Chapter Twenty-Five

World War II,World War II, 1941–1945 1941–1945

Section 1:

Los Alamos, New MexicoLos Alamos, New Mexico

Los Alamos The Manhattan Project created a community of scientists whose The Manhattan Project created a community of scientists whose

mission was to build the atomic bombmission was to build the atomic bomb

The scientists and their families lived in the remote, isolated The scientists and their families lived in the remote, isolated community of Los Alamoscommunity of Los Alamos

They formed a close-knit community, united by antagonism toward They formed a close-knit community, united by antagonism toward the Army and secrecy from the outside worldthe Army and secrecy from the outside world

Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientists developed a strong Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientists developed a strong sense of camaraderie as they struggled to develop the atomic sense of camaraderie as they struggled to develop the atomic

bomb.bomb.

U.S U.S

GermanyGermany

Great Britain Great Britain

ItalyItaly

Section 2

The Coming of The Coming of World War IIWorld War II

The Shadows of War The global character of the Great Depression The global character of the Great Depression

accelerated a breakdown in the political orderaccelerated a breakdown in the political order

Militaristic authoritarian regimes that had emerged in Militaristic authoritarian regimes that had emerged in Japan, Italy, and Germany threatened peace throughout Japan, Italy, and Germany threatened peace throughout the worldthe world

Japan took over Manchuria and then invaded ChinaJapan took over Manchuria and then invaded China They began their full-scale invasion in 1937They began their full-scale invasion in 1937

Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini wanted to Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini wanted to expand his boundariesexpand his boundaries made Ethiopia a colonymade Ethiopia a colony Took power in 1922 and declared “ we have buried Took power in 1922 and declared “ we have buried

the putrid corpse of liberty”the putrid corpse of liberty”

When Hitler started to rebuild Germany’s armed When Hitler started to rebuild Germany’s armed forces he was rejecting the Versailles Treatyforces he was rejecting the Versailles Treaty

German aggression against Czechoslovakia German aggression against Czechoslovakia threatened to force Britain and France into the threatened to force Britain and France into the warwar This action received the most attention from This action received the most attention from

the Western powersthe Western powers

In 1935 Hitler enacted the Nuremberg In 1935 Hitler enacted the Nuremberg LawsLaws This denied civil rights to JewsThis denied civil rights to Jews

Hitler brought attention from the West Hitler brought attention from the West when is seized Czechoslovakiawhen is seized Czechoslovakia

Hitler's assertionsHitler's assertions National Socialism means peace-sloganNational Socialism means peace-slogan Racial superiority of AryansRacial superiority of Aryans German self-determination in German self-determination in

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia Racial inferiority of the JewsRacial inferiority of the Jews

Isolationism

By the mid-1930s many Americans had concluded By the mid-1930s many Americans had concluded that entry into WWI and an active foreign role for that entry into WWI and an active foreign role for the United States had been a serious mistakethe United States had been a serious mistake

College students protested against the warCollege students protested against the war The Great Depression allowed demagogues to The Great Depression allowed demagogues to

raise fear and hatred of othersraise fear and hatred of others

Congress passed the Neutrality Acts (5 Congress passed the Neutrality Acts (5 acts) to limit the sale of munitions to acts) to limit the sale of munitions to warring countrieswarring countries

Prominent Americans urged a policy of Prominent Americans urged a policy of “America First” to promote non-“America First” to promote non-intervention. FDR promoted military intervention. FDR promoted military preparedness, despite little national support.preparedness, despite little national support.

Roosevelt Readies for War

The combined German-Soviet invasion of Poland plunged The combined German-Soviet invasion of Poland plunged Europe into war.Europe into war. The Soviet Union divided Poland with Germany and The Soviet Union divided Poland with Germany and

attacked Finlandattacked Finland

German German blitzkriegblitzkrieg techniques quickly led to takeovers of techniques quickly led to takeovers of Denmark, Norway, and later Belgium and France. Denmark, Norway, and later Belgium and France. BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg was strategy that used fast-moving columns of was strategy that used fast-moving columns of

tanks supported by air powertanks supported by air power

As the Nazi air force pounded Britain, FDR pushed for As the Nazi air force pounded Britain, FDR pushed for increased military expenditures. increased military expenditures.

