Chapter Twenty

Chapter Twenty

The Representative

Elements- Groups 5A Throught 8

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Representative Elements: Groups 5A-8A


Figure 20.1 The Molecules of the Types MX3, MX5, and MX6 Formed by Group 5A Elements


Figure 20.2 The Structures of the Tetrahedral MX4

+ and Octahedral MX6

- Ions


Figure 20.5 The Haber Process for the Manufacture of Ammonia


Figure 20.6 The Nitrogen Cycle


Figure 20.7 The Molecular Structure of Hydrazine (N2H4)


Figure 20.8 The Molecular Orbital Energy-Level Diagram for Nitric Oxide (NO)


Figure 20.9 The Ostwald Process


Figure 20.10a The Molecular Structure of HNO3


Figure 20.11 (a) The P4 Molecule Found in White Phosphorus (b) The Crystalline

Network Structure of Black Phosphorous (c) The Chain Structure of Red Phosphorus


Figure 20.12 The Structures of P4O6 and P4O10


Figure 20.13 a & b (a) The Structure of Phosphorous Acid (H3PO3). (b) The Structure of Hypophosphorous Acid

(H3PO2)


Figure 20.14 a & b Structures of the Phosphorus Halides


Figure 20.15 The Frasch Process for Recovering Sulfur from Underground Deposits


Figure 20.16 a & b (a) The S8 Molecule (b) Chains of Sulfur Atoms in

Viscous Liquid Sulfur


Figure 20.18 Structure of Sulfur Dioxide


Figure 20.19 Resonance Structures of SO3


Figure 20.20 Different Structures for Solid SO3 (a) S3O9 Rings (b) (SO3)x Chains


Figure 20.22 The Structures of (a) SF4, (b) SF6, (c) S2F10 and (d) S2Cl2


Figure 20.23 The Hydrogen Bonding Among HF Molecules in Liquid

Hydrogen Fluoride


Figure 20.24 The Structures of the Oxychloro Anions


Figure 20.25 The Idealized Structures of the Interhalogens CIF3 and IF5


Figure 20.26 The Structures of Several Known Xenon Compounds


Samples Stored in a Liquid Nitrogen Tank


An Inert-Atmosphere Box Used When Working with Oxygen-or Water-Sensitive Materials


Nodules on the Roots of Pea Plants Contain Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria


Blowing Agents Such as Hydrazine are used to Produce Porous Plastics


A Copper Penny Reacts with Nitric Acid


The Phosphorus in Safety Matches Helps ignite the Flame in the Match


Pouring Liquid Sulfur into Water to Produce Plastic Sulfur


Figure 20.17 a & b (a) Crystals of Rhombic Sulfur (b) Crystals of Monoclinic Sulfur


A Sulfur Deposit


Melted Sulfur Obtained from Underground Deposits by the Frasch Process


Figure 20.21 (a) A Beaker of Sucrose (table sugar) (b) Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Reacts with the

Sucrose to Produce a Column of Carbon (c) Accompanied by an Intense Burnt-Sugar Odor


Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine


A Candle Burning in an Atmosphere of Cl2(g)


This Steuben Glass Design was Etched Using Hydrofluoric Acid


Glasses with Photosensitve Lenses


Neon, a Noble Gas, is Used in Luminescent Lighting


Table 20.1 Selected Physical Properties, Sources, and Methods of Preparation for the Group 5A Elements


Table 20.2 Some Common Nitrogen Compounds


Table 20.3 Comparison of the Bond Lengths and Bond Energies for Nitric

Oxide and the Nitrosyl Ion


Table 20.4 Selected Physical Properties, Sources, and Methods of Preparation for the Group 6A Elements


Table 20.5 Common Compounds of Sulfur with Various Oxidation States


Table 20.6 Trends in Selected Physical Properties of the Group 7A Elements


Table 20.7 Some Physical Properties, Sources, and Methods of Preparation

for the Group 7A Elements


Table 20.8 Some Physical Properties of the Hydrogen Halides


Table 20.9 The Enthalpies and Entropies of Hydration for the Halide Ions


Table 20.10 The Known Oxyacids of the Halogens


Table 20.11 Some Compounds of the Halogens with Nonmetals


Table 20.12 Selected Properties of Group 8A Elements

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Chapter Twenty