Chapter ThreeChapter ThreeNetwork ProtocolsNetwork Protocols

ByBy

JD McGuireJD McGuire

ARPARP Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution Protocol The core protocol in the TCP/IP suite The core protocol in the TCP/IP suite

that belongs in the Internet Layer. It that belongs in the Internet Layer. It obtains the MAC (physical) address of obtains the MAC (physical) address of a host or node and then creates a a host or node and then creates a local database that maps the MAC local database that maps the MAC address to the host’s IP (logical) address to the host’s IP (logical) address. address.

Apple TalkApple Talk

The protocol suite used to The protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computers. interconnect Macintosh computers. Although AppleTalk was originally Although AppleTalk was originally designed to support peer-to-peer designed to support peer-to-peer networking among Macintoshes, it networking among Macintoshes, it can now be routed between network can now be routed between network segments and integrated with segments and integrated with NetWare or Microsoft based NetWare or Microsoft based networks. networks.

AppleTalk Network NumberAppleTalk Network Number

A unique 16-bit number that A unique 16-bit number that identifies the network to which an identifies the network to which an AppleTalk node is connected. AppleTalk node is connected.

AppleTalk Node IDAppleTalk Node ID

A unique 8-bit or 16-bit (if using a A unique 8-bit or 16-bit (if using a extended networking, in which a extended networking, in which a network can have multiple addresses network can have multiple addresses and support multiple zones) number and support multiple zones) number that identifies a computer on an that identifies a computer on an AppleTalk network.AppleTalk network.

AppleTalk ZoneAppleTalk Zone

Logical Groups of computers defined Logical Groups of computers defined on an AppleTalk Network.on an AppleTalk Network.

BindingBinding

The process of assigning one network The process of assigning one network component to work with another. component to work with another.

BroadcastBroadcast

A transmission to all stations on a A transmission to all stations on a network.network.

Connection-OrientedConnection-Oriented

A feature of some protocols that A feature of some protocols that requires the establishment of a requires the establishment of a connection between communicating connection between communicating nodes before the node will transmit nodes before the node will transmit data. data.

ConnectionlessConnectionless

A feature of some protocols that A feature of some protocols that allows the protocol to service a allows the protocol to service a request without requiring a verified request without requiring a verified session and without guaranteeing session and without guaranteeing delivery of data.delivery of data.

Domain Name

The symbolic name that identifies an Internet domain.

Usually a domain name is associated with a company or other type of organization such as a university or military unit.

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol An Application layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite

that manages the dynamic distribution of IP addresses on a network.

Using a DHCP to assign IP addresses can nearly eliminate duplicate addressing problems

External Network Number

Another term for the network address portion of an IPX/SPX address

FTP

• File Transfer Protocol • An Application layer protocol used

to send and receive files via TCP/IP.

Firewall A specialized device (typically a

router, but possibly only a PC running special software) that selectively filters or blocks traffic between networks.

A firewall may be strictly hardware-based, or it may involve a combination of hardware and software.

Host A computer connected to a

network that uses the TCP/IP protocol.

Internet Control Message Internet Control Message ProtocolProtocol

►A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite that A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite that notifies the sender that something has notifies the sender that something has gone wrong in the transmission gone wrong in the transmission process and that packets are not process and that packets are not delivered. delivered.

IP

Internet Protocol A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite that

belongs to the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model and provides information about how and where data should be delivered.

IP is the subprotocol that enables TCP/IP to internetwork.

Internetwork To transverse more than one LAN

segment and more than one type of network through a router.

IPX

Internetwork Packet Exchange A core protocol of the IPX/SPX suite

that operates at the Network layer of the OSI Model and provides routing and internetwork services, similar to IP in the TCP/IP suite.

IPX/SPX

Internetwork Packet ExchangeSequenced Packet Exchange

A protocol originally developed by Xerox, then modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980’s for the NetWare network operating system.

InterNIC The authority for Internet IP

addressing and domain name registration. Also known as Network Solutions.

IP Address A logical address used in TCP/IP

networking. This unique 32-bit number is divided into four groups of octets, or 8-bit bytes, that are separated by periods.

IP DatagramIP Datagram

►The IP portion of a TCP/IP frame that The IP portion of a TCP/IP frame that acts as an envelope for data, holding acts as an envelope for data, holding information necessary for routers to information necessary for routers to transfer data between subnets. transfer data between subnets.