Since 1940 was an election year, FDR claimed Since 1940 was an election year, FDR claimed these were for “hemispheric defense.” After these were for “hemispheric defense.” After winning his third term, FDR expanded winning his third term, FDR expanded American involvementAmerican involvement

FDR met with British Prime Minister Winston FDR met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and drafted the Atlantic CharterChurchill and drafted the Atlantic Charter This was a statement of war aims such as free trade, This was a statement of war aims such as free trade,

disarmament, and freedom from fear, want, and tyrannydisarmament, and freedom from fear, want, and tyranny

The Lend-Lease Act was passed in 1941 that The Lend-Lease Act was passed in 1941 that allowed FDR to provide aid to Britainallowed FDR to provide aid to Britain

Before Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt seemed to bend Before Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt seemed to bend United States neutrality to help the Allies in these United States neutrality to help the Allies in these waysways Permitting the sale of arms to Britain, France, Permitting the sale of arms to Britain, France,

& China& China Transferring surplus United States airplanes to Transferring surplus United States airplanes to

BritainBritain Joining Churchill in issuing the Atlantic Joining Churchill in issuing the Atlantic

CharterCharter

The Atlantic Charter identified war aims The Atlantic Charter identified war aims principles of free trade, disarmament and principles of free trade, disarmament and freedom from fear, want, and tyrannyfreedom from fear, want, and tyranny

Pearl Harbor

The Japanese threatened to seize Europe’s The Japanese threatened to seize Europe’s Asian coloniesAsian colonies

FDR cut off trade with JapanFDR cut off trade with Japan

Japan attacked the base in Pearl HarborJapan attacked the base in Pearl Harbor The United States declared war; declarations The United States declared war; declarations

against Germany and Italy followed.against Germany and Italy followed.

The Japanese attack Pearl HarborThe Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was the site if the Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was the site if the

United States Navy’s main Pacific basesUnited States Navy’s main Pacific bases Under the command of Vice Admiral Under the command of Vice Admiral

Nagumo was 6 aircraft carriers, 360 Nagumo was 6 aircraft carriers, 360 airplanes, battleships, cruisers & submarinesairplanes, battleships, cruisers & submarines

The attack was a complete surpriseThe attack was a complete surprise December 7, 1941December 7, 1941

Results of the AttackResults of the Attack 2,500 killed2,500 killed 8 battleships damaged8 battleships damaged 3 destroyers unusable3 destroyers unusable 3 cruisers damaged 3 cruisers damaged 160 aircraft destroyed160 aircraft destroyed 128 aircraft damaged128 aircraft damaged The battle fleet was knocked out for 6 monthsThe battle fleet was knocked out for 6 months Allowing the Japanese to get their raw materials Allowing the Japanese to get their raw materials

from their newly conquered territoriesfrom their newly conquered territories

The aircraft carriers were out at sea at the The aircraft carriers were out at sea at the time and were not damagedtime and were not damaged

The USS The USS ArizonaArizona, The USS , The USS OklahomaOklahoma & & the USS the USS UtahUtah suffered irreparable suffered irreparable damagedamage

Section 3

Arsenal of DemocracyArsenal of Democracy

Mobilizing for War Congress and FDR created laws and new Congress and FDR created laws and new

agencies to promote mobilizationagencies to promote mobilization

The Office of War Information controlled The Office of War Information controlled war news and promoted morale at home. War war news and promoted morale at home. War bonds were used to promote support as well bonds were used to promote support as well as raise fundsas raise funds

As mobilization proceeded, New Deal As mobilization proceeded, New Deal agencies vanished.agencies vanished.

The War Powers Act of December 1941The War Powers Act of December 1941 Let the president censor news and restrict Let the president censor news and restrict

civil libertiescivil liberties Allowed the president to create new Allowed the president to create new

agenciesagencies Permit the president to seize property Permit the president to seize property

owned by foreignersowned by foreigners

Federal Agencies that were concerned with Federal Agencies that were concerned with controlling information to influence the controlling information to influence the public, the economy, or the war effort werepublic, the economy, or the war effort were Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI)Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI) Office of War Information (OWI)Office of War Information (OWI) Office of War Mobilization (OWM)Office of War Mobilization (OWM) War Manpower CommissionWar Manpower Commission National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board Office of Price AdministrationOffice of Price Administration

Organizing the Economy The industrial capacity of the United States was the decisive The industrial capacity of the United States was the decisive

factor in the warfactor in the war

Civilian firms were converted to war purposes and American Civilian firms were converted to war purposes and American industries were primed for all-out productionindustries were primed for all-out production

An unprecedented economic boom pulled the country out of An unprecedented economic boom pulled the country out of

the depression.the depression.

