Chapter One: The Politicization of Science

8/9/2019 Chapter One: The Politicization of Science

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LMCRFZ I@F

Tmf Ringtglgzctgi`

ia \lgf`lf

“ C`d tmf G`stgtutgi`cngzctgi` ia Gnnusgi`

C s mf rftur`fd tmf pmi`f ti gts lrcdnf, Rmgngp Zfkcn e`fw tmct mgsslgf`tgffil lcrffr wcs cjiut ti f`tfr c` gopirtc`t c`d dgstg`ltnylmcnnf`kg`k pmcsf. Fr`st Ocyr mcd hust urkfd mgo ti cssuof c lrulgcnrinf g` li``fltgi` wgtm tmf oist priaiu`d tflm`inikglcn rfvinutgi`sg`lf tmf spngttg`k ia tmf ctio.

Ocyr wcs c tiwfrg`k ffikurf g` tmf ngaf slgf`lfs. @uofrius linnfckufs,g`lnudg`k sfvfrcn ia mgs afnniw Mcrvcrd priafssirs, li`sgdfrfd mgo ti jf

tmf krfctfst jginikgst ia tmf :2tm lf`tury, c`d mf wcs wgdfny rfkcrdfd cstmf oist g`uf`tgcn tmfirgst g` tmf ffifnd sg`lf Dcrwg`.3

Air sfvfrcn wffes durg`k tmct yfcr ia 37=


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Wft, fvf` cs Ocyr urkfd Zfkcn cmfcd, mf wcr`fd mgo ti prilffd wgtmlcutgi`. Mf rfog`dfd mgo tmct tmf jgitflm g`dustry c`d gts cnngfs g` tmf

oinfluncr jginiky fstcjngsmof`t wgfndfd krfct fliìogl, clcdfogl, c`dpingtglcn piwfr “ c`d ìtfd tmct c`y cttfopts ti sujhflt tmfgr prihflts titmiriukm slgf`tgffil slrutg`y wiund jf rfkcrdfd ìt i`ny cs u``flfsscrygopfdgof`ts ti prikrfss jut cs ochir privilctgi`s. Tf`, mgs viglf kriw-g`k oirf sinfo`, Ocyr spief wirds tmct stgnn rfsi`ctf g` Zfkcn‗s ofoiry8„Tfy wgnn try ti lrusm yiu.‟ Cllirdg`kny, mf cdvgsfd Zfkcn tmct cntmiukmmgs lrfdf`tgcns wfrf fxlfnnf`t c`d mf wcs wfnn-rfspfltfd, mf smiund ìt ki gtcni`f c`d smiund kft itmfr rfspfltfd jginikgsts ti hig` mgo.

Ocyr‗s wirds wfrf liopfnng`k, c`d dfspgtf tmf dgluntgfs tmct wiund jff`tcgnfd, Zfkcn rfsinvfd ti u`dfrtcef tmf tcse. Jut wmct mf dgd`‗t rfcngzf cttmct tgof wcs hust miw airogdcjnf c tcse gt wiund tur` iut ti jf “ c`d miwocssgvf wiund jf tmf rfsgstc`lf, ìt i`ny wgtmg` tmf li`ffi`fs ia tmf jgi-tflmìniky g`dustry, jut wgtmg` tmf lirrgdirs ia kivfròf`t c`d tmf mcnnsia clcdfogc cs wfnn. @ir dgd mf airfsff tmct ivfr tmf `fxt tmrff dflcdfs, tmfrfsgstc`lf wiund g` ncrkf pcrt prfvcgn.

Zfkcn‗s li`lfr`s cjiut kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k wfrf ffirst criusfd g` tmf fcrny37=2‗s wmf` wird sprfcd coi`k ngaf slgf`tgsts tmct cnn gts prcltglfs c`dpridults wfrf sii` ti jf aunny dfrfkunctfd. Jflcusf air sfvfrcn yfcrs tmfpripi`f`ts ia tmgs rfvinutgi`cry tflmìniky mcd jff` priogsg`k tmct gtwiund jf lcrfaunny rfkunctfd, mf wcs surprgsfd ct tmgs `fws “ c`d fqucn-ny surprgsfd ct miw oc`y jginikgsts wfrf fnctfd jy gt. Ct tmf V`gvfrsgtyia Og``fsitc, wmfrf Zfkcn wcs c priafssir g` tmf Linnfkf ia Jginikglcn

\lgf`lfs, tmf linnfkf‗s dfc` f`tmusgcstglcnny c`ìu`lfd tmct tmf oinfluncrjginikgsts g` tmf @ctgi`cn G`stgtutfs ia Mfcntm c`d tmf @ctgi`cn Clcdfoy ia\lgf`lfs, cni`k wgtm efy ilgcns g` kivfròf`t, mcd dflgdfd tmct kf`ftglf`kg`ffrg`k wcs scaf c`d wfrf kig`k ti kgvf u`li`dgtgi`cn cpprivcn ti cnngts cppnglctgi`s.

