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Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and Surface Phenomena Disper sed System Dispersed phase (NaCl) Dispersin g phase(mediu m) Solution Colloid Suspensio n <1nm 1~100nm >100nm

Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and Surface Phenomena

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Page 1: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Chapter Twelve

Colloidal System and

Surface Phenomena

Dispersed System

Dispersed phase (NaCl)

Dispersingphase(medium) (water)

Solution

Colloid

Suspension

<1nm

1~100nm>100nm

Page 2: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

12-1 Colloidal Dispersions

12-2 Formation of Colloidal

Particles

12-3 Properties of Colloidal

Dispersions

12-4 Surface Tension

Page 3: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

• the average diameter of particle

• 1nm < 1~100nm < 100nm

• Solution Colloidal suspension

• Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

• Colloids Colloids• (very large molecules) (mass molecules)

12-1 Colloidal Dispersions

Page 4: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Sol– general term used primarily for dispersio

ns of solids in liquids, but also for dispersions in solid or gaseous media

hydrosol - dispersion in water alcosol - dispersion in alcohol aerosol - dispersion in air

Definitions

Page 5: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Gel– a colloidal system

which under a set of conditions of concentration and temperature, "sets" into a solid or semisolid

– the rigidity of a gel is due to an intertwining network which traps the dispersion medium

Page 6: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Table 12-1: The type of dispersion system

Solution colloidal dispersion suspension

one phase present two phases present two phases present

homogeneous borderline /or not heterogeneous

does not does not separates separate on standing separate on standing on standing

can pass through can not pass through can not pass through semipermeable membrane

Transparent (透明) borderline not transparent

Page 7: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Types of Colloidal Systems Table 12-2: Colloidal dispersionsdispersed dispersing type examples phase medium name gas liquid foam 泡沫 beer froth, soap suds

gas solid solid foam Polyurethane ( 聚氨酯 ) foam liquid gas liquid aerosol fog, clouds liquid liquid emulsion mayonnaise (蛋黄酱) , milk liquid solid solid emulsion cheese solid gas solid aerosol smokes, dust solid liquid sol most paints, starch dispersed in water, solid solid solid sol many alloys, black diamonds, ruby glass (gold in glass)

Page 8: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

分散体系分类(按聚集状态分类)

名 称 举 例

液溶胶液 - 固溶胶 油漆, AgI 溶胶液 - 液溶胶 牛奶,石油原油等乳状液液 - 气溶胶 泡沫

固溶胶固 - 固溶胶 有色玻璃,不完全互溶的合金固 - 液溶胶 珍珠,某些宝石固 - 气溶胶 泡沫塑料,沸石分子筛

气溶胶气 - 固溶胶 烟,含尘的空气气 - 液溶胶 雾,云

Page 9: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

12-2 Formation of Colloidal Particles

• Dispersion methods: in which large pieces of the substance are broken up into particles of colloidal size.

• Condensation methods: in which molecules or ions or atoms are made to cluster together to form particles of the desired size.

Page 10: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

§12 - 2 溶胶的制备

分 散 ( 比表面增加)

( 分散法 )

一、溶胶制备的一般条件:

分散相在介质中溶解度须极小,且反应物浓度很稀,生

离子、分子

凝 聚( 有新相生成 )

1 ~ 100nm粗粒子

( 凝聚法 )

①成物的难溶晶体很小,又无长大条件;

② 必须有稳定剂存在。

Page 11: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

分散法

机械法:胶体磨气流粉碎机 电弧法超声波法胶溶法

凝聚法

物理法

蒸汽状态溶解状态 的物质

冷 却改变溶剂

胶态

化学法

还原法(金属溶胶)氧化法复分解反应(盐类溶胶 )水解 (金属氧化物溶胶 )

溶胶净化

过滤、沉降或离心 除去溶胶中的粗粒子 渗析 ∕电渗析 除去多余的电解质

Page 12: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

• Dispersion Method of Forming Colloids

Larger pieces of matter can often be reduced in

size by grinding, stirring, beating, or whipping.