IPX Address IPX Address

►An address assigned to a device on an An address assigned to a device on an IPX/SPX network.IPX/SPX network.

Loopback AddressLoopback Address

►An IP address reserved for An IP address reserved for communicating from a node to itself communicating from a node to itself (used mostly for testing purposes). (used mostly for testing purposes). The value of the loopback address is The value of the loopback address is always 127.0.0.1.always 127.0.0.1.

Multiprotocol Network

A network that uses more than one protocol.

NetBEUI

NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface Microsoft’s adaptation of IBM’s

NetBIOS protocol. NetBEUI expands on NetBIOS by adding an Application layer component.

NetBEUI is a fast and efficient protocol that consumes few network resources, provides excellent error correction and requires little configuration.

NCP

NetWare Core Protocol One of the core protocols of the

IPX/SPX suite. NCP handles requests for services, such as printing and file access, between clients and servers.

OctetOctet

One of the four 8-bit bytes that are One of the four 8-bit bytes that are separated by periods and together make up separated by periods and together make up an IP address.an IP address.

PortPort

The address on a host where an application The address on a host where an application makes itself available to incoming data. makes itself available to incoming data.

ProtocolProtocol

The rules a network uses to transfer The rules a network uses to transfer data.data.

Protocols ensure that data is transferred Protocols ensure that data is transferred whole, in sequence, and without error whole, in sequence, and without error from one node on a network to another.from one node on a network to another.

RoutableRoutable

Protocols that can span more than one Protocols that can span more than one LAN segment because they carry Network LAN segment because they carry Network layer and addressing information that can layer and addressing information that can be interpreted by a router.be interpreted by a router.

Routing ProtocolsRouting Protocols

Protocols that assist routers in efficiently Protocols that assist routers in efficiently managing information flow.managing information flow.

SPXSPX Sequence Packet Exchange Sequence Packet Exchange One of the core protocols in the IPX/SPX One of the core protocols in the IPX/SPX

suite. suite. SPX belongs to the Transport layer of the SPX belongs to the Transport layer of the

OSI Model.OSI Model. SPX works in tandem with IPX to ensure SPX works in tandem with IPX to ensure

that data are received whole, in sequence, that data are received whole, in sequence, and error free. and error free.

SAP

Service Advertising Protocol A core protocol in the IPX/SPX suite that

works in the Application, Presentation, Session, and Transport layers of the OSI Model and runs directly over IPX.

NetWare servers and routers use SAP to advertise to the entire network which services they can provide.

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol The protocol responsible for moving

messages from one e-mail server to another over the Internet and other TCP/IP based networks.

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol A communication protocol used to

manage devices on a TCP/IP network.

SocketSocket

A logical address assigned to a A logical address assigned to a specific process running on a specific process running on a computer. computer.

Some sockets are reserved for Some sockets are reserved for operating system functions. operating system functions.

Static IP AddressStatic IP Address

An IP address that is manually An IP address that is manually assigned to a device.assigned to a device.

SubnetsSubnets

In an Internetwork, the individual In an Internetwork, the individual networks that are joined together networks that are joined together and belong to a protocol suite are and belong to a protocol suite are called subnets.called subnets.

Subprotocols

Small, specialized protocols that work together and belong to a protocol suite.

TCP Segment

The portion of a TCP/IP packet that holds TCP data fields and becomes encapsulated by the IP datagram.

TCP/IP Core Protocols

The subprotocols of the TCP/IP suite.

TelnetTelnet

• A terminal emulation protocol used A terminal emulation protocol used to log on to remote hosts using the to log on to remote hosts using the TCP/IP protocol. TCP/IP protocol.

• Telnet resides in the Application Telnet resides in the Application layer of the TCP/IP suite. layer of the TCP/IP suite.

TCPTCP• Transport Control Protocol Transport Control Protocol • A core protocol of the TCP/IP suite. A core protocol of the TCP/IP suite.

TCP belongs to the Transport layer TCP belongs to the Transport layer and provides reliable data delivery and provides reliable data delivery services. services.

UDPUDP

• User Datagram Protocol User Datagram Protocol • A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite

that sits in the Transport layer, that sits in the Transport layer, between the internet layer and the between the internet layer and the Application layer of the TCP/IP Application layer of the TCP/IP model.model.

• UDP is a connectionless transport UDP is a connectionless transport service. service.

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