Jut Zfkcn dgd ìt smcrf tmf f`tmusgcso “ ìr, cs mf wcs ti nfcr`, dgdùofrius itmfr slgf`tgsts. Air i`f tmg`k, mf aiu`d gt strc`kf tmct kf`ftglf`kg`ffrg`k wcs jfg`k trfctfd cs c prilfss tmct liund jf li`sgdfrfd scaf g`

gtsfna grrfspfltgvf ia tmf dgvfrsf usfs ti wmglm gt wcs put “ c`d tmct gts pri-pi`f`ts cssuofd tmgs g`mfrf`t qucngty ia scafty wiund tmf` cutioctglcnnycdmfrf ti cnn gts vcrgius pridults. Tgs cppriclm strule mgo cs au`dcof`-tcnny cwfd, jflcusf tmfsf pridults liund jf fìroiusny dgflfrf`t arioi`f cìtmfr g` oc`y jginikglcnny gopirtc`t wcys.


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Kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k (tflm`glcnny tfrofd „rfliojg`c`t D@C tflmìni-ky‟ c`d cnsi rfafrrfd ti cs „jgif`kg`ffrg`k‟ c`d „kf`f-spnglg`k‟ :) lioprgs-

fs c sft ia ìvfn c`d piwfraun prilfdurfs tmct rfstrulturf tmf kfìofs iangvg`k irkc`gsos jy oivg`k, spnglg`k, c`d itmfrwgsf rf-crrc`kg`k pgflfs iaD@C g` wcys tmct wfrf airofrny gopissgjnf. Triukm gt, c wgdf rc`kf iaiutliofs lc` crgsf. Gt lc` f`diw c` irkc`gso wgtm fxtrc lipgfs ia siof iagts iw` kf`fs, rfli`ffikurf tmf sfquf`lfs ia siof ia gts kf`fs, c`d rf-pri-krco tmf wcys g` wmglm gts kf`fs crf tur`fd i` ir ifl, ir trc`spnc`t kf`fsario c dgstg`lt c`d dgstc`t spflgfs g`ti gts kf`ftgl prikrco. Aurtmfr, gtlc` trc`sairo c`y eg`d ia irkc`gso, wmftmfr c jcltfrguo, c pnc`t, ir c`c`gocn5 c`d fclm trc`sairoctgi` liund kgvf rgsf ti c u`gquf sft ia fflflts(jitm g`tf`dfd c`d u`g`tf`dfd) dfpf`dg`k i` tmf irkc`gso g`vinvfd,tmf kf`ftgl cntfrctgi`s pfrairofd, tmfgr nilctgi` i` tmf D@C oinflunf,c`d tmf f`vgriòf`t g` wmglm tmf irkc`gso gs pnclfd. Tfrfairf, Zfkcnrfkcrdfd tmf lncgo tmct kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k wiund cnwcys jf scaf ti jf hustcs jgzcrrf cs tmf lncgo tmct cnn crt wiund jf ì`-iflf`sgvf.

Wft, oinfluncr jginikgsts prioitfd tmgs lncgo cs slgf`tgffilcnny siu`d5c`d oist wfrf si surf ia gt tmct tmfy smu``fd dgslussg`k tmf gssuf wgtm c`yslgf`tgsts wmi dgsckrffd, fvf` ga tmisf slgf`tgsts pissfssfd krfctfr fxpfrtgsf

g` siof rfnfvc`t crfcs ia eìwnfdkf. @ir wfrf tmfy prfpcrfd ti li`sgdfr wmftmfr tmfgr iw` fxpfrtgsf wcs jricd fìukm ti cdfquctfny oc`ckf cnn tmfaclfts ia kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k.

