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Chapter two. Early Societies in Southwest Asia and Early African Societies. I- The Quest for Order. A. Mesopotamia: the land between the rivers” 1. Valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. 2. Little rain so area needs irrigation 3. Food supplies increase - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter two
Early Societies in Southwest Asia and
Early African Societies
I- The Quest for Order
•A. Mesopotamia: the land between the rivers”
1. Valleys of the Tigris and
Euphrates
2. Little rain so area needs irrigation3. Food supplies increase a. human population increases b. migrants to the area
increase, especially Semites
c. Sumer (in south) becomes population center
• Genesis 10:10 And in the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech
and Accad and Calneh in the land of Shinar (Sumer)…
4. First cities emerge, 4000 B.C.E.
a. between 3200 and 2350 B.C.E. , they
involve into city-states (control of
surrounding region) b. governments sponsor building projects and irrigation
d. Kingships evolve with cooperation of
noble families
c. attacks by others led to wall building and military development
B. The course of empire
1. Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 B.C.E)a. coup against King of Kish
b. seizes trade routes and natural resources
c. gradually empire weakens and collapses about 2000 B.C.E.
2. Hammarabi
• Centralizes the bureaucracy and regulates taxation
• Capital is Babylon• Law Code: law of
retribution and importance of social status
• Hitte assault and empire crumbles 1595 B.C.E.
c. The later Mesopotamia empires
1. Assyrians (northern Mesopotamia),
about 1300-625 B.C.E.
a. cities: Assur and Ninevahb. powerful army: professional officers (merit), chariots, archers, iron weaponsc. unpopular rule leads to rebellions; ends 612 B.C.E
chariots
2. New Babylonian empire, 600-550 B.C.E.
a. Nebuchadnezzar (605 – 552 B.C.E.)
a. Hanging gardens of palace shows wealth and
luxury
II- The formation of a complex society and sophisticated cultural traditions
A. Economic specialization and trade 1. Bronze (made from
copper and tin) used in
weapons and later agricultural tools
2. Iron (about 1000 B.C.E.) cheaper and more widely available; used in weapons and tools
3. Wheel (about 3000B.C.E.) helps trade; carts can carry more goods further4. Shipbuilding: maritime trade increases in all directions, network develops
The emergence of a stratified patriarchal society
•Social classes
Cities:provide moreopportunityto accumulatewealth
• Standard of Ur (shows social classes)
Ziggurat
Kings: (hereditary)and nobles (royal family and supporters) arehighest class
Priests and priestesses ruletemple communities with large incomes and staff
• Free commoners (peasants), dependant clients (no property), pay taxes and labor on building projects
Slaves (POW’s, criminals, debt servitude): mostly domestic servants
• Patriarchy 1. Hammurabi’s code: men are head of household
2. Women get fewer rights after 2000 B.C.E.; by 1500 B.C.E. are
wearing veils
• The development of written cultural traditions
- Reed stylus (wedge shaped) pressed in clay then baked
- mostly commercial and tax documents
• Education: vocation to be scribe or government official
• Literature: astronomy, mathematics, abstract (religious and literary like Gilgamesh)
III- The broader influence of Mesopotamian society
• Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews 1. Early Hebrews are pastoral nomads between Mesopotamia and Egypt (second millennium B.C.E.)
- settle in cities - Abraham leads group to Palestine 1850 B.C.E.
- Descendents borrow law of
retribution and flood story from Mesopotamia
• Some migrate to Egypt in eighteenth
century B.C.E.
- 12 tribes become
Israelites - Mesopotamia style monarchs with Jerusalem as its capital - David (1000-970 B.C.E.) then Solomon (970-930 B.C.E.)
Moses and monotheism
Ten Commandments: moral and ethical standards for followers
Compilation of teachings into Torah (1000-400 B.C.E.)
- Deportees return to Judea; become known as Jews (586 B.C.E.)
- Prophets in this period increase devotion to people
- Build distinct Jewish community in Judea with strong group identity
The Phoenicians
- First settlers about 3000 B.C.E. ; develop
kingdoms of independent city states
Little agriculture, live on trade and communication networks
- Overland trade to Mesopotamia; influence on
culture
- Sea trade most important, get raw materials, trade for manufactured goods
• Have early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E. )
- Linguists discover similarities between many languages; they must be related
- Originate in steppes of Central Asia: pastoral people, 4500-2500 B.C.E.