Example:

Ag sol preparation

by the arc method,

Page 13: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

• Condensation Method of Forming Colloids

• Molecules or ions or atoms are made to cluster together to form particles of the desired size.

Example: the formation of fog and clouds by the clustering together of water molecules has already been mentioned.

Page 14: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

1). Double-replacement method:

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO3

As2O3 + 3H2S → As2S3 ↓ + 3H2O

2). Reductive method

2HAuCl4+3H2O2 → 8HCl+3O2+2Au

At the same time, added a little NaOH:

HAuCl4+5NaOH → 4NaCl+3H2O + Na+AuO2-

Steady reagent

•There is some methods :

Page 15: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

3). Hydrolysis method

FeCl3 + 3H2O(aq) → Fe(OH)3 ↓ + 3HCl

Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl → FeO+Cl- + 2H2O

Steady reagent

4). Method of changing solvent

e.g. Sulfur sol

Page 16: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Dialysis( 透析,分离

) • The separation of

ions from colloids

by diffusion throu

gh a semipermeab

le membrane is ca

lled dialysis.

二、溶胶的净化

Page 17: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Dialysis

Page 18: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

生命体的净化举例

Page 19: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

12-3 Properties of Colloidal Dispersions

• Tyndall Effect ——Optical Properties

• Brownian Movement

• Electrophoresis

• Adsorption

• Coagulation of Colloidal Dispersions

Page 20: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Tyndall Effect -- the scatting of light by

colloidal particales.

一、 Optical Properties

Page 21: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Tyndall 效应产生的原因?

Page 22: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

二、 Brownian Movement

• Random motion of colloidal particles in a dispersing medium is called Brownian movement

Page 23: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

The action of the Brownian Movement

• 1. Diffusion effect: have coagulation 聚结 stability and keep sedimentation 沉降 equilibrium

• 2. Sedimentation effect: forms the ladder of concentration

胶体体系动力稳定的因素之一

胶体体系动力不稳定的因素之一

Page 24: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

沉降 : 粒子在重力场的作用下有向下沉降的趋势 , 结果是底部粒子浓度大于上部 , 造成区域间的浓度差 .

扩散 : 由于浓差的存在 , 在扩散驱动力的作用下 , 扩散又使浓度趋于均一 .

沉降与沉降平衡

沉降平衡 : 沉降作用与扩散作用两相处于平衡状态时 , 各一定高度上的粒子浓度不再随时间而变 , 这种状态称为“沉降平衡” ( 如图 ).

Page 25: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

密度及沉降特性

密度: RNA> 双链 DNA ; 环状 DNA > 开环、线状 DNA

单链 DNA > 双链 DNA

沉降速度: RNA > 环状 DNA >开环、线状 DNA

Page 26: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

沉降分析法

Page 27: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

三、 Electrophoresis (电泳)• The charged, dispersed particles in a

colloidal system moves toward the electrode that has the opposite charge. This movement is called electrophoresis.

• Almost all colloidal particles have an electrical charge-either positive or negative.

•Why?

Page 28: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

1. Adsorption • Sol: has a tremendous amount of surface.

It is that the most important properties of colloidal matter are those which are dependent on surface interactions such as adsorption.

sE Surfaceenergy

specific surfaceenergy

total area

• Surface have tendency to decrease E

比表面能是使其表面增加单位面积所需要的能量

Page 29: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

adsorption1. 胶核界面的选择性吸附: 胶粒中的胶核(原子、离子、分子的聚集体)常选

择性地吸附电解质中与其组成类似的离子作为稳定剂,并使其界面带有一定的电荷。

2. 选择性吸附与反应物浓度有关: 改变两种反应物的用量 , 可使制备的溶胶带有不同

符号的电荷

3. 若无相同离子,则首先吸附水化能力较弱的负离子,所以自然界中的胶粒大多带负电,如泥浆水、豆浆等都是负溶胶。

Page 30: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

例 1 : AgNO3 + KI( 过量 )→KNO3 + AgI↓

[(AgI)m n I – (n-x)K+]x– xK+

|________________________|

|________________________________|

negative colloid

胶核

胶粒(带负电)