Zfkcn mcd ffirst f`liu`tfrfd tmgs g`suncr cttgtudf wmgnf sfrvg`k i` clioogttff ct tmf V`gvfrsgty ia Og``fsitc tmct rfvgfwfd krcductf dfkrffprikrcos. i effp tmf u`gvfrsgty cpclf wgtm tmf nctfst dfvfnipof`ts g` jgi-tflmìniky, c `fw krcductf lurrglunuo g` oglrijgcn f`kg`ffrg`k mcd jff`pripisfd. Cs wcs typglcn ia sulm prikrcos ct itmfr u`gvfrsgtgfs, tmf liursf

wire ncrkfny li`sgstfd ia lmfogstry, jgilmfogstry, oinfluncr kf`ftgls, c`dsiof pmysginiky. Durg`k tmf lioogttff‗s dgslussgi` ia tmf pripiscn, Zfkcnfxprfssfd tmf ipg`gi` tmct tmf studf`ts smiund cnsi study fliniky, jginikg-lcn cdcptctgi`, c`d pipunctgi` kf`ftgls (ffifnds g` wmglm mf mcd fxpfrtgsf) sitmfy liund jfttfr lioprfmf`d tmf aunn dy`cogls ia kf`ftglcnny f`kg`ffrfdirkc`gsos. Mf fopmcsgzfd tmct wgtmiut sulm fxpc`sgi` ia tmf lurrglunuo,tmf krcductfs wiund i`ny eìw miw siof ia tmf oglrislipgl liopi`f`tsia tmfsf `fw irkc`gsos au`ltgi`fd g` gsinctfd jgilmfoglcn pctmwcys jut

wiund ìt jf cjnf ti u`dfrstc`d miw tmfy au`ltgi`fd cs wminfs, fspflgcnnyg` rfnctgi` ti itmfr irkc`gsos. Mf pig`tfd iut tmct jflcusf jgitflm`glgc`s

wfrf pnc``g`k ti rfnfcsf tmfgr lrfctgi`s g`ti tmf f`vgriòf`t, gt wcs go-pirtc`t tmct tmfy jf cjnf ti cssfss miw tmfsf ngvg`k f`tgtgfs wiund g`tfrclt

wgtmg` flisystfos.


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Jut mgs g`put priviefd c` g`dgk`c`t rfspi`sf ario tmf prioitfrs iakf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k, wmi ctny cssfrtfd tmct jricdfr trcg`g`k wcs ìt `fl-

fsscry jflcusf kf`f-spnglg`k wiund jf g`vcrgcjny scaf. Tfy aurtmfr ocg`-tcg`fd tmct kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k wcs c` g`tf`sfny liopftgtgvf ffifnd, tmct ìu`gvfrsgtgfs rfqugrfd juddg`k prcltgtgi`frs ti „wcstf tgof‟ g` studyg`k tmftipgls Zfkcn mcd sukkfstfd, c`d tmct ga tmf V`gvfrsgty ia Og``fsitc dgdgopisf sulm c` fxtrc`fius jurdf` gt liund ìt effp up wgtm tmf itmfrslmiins.

Zfkcn wcs jitm stu``fd c`d stgrrfd jy tmfsf stctfof`ts. Cs mf nctfr writf8

G wf`t cwcy ario tmct offtg`k wcneg`k sniwny clriss lcopus, fyfsi` tmf pcvfof`t, pi`dfrg`k tmf ile ia sfrgius qufstgi`s tmct mcdjff` riusfd g` oy tmgèg`k. Miw liund pfipnf wmisf fxpfrtgsf wcsngogtfd ti lmfogstry jf si surf tmct rcdglcn oidgffilctgi s̀ ia liopnfxjginikglcn irkc`gsos ngvg`k i` acros ir wgtmg` jricdfr pipunctgi`sg` `cturf wiund `flfsscrgny jf scaf c`d fflfltgvf9 Miw liund tmfy jfsi lfrtcg`9 Tf prioitfrs ia kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k ct tmct lioogttffmfcrg`k mcd ìt tmf sngkmtfst slgf`tgffil lrfdf`tgcns air fstgoctg`k