The largest firms, especially those in the West and South, The largest firms, especially those in the West and South, received large shares of wartime contractsreceived large shares of wartime contracts

The war increased farm profits, but thousands of small farms The war increased farm profits, but thousands of small farms disappeared.disappeared.

WWII brought anWWII brought an Increase in the movement of people Increase in the movement of people

around the countryaround the country Weakening of farm tenancy in the SouthWeakening of farm tenancy in the South Mobilization of nearly 16 million to take Mobilization of nearly 16 million to take

advantage of wartime jobsadvantage of wartime jobs

New Workers The demand for labor brought Mexicans,The demand for labor brought Mexicans,

Indians, African Americans, and women into Indians, African Americans, and women into the industrial labor forcethe industrial labor force

The entry of these new female workers broke The entry of these new female workers broke down many stereotypesdown many stereotypes

Workers’ wages went up, but not as fast as Workers’ wages went up, but not as fast as profits or prices.profits or prices.

Wartime Strikes Prior to American entry, militant unions had led a Prior to American entry, militant unions had led a

number of strikesnumber of strikes

Once the United States entered theOnce the United States entered the war, the major war, the major unions:unions: agreed to no-strike pledgesagreed to no-strike pledges increased their membership and won new benefitsincreased their membership and won new benefits

African-American union membership doubledAfrican-American union membership doubled

Some illegal strikes did break out, leading to federal Some illegal strikes did break out, leading to federal antistrike legislation.antistrike legislation.

Section 4

The Home FrontThe Home Front

Families in Wartime The war spurred marriage ratesThe war spurred marriage rates

Shortages of housing and retail goods added to the difficulties Shortages of housing and retail goods added to the difficulties families encounteredfamilies encountered

With one-parent households increasing, child-care issues With one-parent households increasing, child-care issues arose. Some day-care assistance was available, though it arose. Some day-care assistance was available, though it scarcely met people’s needsscarcely met people’s needs

The rise in unsupervised youths created problems with The rise in unsupervised youths created problems with juvenile crime. The availability of jobs led to higher high juvenile crime. The availability of jobs led to higher high school dropout ratesschool dropout rates

Public health improved greatly during the war.Public health improved greatly during the war.

The Internment of Japanese Americans

In 1942, more than 112,000 Japanese were In 1942, more than 112,000 Japanese were removed from their homes in the West to removed from their homes in the West to relocation centers, often enduring harsh living relocation centers, often enduring harsh living conditionsconditions

The internment of West Coast Japanese The internment of West Coast Japanese

Americans included almost everyone with at Americans included almost everyone with at least one Japanese grandparentleast one Japanese grandparent

The Supreme Court upheld the policy, The Supreme Court upheld the policy, though in 1988 the U.S. Congress voted for though in 1988 the U.S. Congress voted for reparations and public apologies.reparations and public apologies.

“Double V”: Victory at Home & Abroad

African-American activists launched a “Double V” African-American activists launched a “Double V” campaign calling for victory overseas and equal rights at campaign calling for victory overseas and equal rights at homehome

FDR responded to a threatened march on Washington by FDR responded to a threatened march on Washington by banning racial discrimination in defense industries. banning racial discrimination in defense industries.