胶团(电中性)

胶团的结构表达式 :

例 2 : AgNO3 ( 过量 ) + KI→KNO3 + AgI↓

[(AgI)m n Ag+ (n-x)NO3–]x+ x NO3

|______________________________|

|_______________________________________|

positive colloid

胶核

胶粒(带正电)

胶团(电中性)

Page 31: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

电荷的电极作定向移动的现象电泳 带电胶粒或大分子在外加电场的作用下向带相反

Sb2S3 溶胶

Fe(OH)3 溶胶

Page 32: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

四、 Coagulation( 聚沉 ) of ColloidalDispersions

• It is often desirable during chemical operations to coagulate colloidal dispersions.

Several methods of bringing about the coagulation:

1. In many cases, heating is all that is necessary.

2. The most effective way of coagulating colloidal dispersions of the sol and emulsion type is by adding an electrolyte

Page 33: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Electrokinetic potential

++++++

-

+++

+--

- -

-

-

-

-

-

ζ

当胶粒移动时,其表面上的水合膜层(即吸附层)以及在此层里的离子都随之移动:滑动面——吸附层移动时与扩散层分开的界面,ζ 电势——是滑动面与均匀液相之间的电势差

无论是正电溶胶还是负电溶胶: 胶粒带电荷越多, δ 电势绝对值越大,水化双电层越厚, 胶粒越不易合并变大,溶胶就越稳定。

Page 34: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Two rules of coagulation

1) The effective coagulating electrolytes are

opposite ions.

2) The coagulating ability of ions with identical charges are the same approximately; the coagulating ability of ions increase remarkably with increasing of electrolyte ion charges (exponentially).

Page 35: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

不同电解质的聚沉值( mmol·dm-3 )

电解质 AgI 电解质 Al2O3

(负溶胶) (正溶胶)

NaNO3 140 NaCl 43.5

Ca(NO3)2 2.40 K2SO4 0.30

Al(NO3)3 0.067 K3[Fe(CN)6] 0.08

聚沉值: 是在一定条件下刚刚足够引起某种溶胶聚沉的 电解质浓度,一般以毫摩 / 升表示。

Page 36: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

不同胶体的相互作用与加入电解质情况不同的是: 当两种溶胶的用量恰能使其所带电荷的量相等时,

才会完全聚沉,否则会不完全聚沉,甚至不聚沉。

Page 37: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

12-4 Surface Tension

• problem: Why, does water bead up on a newly waxed car instead of forming a sheet over it?

• solution:

in intermolecular forces.

Page 38: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

• Molecules within a liquid are pulled in all directions; there is no tendency for them to be pulled in any one way.

• However, molecules at the surface are pulled only downward and sideways but not upward

Page 39: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

surface tension (r):

——The surface tension of a liquid is the

amount of energy required to stretch or

increase the surface by unit area.

)/()/( mNmN

SE

On number

比表面能:是增加单位面积所需要的能量

Page 40: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

一、 Adsorption

• Adsorption ,in (Chemistry) is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase gas, liquid or solid.

adsorbent: liquid, gas,and solid

adsorbate: atoms, molecules, or ions

Page 41: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

固体表面上吸附的应用:• 1g 活性炭的总表面面积可达 100m2 。表面突出的原子处于价的不

饱和状态,具有吸引其它分子的能力。

• 将活性炭少许加入盛有溴蒸气(红色)的容器中,密塞后震荡活性炭,则可观察到红色逐渐消失。这是由于 Br2 分子被活性炭吸附到它的表面上。

• 在氢电极铂片上镀铂黑以吸附氢气,就是由于光亮平板状的铂片无吸附性能,而镀上一层疏松的铂原子,总的表面面积大大增加,并且表面突出的原子多,利用突出原子的余价以吸附氢气。

• 医药上常用活性炭来脱色、吸附微量杂质和热原。例如制备葡萄糖液体时,先配成叫浓溶液,加活性炭振荡后过滤,再冲稀到欲配浓度。

Page 42: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

adsorption isotherm linear(中文 p287 )

• Only at very low concentrations is the adsorption isotherm linear.