flinikglcn cdcptctgi`s c`d dgsturjc`lfs. Gt wcs ìt sgopny tmct tmfydgd ìt mcvf dfkrffs ir mcd ìt tcef` liursfs. I`f lc` lfrtcg`nyjf sfna-tcukmt. Jut tmfy mcd ì lrfdgjnf eìwnfdkf. Wft, tmfy wfrflncgog`k tmfy dgd ìt `ffd ti clqugrf c`y cddgtgi`cn u`dfrstc`dg`kir sffe cdvglf ario fxpfrts jfyi`d tmf jiu`ds ia tmfgr `crriw trcg`-g`k “ c`d tmct ì itmfr oinfluncr jginikgsts rflik`gzfd sulm c `ffdfgtmfr. Tgs wcs c` csti`gsmg`k prispflt air of ti li`tfopnctf ct tmftgof, jut gt tur`fd iut tmgs wcs g`dffd tmf prfvcgng`k cttgtudf coi`k

oinfluncr jginikgsts tmf wirnd ivfr.


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Kgvf` tmf jind`fss ia tmfgr priìu`lfof`ts, siofi`f mfcrg`k tmf oi-nfluncr jginikgsts g` 37=< air tmf ffirst tgof wiund mcvf jff` surprgsfd ti

nfcr` tmct tmfy mcd ìt cnwcys fxudfd sulm u`qucngffifd li`ffidf`lf g` tmfscafty ia kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k “ c`d mcd fvf` lcnnfd air ochir prflcutgi`s.Jut tmct wcs c dflcdf fcrngfr, wmf` tmf tflmìniky wcs c stcrtng`k `fwpmfìofì` c`d tmfy ipf`ny cleìwnfdkfd tmfgr ngogtfd cjgngty ti prfdgltc`d li`trin gts fflflts. Tf stiry ia miw tmfgr g`gtgcn ofssckf outctfd, c`dtmfgr gùf`lf li`lurrf`tny fxpc`dfd, privgdfs c strgeg`k fxcopnf ia tmfpingtglgzctgi` ia slgf`lf “ c`d tmf og`gogzctgi` ia tmf rinf ia fvgdf`lf g`sfttg`k pujngl pingly tmct‗s suppisfd ti jf slgf`lf-jcsfd.

Tf Cdvf`t ia c` Csti`gsmg`k flmìniky

G` 3717, tmf cttf`tgi` ia pfipnf tmriukmiut tmf wirnd wcs rgvftfd i` cìvfn pctmikf`gl oglriirkc`gso tmct tmrfctf`fd knijcn dfvcstctgi` iamuoc` ngaf. @itmg`k ngef gt mcd fvfr jff` f`liu`tfrfd c`d tmf oist si-pmgstglctfd li`trin strctfkgfs wfrf jfg`k aignfd jy gts cwfsiof dfstrultgvflcpclgty. [mct‗s oirf, tmgs ocnfvinf`t oglrijf wcs tmf pridult ia muoc`g`vf`tgi`.

Jut tmf g`vf`tgi` wcs purfny ngtfrcry, c`d tmf iogìus f`tgty lcof tingaf i`ny wgtmg` tmf pckfs ia c jiie “ Oglmcfn Lrglmti`‗s jfst-sfnng`k slg-f`lf-ffiltgi` tmrgnnfr, Tf C`driofdc \trcg`. C`d cntmiukm g` tmgs stiry tmfdfcdny irkc`gso ocefs gts cppfcrc`lf tmriukm tmf fflirts ia tmf V\ Croyti ijtcg` jginikglcn wfcpi`s, gt mcs ìt jff` lrfctfd jy slgf`tgsts. Tct‗sjflcusf Lrglmti` cgofd air rfcngso5 c`d ct tmct tgof, gt wiund mcvf jffàc`lgaun ti pirtrcy tmgs ìvfn lrfcturf cs tmf pridult ia muoc` f`kg`ffrg`k.\g`lf D@C wcs stgnn ncrkfny uòc`ckfcjnf, c tflmìniky tmct liund prflgsf-

ny lipy kf`fs c`d tmf` spnglf tmfo g`ti ngvg`k irkc`gsos wcs wfnn jfyi`dtmf rfcno ia wmct wcs prcltglcnny clmgfvcjnf. Li`sfquf`tny, gt sffofdoirf pncusgjnf tmct untrc-nftmcn (c`d liopnftfny ìvfn) oglrijfs wiundjf aiu`d jfyi`d fcrtm‗s ctoispmfrf tmc` airofd wgtmg` gts ncjirctirgfs5c`d Lrglmti` lrcatfd c pnit g` wmglm tmf croy sf`ds sctfnngtf prijfs g`tispclf ti linnflt pctmikf`s air tmf jgiwfcpi`s prikrco. G` tmgs slf`crgi,tmf `fw oglrijgcn of`clf crrgvfs g` c sctfnngtf tmct lrcsmfs ti fcrtm g`stfcdia fofrkg`k ario c tfrrfstrgcnny-jiu`d tfst tujf.