Langston Hughes wrote in a poem how long he will have Langston Hughes wrote in a poem how long he will have to fight “ both Hitler-and Jim Crow”to fight “ both Hitler-and Jim Crow”

New civil rights organizations emerged while older ones New civil rights organizations emerged while older ones grew. grew. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was formed Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was formed

they conducted non-violent sit-ins at restaurants in they conducted non-violent sit-ins at restaurants in northern cities during WWIInorthern cities during WWII

More than 1 million blacks left the South to take jobs in More than 1 million blacks left the South to take jobs in war industrieswar industries

They often encountered violent resistance from local They often encountered violent resistance from local whiteswhites

Zoot-Suit Riots Whites’ bitter resentment against Mexican Americans Whites’ bitter resentment against Mexican Americans

exploded in 1943exploded in 1943

The zoot-suit riots erupted when whites concluded that The zoot-suit riots erupted when whites concluded that Mexican youths who wore the flamboyant clothes were Mexican youths who wore the flamboyant clothes were unpatrioticunpatriotic

Most Mexican Americans served in the military or worked in Most Mexican Americans served in the military or worked in war industrieswar industries

The zoot-suit riots led Mexican Americans to fear internmentThe zoot-suit riots led Mexican Americans to fear internment

Popular Culture and the “Good War”

Popular culture seemed to bridge the racial divisionsPopular culture seemed to bridge the racial divisions

Southerners moving to northern cities brought musical Southerners moving to northern cities brought musical styles and changed the sound of popular culturestyles and changed the sound of popular culture

Popular entertainment, whether in film or comic books, Popular entertainment, whether in film or comic books, emphasized the wartime spirit, as did fashion.emphasized the wartime spirit, as did fashion.

Section 5

Men and Women in Men and Women in UniformUniform

Creating the Armed Forces

Even before formally entering the war, the Even before formally entering the war, the government had begun a draftgovernment had begun a draft

The officer corps, except for General The officer corps, except for General Eisenhower, tended to be professional, Eisenhower, tended to be professional, conservative, and autocraticconservative, and autocratic

Junior officers were trained in special military Junior officers were trained in special military schools and developed close ties with their schools and developed close ties with their troops.troops.

The Selective Service screed out the The Selective Service screed out the illiterate and emotionally disturbedilliterate and emotionally disturbed

Women Enter the Military For the first time, the War Department created women’s For the first time, the War Department created women’s

divisions of the major servicesdivisions of the major services

Most women stayed in the country and performed clerical Most women stayed in the country and performed clerical or health-related duties. Some flew planes and others or health-related duties. Some flew planes and others went into combat with the troopswent into combat with the troops

The military closely monitored sexual activity and The military closely monitored sexual activity and practiced racial segregationpracticed racial segregation

By 1945, the majority of women workers wanted to continue to By 1945, the majority of women workers wanted to continue to work at the jobs that they hadwork at the jobs that they had

Old Practices and New Horizons Despite suspicions of the military’s racism, Despite suspicions of the military’s racism,

1 million African Americans served in the armed forces1 million African Americans served in the armed forces

These soldiers encountered segregation at every pointThese soldiers encountered segregation at every point

Many racial or ethnic minorities (along with homosexuals) Many racial or ethnic minorities (along with homosexuals) also served and often found their experience made them feel also served and often found their experience made them feel more included in American societymore included in American society

In Europe, American troops met a mixed welcome, in part In Europe, American troops met a mixed welcome, in part

dictated by their actionsdictated by their actions

The Medical Corps The risk of injury was much higher than that of The risk of injury was much higher than that of

getting killed in battlegetting killed in battle

Battle fatigue also was a problemBattle fatigue also was a problem

The Army depended on a variety of medical The Army depended on a variety of medical personnel to care for sick and wounded soldierspersonnel to care for sick and wounded soldiers

The true heroes of the battlefront were the The true heroes of the battlefront were the medics attached to each infantry battalion.medics attached to each infantry battalion.

Prisoners of War POWs held in German camps were treated POWs held in German camps were treated

much better than those held by the Japanesemuch better than those held by the Japanese

This treatment, along with racism, led This treatment, along with racism, led Americans to treat Japanese POWs more Americans to treat Japanese POWs more harshly than those captured in the European harshly than those captured in the European theatertheater

Section 6

The World at WarThe World at War

The War in Europe

Beginning in 1941, the brunt of the war for Beginning in 1941, the brunt of the war for the Allies in Europe fell on the Soviet the Allies in Europe fell on the Soviet Union Union

Soviets Halt Nazi Drive During the first year of American involvement, FDR During the first year of American involvement, FDR

called the war news “all bad.” The burden of fighting called the war news “all bad.” The burden of fighting the Nazis fell to the Soviets who blocked the German the Nazis fell to the Soviets who blocked the German advance on Moscowadvance on Moscow