固 - 液界面吸附最主要的应用之一是色谱法 ( 或称层析法 ) 。

色谱法是利用粉状吸附剂对混合液中各组分的吸附能力不同使吸附质彼此分离的一种方法。

Page 43: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

二、 Another way that surface tension

润湿现象 当液体和固体接触时界面出现的现象:

同一种液体,对不同的固体来说,它可以是润湿的, 也可以是不润湿的。

Page 44: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

附着力 (adhesion)—— 液体分子和固体分子之间的吸引力。

内聚力( cohesion )——液体分子之间的吸引力;

润湿和不润湿可以用其分子间相互作用力的大小来解释。

若 内聚力〈 附着力,固体就被润湿 —— 润湿现象。

若 内聚力 〉附着力,固体上的液滴不会展开 —— 无不润湿现象。

Page 45: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Adhesion > cohesion, concave

Adhesion < cohesion, convex

Page 46: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

以肥皂(脂肪酸钠)为例σ (肥皂)小于 σ (水)

肥皂分子可以部分的代替水分子聚集在溶液表面,使σ (水)降低。

研究发现:溶质在水溶液中的分布是不均匀的; c 表面(肥皂) > c 内部(肥皂)正吸附

三、液体表面的吸附和表面活性物质

在一定温度下, 纯水中加入不同种类的溶质 :

1. 液体表面上的吸附

Page 47: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

• 反之,若加入的溶质将增高溶剂的表面张力,则溶液表面层将排斥溶质分子 ( 或离子 ) ,使其尽可能进入溶液内部,此时溶液表面层的浓度小于其内部浓度,这种吸附称为负吸附。

反之为负吸附

无机盐类,糖类,淀粉 类等多羟基有机物, σ 大于 σ (水) c 表面< c内部

Page 48: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Emulsions

• The chemical definition of an emulsion is a

stable mixture of two or more immiscible( 不能

混合的 ) liquids where one liquid (in the form of

droplets or globules) is dispersed in the other.

Page 49: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Shakeplaced

water

oil

Not stability system

2. Added association colloid 1.temporary

emulsion

Emulsions

Page 50: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

• Oil can not dissolve in water no mater how drastically you stirred.

• Surface active agent (small σ)

• Adsorption

Page 51: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

  表面活性物质与表面吸附

表面非活性物质——凡是能够增大溶液表面张力的物质

表面活性物质——凡是能够降低溶液表面张力的物质

特点:是它的 σ较大,即单位面积上的表面能较纯 溶剂的表面能大。它所引起液体表面的吸附 是负吸附。

特点:是它的 σ较小,即单位面积上的表面能较纯 溶剂的表面能小。它所引起液体表面的吸附 是正吸附。

Page 52: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

表面活性物质结构特征:

具有两亲性基团

一类是极性基团 ( 亲水基或疏油基 ) ,如― OH 、― COOH 、― NH2 、― S

H 、― COONa 、― SO3Na 等;

另一类是非极性基团(亲油基或疏水基)如直链或带支链的有机羟基

Page 53: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

• The surfactant( 表面活性 )molecules that have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end are dispersed in water.

• CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-

CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COO-

hydrophobic end hydrophilic end

Page 54: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

① 降低了油 - 水的界面张力 加乳化剂,

②乳化剂在分散相液滴的周围形成坚固的保护膜。

③形成双电层,产生电互斥力。

乳状液稳定的主要原因

Page 55: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

• 表面活性剂的 HLB 值 2 ~ 6 亲油性→ W/O型乳状液 ;

HLB 值 12 ~ 18 亲水性→ O/W型乳状液,

HLB 值 ___ 表面活性剂为具有亲水基团和亲油基团的两亲分子 , 表面活性剂分子中亲水基和亲油基之间的大小和力量平衡程度的量 , 定义为表面活性剂的亲水亲油平衡值。