Catfr kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k mcd jfliof c rfcngty, Lrglmti` sfgzfd i` gtc`d ocdf gt c` fssf`tgcn afcturf ia Hurcssgl Rcre , tmf jfst-sfnnfr mf puj-ngsmfd g` 3772. Jut wmf` mf jfkc` ti wrgtf Tf C`driofdc \trcg`, fvf`tmiukm slgf`tgsts mcd dftcgnfd eìwnfdkf cjiut tmf strulturf ia D@C c`dtmf `cturf ia tmf kf`ftgl lidf, tmfy wfrf acr ario tmf stckf ia li`trinnfd


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kf`f-spnglg`k5 c`d wmgnf tmfrf wcs c juzz cjiut tmf pissgjgngty ia „kf`ftglf`kg`ffrg`k‟ coi`k jginikgsts wmi jfngfvfd tmct tmf ofc`s air sulm c rcdg-

lcn tflmìniky wiund fvf`tucnny jf dfvfnipfd, gt cppfcrfd tmct ì i`f wcsc`ywmfrf lnisf ti dig`k si.4 Wft, cs goprijcjnf cs gt ogkmt mcvf sffofd wmf` Tf C`driofdc

\trcg` ffirst mgt tmf jiiestirfs g` 3717, fcrtm-jcsfd ncjirctirgfs wiundsii` suppnc`t pnuooftg`k spclf prijfs cs tmf oist ngefny pig`t ia f`tryair pfrgnius `fw oglrijfs. Tf `fxt yfcr, slgf`tgsts ffi`cnny dgslivfrfd tmfofc`s jy wmglm tmf D@C oinflunf liund jf lut wgtm prflgsgi`5 c`d

wgtmg` aiur oirf, c tfco ia rfsfcrlmfrs sullffdfd g` lipyg`k c kf`f ario

i`f irkc`gso c`d spnglg`k gt g`ti tmf D@C ia cìtmfr, lrfctg`k tmf ffirstkf`ftglcnny f`kg`ffrfd jcltfrguo.6 (Tf stfps ia tmgs prilfss crf dfslrgjfdg` Lmcptfr 4.)

\ii`, dizf`s ia itmfr `fw oglrijgcn strcg`s mcd jff` sgogncrny pri-dulfd. C`d, cntmiukm tmfsf ìvfn irkc`gsos wfrf lrfctfd i` fcrtm, g` tmfog`ds ia oc`y pfipnf, tmfy wfrf cnoist cs cngf` cs ga tmfy‗d liof ario iut-fr spclf. @it i`ny dgd tmfy li`tcg` u`prflfdf`tfd liojg`ctgi`s ia kf`ftgloctfrgcn, gt wcs mgkmny u`ngefny tmct oist ia tmfsf li`kniofrctfs liund

mcvf crgsf` u`dfr `cturcn li`dgtgi`s. G`stfcd, tmfy iwfd tmfgr fxgstf`lfti fxtf`sgvf muoc` li`trgvc`lf. Aurtmfr, rfkcrdnfss ia tmf dfkrff ti wmglmpfipnf li`sgdfrfd tmfo cngf`, c ncrkf pcrt ia tmf pujngl afcrfd tmct siofia tmfsf lrfcturfs ogkmt privf ti jf `fcrny cs dc`kfrius cs tmf u`fcrtmnytfrrir pirtrcyfd g` Lrglmti`‗s jiie. Oirfivfr, tmfy wfrf ìt cni`f g` tmfgrcpprfmf`sgi`. Gt wcs ti c sgk`gffilc`t fxtf`t smcrfd jy tmf ngaf slgf`lf lio-ou`gty. G` aclt, tmf li`lfr`s ia tmf pujngl wfrf spcrefd jy wcr`g`ks tmctmcd gssufd ario tmf oiutms c`d pf`s ia oinfluncr jginikgsts.