The Soviets broke the siege of Stalingrad in February The Soviets broke the siege of Stalingrad in February

1943 and began to push the Germans back.1943 and began to push the Germans back. 1942-1943 on the Volga River1942-1943 on the Volga River

In a Russia industrial cityIn a Russia industrial city This was the turning point of the War in EuropeThis was the turning point of the War in Europe

Stalin & the Soviet Union complained Stalin & the Soviet Union complained aboutabout A delay in the second frontA delay in the second front Allies bombing campaignAllies bombing campaign Would they enter the war in the PacificWould they enter the war in the Pacific Casablanca Policy of unconditional Casablanca Policy of unconditional

surrendersurrender

The Allied Offensive Although the Soviets appealed for the Allies to open up a “second Although the Soviets appealed for the Allies to open up a “second

front” in western Europe, they instead attacked North Africa and front” in western Europe, they instead attacked North Africa and ItalyItaly

Churchill and FDR met in Casablanca and agreed to seek an Churchill and FDR met in Casablanca and agreed to seek an unconditional German surrenderunconditional German surrender

American and British planes poured bombs on German cities that:American and British planes poured bombs on German cities that: weakened the economyweakened the economy undermined civilian moraleundermined civilian morale crippled the German air forcecrippled the German air force

The Allied Invasion of Europe The Allied invasion forced Italy out of the war, though The Allied invasion forced Italy out of the war, though

German troops stalled Allied advancesGerman troops stalled Allied advances Uprisings against Nazi rule tied up German powerUprisings against Nazi rule tied up German power

By early 1944, Allied units were preparing for the D-By early 1944, Allied units were preparing for the D-Day assault on France. Day assault on France. Operation Overlord is the name given to Allied Operation Overlord is the name given to Allied

invasioninvasion

Paris was taken on August 25, 1944. France Paris was taken on August 25, 1944. France and other occupied countries fell as Allied and other occupied countries fell as Allied units overran the Germansunits overran the Germans Charles de Gaulle was the leader of the Free Charles de Gaulle was the leader of the Free

French forcesFrench forces The Battle of the Bulge temporarily halted the The Battle of the Bulge temporarily halted the

Allied advanceAllied advance This was the last major German attack on This was the last major German attack on

the Western Frontthe Western Front

On May 8, 1945, Germany surrenderedOn May 8, 1945, Germany surrendered

D-DayD-Day

The War in Asia and the Pacific In the Pacific theater Allied forces stopped Japanese In the Pacific theater Allied forces stopped Japanese

advances by June 1942advances by June 1942

Naval battles and island hopping brought U.S. forces Naval battles and island hopping brought U.S. forces closer to the Japanese home islands. closer to the Japanese home islands. Island hopping is strategy of taking one strategic Island hopping is strategy of taking one strategic

atoll after anotheratoll after another

The Battle of Midway that ended Japan’s The Battle of Midway that ended Japan’s threat to Hawaiithreat to Hawaii This was the turning point for the war in This was the turning point for the war in

the Pacificthe Pacific

The bloodiest battle in the Pacific was The bloodiest battle in the Pacific was OkinawaOkinawa

Victories in the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Victories in the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa enabled the Allies to bomb Okinawa enabled the Allies to bomb Japanese citiesJapanese cities

Britain and the United States pressed for Britain and the United States pressed for rapid surrender to prevent the Soviets from rapid surrender to prevent the Soviets from taking any Japanese-held territories.taking any Japanese-held territories.

Iwo JimaIwo JimaTiny volcanic islandTiny volcanic island700 miles from Japan700 miles from JapanNovember-air attacks from the AmericansNovember-air attacks from the Americans25,000 Japanese that were on the island 25,000 Japanese that were on the island

only 126 were capturedonly 126 were capturedThe rest of them fought to the deathThe rest of them fought to the death27 medals of honor were awarded to this 27 medals of honor were awarded to this

group of American soldiersgroup of American soldiers

OkinawaOkinawa April-June 1945April-June 1945 350 miles from Japan350 miles from Japan 100,000 Japanese pledged to fight to the death100,000 Japanese pledged to fight to the death Japan had 2,000 kamikazes vs. Americans 1,300 Japan had 2,000 kamikazes vs. Americans 1,300

warships and 180,000 troopswarships and 180,000 troops American soldiers made Banzai charges- these are American soldiers made Banzai charges- these are

where they try to kill as many of the enemies as where they try to kill as many of the enemies as possible until they get killedpossible until they get killed

