Chapter SixteenChapter SixteenThe Eighteen Century:The Eighteen Century:

From Rococo to RevolutionFrom Rococo to Revolution•••

Culture and Values, 6th Ed.Cunningham and Reich

Age of DiversityAge of Diversity

Unqualified optimism, extreme discontentConscious engagement with social issuesRevolutionaries and conservativesEnlightened despots Welfare of citizenry Duty and responsibility

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

The Rococo StyleThe Rococo Style

Escapism, antibaroque Frivolity, lightheartedness Art as entertainment for aristocracy

Jean Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) Fetes galantes Return from Cythera (1717)

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

The Rococo StyleThe Rococo Style

François Boucher (1703-1770) Eroticism, voluptuous beauty (Rubens) Cupid a Captive (1754)

Jean Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806) Use of landscape Love Letters (1773)

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

The Rococo StyleThe Rococo StyleRosalba Carriera (1675-1757) Pastel portraits Anna Sofia d’Este (c. 1730)

Portraiture and English nobilityRococo sculptureRococo architecture Balthazar Neumann (1687-1753)

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

Neo-Classical ArtNeo-Classical ArtArcheological inspiration New awareness of classical art

Roman Republic, French Revolution Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) United opposition to tyranny

Austere poses, orderly decoration Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)

The Visual Arts in the Eighteenth CenturyThe Visual Arts in the Eighteenth Century

Neo-Classical ArtNeo-Classical ArtEscapism vs. IdealismWilliam Hogarth Satirical “moral subjects”

Sculptural qualityClassical models of architecture Austere public buildings Thomas Jefferson’s State Capitol

Classical MusicClassical Music

Style gallantEmpfindsamkeit C.P.E. Bach (1714-8)

General vs. Technical definitionsNew musical idiom Emotion, intellect, balance, order

Classical Music:Classical Music:

The Classical SymphonyThe Classical SymphonyOrchestral standardization

Symphonic movements1. Sonata form, sonata allegro form

Exposition, development, recapitulation

2. Slow, lyrical movement3. Minuet4. Spirited, cheerful conclusion

Classical Music:Classical Music:

Haydn and MozartHaydn and Mozart

Franz Joseph Haydn “Father of the Symphony” Reverence of artist in society

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Early musical prowess, virtuosity The Marriage of Figaro Social injustice, universality of human nature

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Intellectual DevelopmentsIntellectual DevelopmentsSystematic examination of society Pessimistic views vs. Optimistic views

Renewed interest in Classical culture Translations, themes, forms, references

English Augustan movement Imitated Roman Augustan poets Return to order after English Civil War

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Augustan poetNature of human experienceRococo satire Tinged with personal hostility

Christian + Humanist teachings Revelation of human folly Reverence for order, reason

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Hatred for human race“Savage indignation” Animals capable of reason

Gulliver’s Travels Satire of human behavior

A Modest Proposal “Man’s inhumanity to man” Inevitability of human suffering

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth CenturyRational Humanism: The EncyclopedistsRational Humanism: The Encyclopedists

Encyclopédie Denis Diderot (1713-1784) System for the classification of knowledge Compendium of human rationality Freedom of conscience and belief

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth CenturyRational Humanism: The EncyclopedistsRational Humanism: The Encyclopedists

Charles-Louis Montesquieu (1689-1755) Distribution of governmental power

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Humans=good, society=bad The “noble savage” Contempt for superficial, artificial Belief in human equality

Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyLiterature in the Eighteenth Century

Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)A man engagéImportance of freedom of thought“Ecrasez l’infame” Fanaticism and persecution

Natural religion, moralityCandide (1759) Folly of unreasonable optimism Cruelty and stupidity of the human race

The Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:Time of RevolutionTime of Revolution

Technological improvementsIncreased literacy, circulation of ideasGovernmental abuses Louis XV: “Après moi le déluge”

The Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) Essentiality of constitutional government

The Late Eighteenth Century:The Late Eighteenth Century:Time of RevolutionTime of Revolution

American Revolution Inspired revolution in France

Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence Optimistic view Political and social freedom Equality and justice Universality of man and nature

Chapter Sixteen: Discussion QuestionsChapter Sixteen: Discussion QuestionsExplain Jonathan Swift’s “savage indignation.” Why does he hold such contempt for the human race? What is meant by the statement, “[reason] aggravates man’s natural corruptions”? How is this similar to and/or different from Rousseau’s outlook on humanity?What philosophical view of humanity was generated by the Encyclopedists? Explain how a collection of knowledge lead to new insights into religion, humanity, society, and government.In what ways does the rococo style support both the optimistic AND the pessimistic worldviews of the eighteenth century? Consider the influx of satire and the comparative frivolity of the art in addition to the changing role of the artist during the period.