\lgf`tgsts \iu`d tmf Cncro

G` tmf fcrny pmcsf ia tmf rfliojg`c`t D@C rfvinutgi`, sfvfrcn oinfluncrjginikgsts jflcof strule jy tmf fìrogty ia tmf `fw piwfrs wgtm wmglmtmfy‗d suddf`ny jff` f`diwfd “ c`d dffpny li`lfr`fd cjiut tmfgr lcpclgtyti lcusf wgdfsprfcd mcro. Gt sffofd tmct u`nfss tmgs tflmìniky wcs oc`-ckfd vfry lcrfaunny, fvf` tmf jfst-g`tf`tgi`fd rfsfcrlmfrs liund pridulf cmgkm dfkrff ia cllgdf`tcn dcockf.

I`f ia tmf ffirst slgf`tgsts ti cpprfmf`d tmf dc`kfr, c`d viglf li`lfr`, wcs Zijfrt Rinncle, wmi wcs ru``g`k c ncjirctiry ct Lind \prg`k Mcr-jir, Ni`k Gsnc`d tmct wcs dgrfltfd jy tmf @ijfn ncurfctf Hcofs [ctsi`, cli-dgslivfrfr ia tmf strulturf ia D@C. G` tmf suoofr ia 37;3, mf nfcr`fdtmct tmf \tcàird jgilmfogst, Rcun Jfrk, wcs pnc``g`k ti li`strult c pgflf


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ia rfliojg`c`t D@C tmct li`tcg`fd c kf`f ario c vgrus tmct lc` g`dulfocngk`c`t tuoirs g` oièfys, ridf`ts, c`d muoc`s.1 C`d tmf kf`f Jfrk

wcs kig`k ti fopniy wcs tmf kf`f tmct lcusfs tmf tuoirs. [mct‗s oirf,mf g`tf`dfd ti g`sfrt tmct rfliojg`c`t sfkof`t g`ti tmf D@C ia cìtmfrvgrus tmct gàflts c jcltfrgcn spflgfs (`cofd F. ling ) tmct cju`dc`tny g`-mcjgts tmf g`tfstg`fs ia muoc`s c`d oc`y itmfr c`gocns. Cntmiukm Jfrkmipfd ti kcg` vcnucjnf eìwnfdkf ario sulm c` fxpfrgof`t, c`d mcd ìtg`tf`dfd ti put tmf vgrus g`ti tmf jcltfrgc, Rinncle wcs li`lfr`fd tmctsulm c` g`lursgi` liund g`cdvfrtf`tny mcppf`, trc`sairog`k c` irdg`crg-ny argf`dny illupc`t ia iur kut g`ti c` ckf`t ia dgsfcsf. Tgs wiund g`

tur` lrfctf c rgse tmct sulm rcdglcnny trc`sairofd oglrijfs ogkmt fslcpftmf ncj, wgdfny gàflt tmf g`tfstg`fs ia pfipnf c`d ngvfstile, c`d lcusf cnit ia lc`lfr.;

\i mf lcnnfd Jfrk, fxpncg`fd mgs li`lfr`s, c`d csefd ga mf mcd cnsi jff`triujnfd jy sulm li`sgdfrctgi`s. Jfrk scgd tmct mf mcd`‗t5 jut Rinncle‗slcnn kit mgo tmgèg`k. Cs Jfrk nctfr rfliu`tfd, „G jfkc` ti cse oysfna gatmfrf wcs c socnn pissgjgngty ia rgse. C`d ga tmfrf gs, di G wc`t ti di tmffxpfrgof`t9‟= Mf tmf` li`suntfd cìtmfr slgf`tgst, wmi tind mgo tmfrf

wcs pitf`tgcn air mcro c`d tmct mf wiund mcvf ti cllfpt rfspi s̀gjgngty airc`y ogsmcps. Cllirdg`k ti Jfrk, „Ct tmct pig`t G stfppfd jcle c`d csefd,”Di G wc`t ti ki cmfcd c`d di fxpfrgof`ts wmglm liund mcvf lctcstripmglli`sfquf`lfs, ì octtfr miw sngo tmf ngefngmiid9‗ ‟ 7 Mf dflgdfd tmct mfdgd`‗t5 c`d tmf fxpfrgof`t wcs pnclfd i` mind.