After 3 months 7,200 Japanese surrenderedAfter 3 months 7,200 Japanese surrendered Americans had over 50,000 casualtiesAmericans had over 50,000 casualties Bloodiest battle in the PacificBloodiest battle in the Pacific

Section 7

The Last Stages of The Last Stages of the Warthe War

The Holocaust The German decrees of 1935 that denied The German decrees of 1935 that denied

civil rights to Jews are known as the civil rights to Jews are known as the Nuremberg LawsNuremberg Laws

The horror of the Nazi’s systematic The horror of the Nazi’s systematic extermination of 6 million Jews, 250, 000 extermination of 6 million Jews, 250, 000 Gypsies, 60,000 homosexuals, and other Gypsies, 60,000 homosexuals, and other “inferior” races was slow to enter American “inferior” races was slow to enter American consciousness. consciousness.

.. Hitler preaches Hate Hitler preaches Hate Anti-Semitism-prejudice & discrimination Anti-Semitism-prejudice & discrimination

against Jewish peopleagainst Jewish people Hitler blamed Jews for all the bad things Hitler blamed Jews for all the bad things

that had happened to Germanythat had happened to GermanyCommunismCommunismInflationInflationAbstract paintingAbstract paintingThe defeat of WWIThe defeat of WWI

Nazi begin the PersecutionNazi begin the Persecution As soon as Hitler gained power he started to As soon as Hitler gained power he started to

exterminate the Jewsexterminate the Jews Urged Germans to boycott Jewish-owned Urged Germans to boycott Jewish-owned

businessbusiness Jews were banned from civil service, banking, Jews were banned from civil service, banking,

the stock exchange, law, journalism, & medicinethe stock exchange, law, journalism, & medicine Nuremburg lawsNuremburg laws

Denied German citizenship to JewsDenied German citizenship to JewsBanned marriage between Jews & non-JewsBanned marriage between Jews & non-JewsSegregated JewsSegregated Jews

Hitler already coming up with a final Hitler already coming up with a final solution for the Jewssolution for the Jews

Newspapers were controlled by Hitler Newspapers were controlled by Hitler and stated that the Jews were badand stated that the Jews were bad

Children were taught that Jews were Children were taught that Jews were polluting German society & culturepolluting German society & culture

Jewish Refugees face ObstaclesJewish Refugees face Obstacles 1933-1937 more than 120,000 Jews fled 1933-1937 more than 120,000 Jews fled

Germany & Nazi controlled AustriaGermany & Nazi controlled AustriaIncluding Albert EinsteinIncluding Albert Einstein

Some Jews were not welcomed into other Some Jews were not welcomed into other countriescountries

The Great Depression was still going onThe Great Depression was still going on The U.S. and other countries would not let The U.S. and other countries would not let

Jews into their countriesJews into their countries

Nazi’s build concentration campsNazi’s build concentration camps 1933 is when the first concentration camp was 1933 is when the first concentration camp was

openedopened This is where specific groups of people are This is where specific groups of people are

confinedconfined The camps were designed to contain the people The camps were designed to contain the people

not kill themnot kill them Jews as well as Aryans that were involved with Jews as well as Aryans that were involved with

Jews were sent hereJews were sent here Others included: Gypsies, Jehovah’s witness, Others included: Gypsies, Jehovah’s witness,

homosexuals, drunks, disabled and people with homosexuals, drunks, disabled and people with mental illnessmental illness

People were tattooed numbers on the arms People were tattooed numbers on the arms of the prisoners and dressed them in of the prisoners and dressed them in vertically striped uniformsvertically striped uniforms

People were killed by:People were killed by:TortureTortureStarvation diseases medical experimentsStarvation diseases medical experiments

• Oxygen deprivationOxygen deprivation

• HypothermiaHypothermia

• Effects of altitudeEffects of altitude

Many concentration camps were also death Many concentration camps were also death campscampsExtermination campsExtermination camps

The largest death camp was in southern The largest death camp was in southern Poland-AuschwitzPoland-Auschwitz