Page 56: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

– thermodynamically stable systems in which the dispersed phase consists of aggregates of amphiphilic molecules or ions (micelles)

at low concentration, these molecules exist in true solution

at higher concentrations, they aggregate to form micelles

Association Colloids

Page 57: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena
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常用的乳化剂是一些表面活性物质,如肥皂、蛋白质、磷脂、胆固醇等。

乳化剂使乳状液稳定的原因: 是由于乳化剂是一种表面活性物质。

Page 59: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

表面活性物质与生命科学有密切关系。构成细胞膜的磷脂、血液中的某些蛋白质、胆汁中的胆汁酸盐等都是表面活性物质。

Page 60: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

饱和脂肪酸

不饱和脂肪酸不饱和脂肪酸

  脂肪酸的结构特点:

Page 61: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

常 见 的 不 饱 和 脂 肪 酸常 见 的 不 饱 和 脂 肪 酸

Page 62: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

生物膜的重要结构成分

作为细胞膜的主要成分作为细胞膜的主要成分 ,,几乎细胞所含的磷脂都几乎细胞所含的磷脂都集中在生物膜中,是生物膜结构的基本组成成分。集中在生物膜中,是生物膜结构的基本组成成分。

极性头部:磷酸基、醇基、含氮碱

疏水尾部:烃链

磷脂(甘油磷脂和鞘磷脂),胆固醇,糖脂

Page 63: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

• 生物膜 : 以液态的脂质双分子层为基架,其中镶嵌着具有不同生理功能的蛋白质(主要以 α-螺旋或球形蛋白质的形式存在)

Page 64: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

 

表面活性物质在呼吸过程中起着重要的作用:

肺泡的表面张力

1 、稳定肺泡; 2 、减少呼吸功。

肺泡的表面液层中分布着有一定量的、由饱和卵磷脂和脂蛋白组成的表面活性物质,起降低表面张力系数的作用。

Page 65: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Protein solution

Ⅰ. Structure of Protein solution• amino acid • peptide • protein

Ⅱ. Properties of Protein solution

Page 66: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

structure of amino acid

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蛋白质的四级结构

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Ⅰ. Properties of Protein solution

• properties

1. stability2. viscosity3. osmotic pressure4. charges5. buffer action

6. Salting out action of electrolyte

7. Protection of protein solution for colloid

Page 75: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

1. Stability of protein solution• To hydrate

Page 76: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

2.Viscosity of protein

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•4. Charges of protein solution:

. Isoelectric protein– The isoelectric point (or pI) of a protein is the pH at which the protein has an equal number of positive and negative charges

Positive electric protein

Negative electric protein

•3. Osmotic pressure

Page 78: Chapter Twelve Colloidal System and        Surface Phenomena

Pr COOH

NH2

Pr

COO-

NH3+

Isoelectric point (pI)

Pr

COO- COOH

NH3+ NH3

+Pr

Positive

Pr.

+ H+

Pr

COO-

NH3+ NH2

COO- + OH -

Pr negative

Pr.

pH=pIⅠ、 pH effect of medium

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Figure 11. A comparison of positions of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) during IEF at different initial values of the buffer pH. The pI of BSA is 4.6; focusing is sharpest when the starting pH is near the pI of the protein, and the pKa of the buffer is close to that of the initial pH.

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Ⅱ.Salting out action of electrolyte for protein

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Ⅲ .protection of protein solution for colloid

某些大分子溶液对溶胶作用,由于加入的量不同,会出现两种作用:

敏化作用: 加入大分子溶液太少时, 会促使溶胶的聚沉;

保护作用: 加入大分子溶液的量足够多时,会保护溶胶不聚沉 .

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当加入的大分子物质的量不足时,溶胶的胶粒粘附在大分子上,大分子起了一个桥梁作用,把胶粒联系在一起,使之更容易聚沉。

1.敏化作用

例如,对 SiO2 进行重量分析时,

在 SiO2 的溶胶中加入少量明胶,使

SiO2 的胶粒粘附在明胶上,便于聚沉后过滤,减少损失,使分析更准确。

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当溶胶中加入足量大分子溶液后,大分子吸附在胶粒周围起到保护溶胶的作用。

2. 保护溶胶的作用

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