetwo basic forms of periodontal disease, andeach has a variety of forms.



Gingival Diseases

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gingival tissue. Gingivitis is characterized by areas of redness

and swelling, and there is a tendency for thegingiva to bleed easily.

Gingivitis is limited to the epithelium and

gingival connective tissues.

It is important to note that there is no tissue

recession or loss of connective tissue or bone.


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Other Types of Gingivitis

Other types of gingivitis are associated with: Puberty

Pregnancy

Use of birth control medications

Gingivitis is painless and often unrecognizeduntil a dental professional emphasizes its

importance. Improved daily oral hygienepractices will reverse gingivitis.



F ig. 14-5 Medication-induced gingivitis(F rom Perr y D, Beemsterboer P, Taggart E: Peri odontology for the dental hygienist, Phi ladelphia, 2001, Saunders.)



F ig. 14-6 Pregnancy gingivitis(F rom Perr y D, Beemsterboer P, Taggart E: Peri odontology for the dental hygienist, Phi ladelphia, 2001, Saunders.)



Periodontitis

Periodontitis means inflammation of thesupporting tissues of the teeth.

Periodontitis is the extension of theinflammatory process from the gingiva into

the connective tissue and alveolar bone thatsupports the teeth.

The progression of periodontitis involves thedestruction of connective tissue attachment atthe most apical portion of a periodontal pocket.


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Risk Factors for Per iodontal Disease

Smoking

Diabetes

Poor Oral Hygiene

Osteoporosis

HIV/AIDS

Medications

Stress


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F ig. 14-7 Cross section of a tooth and associated anatomic structures.

A, I l lustrates the depth of a normal gingival sulcus.

B, I l lustrates a per iodontal pocket.


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F ig. 14-8 The arr ows indicate varying amounts

of bone loss due to periodontal disease(F rom M il es DA et al: Radiographic imaging for dental auxil iari es, ed 3, Philadelphi a, 1999, Saunders.)


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F ig. 14-9 Generalized juveni le periodonti tis(F rom Perr y D, Beemsterboer P, Taggart E: Peri odontology for the dental hygienist, Phi ladelphia, 2001, Saunders.)


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Copyright 2005 by Elsevier Inc All rights reserved

Signs and Symptoms of Per iodontal Disease

Red, swollen, or tender gingiva

Bleeding gingiva while brushing or flossing

Loose or separating teeth

Pain or pressure when chewing

Pus around the teeth or gingiva

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