Prisoners were transported by trains to the Prisoners were transported by trains to the death camps to be murdereddeath camps to be murdered

They were forced into death chambers where They were forced into death chambers where carbon monoxide was pumpedcarbon monoxide was pumped

They also crammed in shower like facilities They also crammed in shower like facilities Where Zyklon B was releasedWhere Zyklon B was released

In death camps that did not have gas chambers In death camps that did not have gas chambers the Nazi guards would just shoot the Jews and the Nazi guards would just shoot the Jews and bury them in ditchesbury them in ditches

The bodies of there murdered prisoners were The bodies of there murdered prisoners were further desecratedfurther desecratedHuman fat was turned into soapHuman fat was turned into soapHuman Hair was woven into wigs, mattress Human Hair was woven into wigs, mattress

& slippers& slippersCash, gold fillings & wedding rings were Cash, gold fillings & wedding rings were

taken off of the Jewstaken off of the JewsThen the bodies were burnedThen the bodies were burned

Auschwitz

Allied Soldiers Liberate the CampsAllied Soldiers Liberate the Camps The Nazi crime became real once they The Nazi crime became real once they

started to liberate the concentration campsstarted to liberate the concentration camps The bodies, the human hair, jewelry and The bodies, the human hair, jewelry and

the ashesthe ashes The finally realized the extremity of the The finally realized the extremity of the

genocidegenocide Many survivors found temporary or Many survivors found temporary or

permanent residence in the U.S.permanent residence in the U.S.

The Yalta Conference

The “Big Three” attempted to hammer out the shape The “Big Three” attempted to hammer out the shape of the postwar worldof the postwar world

The ideals of the Atlantic Charter fell before Soviet The ideals of the Atlantic Charter fell before Soviet and British demands for spheres of influenceand British demands for spheres of influence

FDR continued to hold on to his idealism, but his FDR continued to hold on to his idealism, but his death in April cast a shadow over hopes for peaceful death in April cast a shadow over hopes for peaceful solutions to global problems.solutions to global problems.

At the Yalta ConferenceAt the Yalta Conference The Big Three agreed to the “spheres of The Big Three agreed to the “spheres of

influence”influence” Stalin agreed to enter the war with JapanStalin agreed to enter the war with Japan The United States and Great Britain The United States and Great Britain

agreed to allow Soviet troops to occupy agreed to allow Soviet troops to occupy countries they were already incountries they were already in

Potsdam conferencePotsdam conference Last of the Allies wartime conferenceLast of the Allies wartime conference July 17-August 2, 1945July 17-August 2, 1945 GermanyGermany

The Atomic Bomb

The new president, Harry S. Truman, lacked FDR’s finesse and The new president, Harry S. Truman, lacked FDR’s finesse and planned a get-tough policy with the Soviet Unionplanned a get-tough policy with the Soviet Union

At Potsdam, Germany little progress was made on planning the At Potsdam, Germany little progress was made on planning the future. future. This was the last of the Allies wartime conference held This was the last of the Allies wartime conference held

from July 17 to August 2, 1945from July 17 to August 2, 1945

Truman decided to use nuclear weapons against the Truman decided to use nuclear weapons against the JapaneseJapanese

Truman was aware that the war could have been Truman was aware that the war could have been brought to a peaceful conclusion with only a slight brought to a peaceful conclusion with only a slight modification in policymodification in policy

Truman claimed the use of the bomb would Truman claimed the use of the bomb would substantially shorten the war and save American substantially shorten the war and save American lives.lives.

The Year is 1945 and the Japanese have not yet The Year is 1945 and the Japanese have not yet surrendered. You are President Harry Truman. surrendered. You are President Harry Truman. Your advisors have informed you that forcing a Your advisors have informed you that forcing a Japanese surrender through continued Japanese surrender through continued conventional fighting may cost as many as one conventional fighting may cost as many as one million American lives. You have another option: million American lives. You have another option: Dropping the newly developed atomic bomb on Dropping the newly developed atomic bomb on Japan, thereby killing hundreds of thousands of Japan, thereby killing hundreds of thousands of Japanese.Japanese.

Which option do you choose?Which option do you choose? WHY?WHY?

Attack on Nagasaki