- Domesticate horses; learn to ride; use horses with carts, then chariots
IV- Indo-European migrations
•Indo-European origins
Indo-European expansion and its effects
• Indo-European society breaks up about 3000 B.C.E.; peoples gradually migrate
•Hittites settle in central Anatolia about 2000 B.C.E.
- build powerful kingdoms - conquer Babylonian empire
1595B.C.E.- dissolve by about 1200 B.C.E.
Technology:
• Light horse drawn chariots (spokes) and iron metallurgy
- Some migrate into central Asia by 2000 B.C.E.- Other migrations: Greece, Italy,
central Europe, western Europe, Britain - all pastoral agriculturalists - all speak related languages and worship similar deities
- later wave of migrations to Iran
and India (Aryan)
Egypt – northeastern Africa
A View of Egypt by Satellite
A View of Egypt by Satellite
The Fertile Nile Valley
The Fertile Nile Valley
The Annual Flooding of the Nile
The Annual Flooding of the Nile
Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
Ancient Egyptian History
Ancient Egyptian HistoryPeriods Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
3900 B. C. E.
Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E.
Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E.
Greek Ptolemaic Era
332 – 30 B. C. E.
Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
c. 3050 B. C. E. ?c. 3050
B. C. E. ?
Ancient Egyptian Housing
Ancient Egyptian HousingMiddle Class
HomesMiddle Class Homes
Peasant Homes
Peasant Homes
Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Making Ancient Egyptian WineMaking Ancient Egyptian Wine
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
PerfumePerfume
WhigsWhigs
MirrorMirror
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Thutmose III
1504-1450 B. C. E.
Thutmose III
1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Tutankhamon
1336-1327 B. C. E.
Tutankhamon
1336-1327 B. C. E.
Egyptian NobilityEgyptian Nobility
Egyptian Priestly ClassEgyptian Priestly Class
Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe
Papyrus PaperPapyrus Paper
Papyrus PlantPapyrus Plant
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship
Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship
11 1010 100100 10001000 10,00010,000 100,000100,000 1,000,0001,000,000
What number is this?
What number is this?
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Hieroglyphic
“Cartouche”
Hieroglyphic
“Cartouche”
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic
symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic
symbols
Egyptian Creation Myth
Egyptian Creation Myth
The Goddess Nut The Goddess Nut
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus
Preparations for the Underworld
Preparations for the Underworld
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
Materials Used in Mummification
Materials Used in Mummification
1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin
10.Frankinsense
1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin
10.Frankinsense
Preparation for the Afterlife
Preparation for the Afterlife
Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies
Seti I1291-1278 B.
C. E.
Seti I1291-1278 B.
C. E.Queen Tiye,
wife of Amenhotep II
1210-1200 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B.
C. E.
Journey to the Underworld
Journey to the Underworld
A boat for the journey is
provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
A boat for the journey is
provided for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Egyptian Book of the Dead
The Final JudgementThe Final Judgement
Anubis Horus Osiris Anubis Horus Osiris
Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants
in the Afterlife
Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants
in the Afterlife
Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu
“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu
Giza Pyramid ComplexGiza Pyramid Complex
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
The Valley of the KingsThe Valley of the Kings
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb
Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
1336-1327 B. C. E.
1336-1327 B. C. E.
King TutankhamonKing Tutankhamon
King Tutankhamun’s Tomb
King Tutankhamun’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb
The Valley of the Queens
The Valley of the Queens
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
1473-1458 B. C. E.
1473-1458 B. C. E.
Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?
Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?
1352-1336 B. C. E.
1352-1336 B. C. E.
The Ankh – The “Cross” of LifeThe Ankh – The “Cross” of Life
QueenNefertitiQueen
Nefertiti
Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II
Abu Simbel:Monument to Ramses II
1279-1213 B.
C. E.
1279-1213 B.
C. E.
Who Are These Strange People?
Who Are These Strange People?
Routes of the “Sea Peoples”
Routes of the “Sea Peoples”
The end of the Bronze Age!The end of the Bronze Age!