Mf cnsi dflgdfd gt wcs gopirtc`t ti g`gtgctf c dgcnikuf wgtmg` tmf slgf`-tgffil lioou`gty si tmct tmf pitf`tgcn prijnfos wiund jf cpprflgctfd c`dcdfquctf scafkucrds fopniyfd. C`d si dgd c ùojfr ia itmfr jginikgsts.

I`f ia tmfsf dgslussgi`s illurrfd ct tmf Kirdi` Zfsfcrlm Liàfrf`lfi` @ulnfgl Clgds g` Hu`f 37;


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ia kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k „. . . u`tgn tmf pitf`tgcn mczcrds ia sulm rfliojg`c`tD@C oinflunfs mcvf jff` jfttfr fvcnuctfd ir u`tgn cdfquctf oftmids crf

dfvfnipfd ti prfvf`t tmfgr sprfcd. . . .‟3<

Tgs nfttfr jflcof eìw` cs „tmfJfrk nfttfr‟ jflcusf gts nfcd sgk`ctiry wcs Rcun Jfrk, wmi wcs tmf drgvg`kairlf jfmg`d tmf lioogttff‗s lrfctgi` c`d tmf nfttfr‗s pridultgi`. Ngef gtsprfdflfssir, tmf nfttfr wcs pujngsmfd g` \lgf`lf 5 c`d gt spurrfd fvf` krfctfrrfpfrlussgi`s. Gt wcs u`prflfdf`tfd air c kriup ia slgf`tgsts ti vinu`tcrgnyrfstrglt tmfgr rfsfcrlm c`d lcnn i` tmfgr linnfckufs ti di tmf scof. @it i`nydgd gt smiw c` cdogrcjnf nfvfn ia silgcn rfspi`sgjgngty, gt rfvfcnfd tmf airog-dcjnf u`lfrtcg`tgfs tmct surriu`dfd kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k “ c`d nfkgtgogzfd

li`lfr`s cjiut tmfo.Tf Jfrk nfttfr csefd tmf @ctgi`cn G`stgtutfs ia Mfcntm (@GM) ti fs-tcjngsm rfsfcrlm kugdfng`fs c`d ivfrsff fxpfrgof`tctgi`. Gt cnsi siukmtg`vinvfof`t ia tmf jricdfr rD@C rfsfcrlm lioou`gty, si gt pripisfd c`g`tfr`ctgi`cn offtg`k ti „dgsluss cppriprgctf wcys ti dfcn wgtm pitf`tgcnjgimczcrds ia rfliojg`c`t D@C oinflunfs.‟ 34

Zfstrgltg`k tmf Zfnfcsf ia F`kg`ffrfd Irkc`gsos

Jitm rflioof`dctgi`s sii` jirf arugt. I` Iltijfr ;, 37;4 tmf @GMfstcjngsmfd c` cdvgsiry pc`fn (fvf`tucnny `cofd tmf Zfliojg`c`t D@C

Cdvgsiry Lioogttff UZCL_) wmglm pncyfd c sgk`gffilc`t rinf g` pinglyairoctgi` ivfr oc`y yfcrs. C`d tmf ainniwg`k Afjrucry c` g`tfr`ctgi`cnofftg`k ia ivfr c mu`drfd rfsfcrlmfrs li`vf`fd ct tmf Csgniocr Liàfr-f`lf Lf`tfr g` Oi`tfrfy, Lcngair`gc. Gts ocg` ailus wcs i` airounctg`kkugdfng`fs tmct wfrf sulgf`tny rgkirius ti prfvf`t lctcstripmfs yft ngjfrcnfìukm si jginikgsts liund f`d tmfgr jricd oirctirguo c`d kft i` wgtm

rfsfcrlm. Cs c` crtglnf g` \lgf`lf dfslrgjfd tmf iutliof8 „Catfr oulm mck-kng`k, tmf kriup sfttnfd i` c sft ia scafty kugdfng`fs tmct g`vinvfd wireg`k

wgtm dgscjnfd jcltfrgc tmct liund ̀ it survgvf iutsgdf tmf ncj. Tf kugdfng`fsìt i`ny cnniwfd tmf rfsfcrlm ti rfsuof jut cnsi mfnpfd pfrsucdf Li`krfsstmct nfkgsnctgvf rfstrgltgi`s wfrf ìt `ffdfd “ tmct slgf`tgsts liund kivfr`tmfosfnvfs.‟ 36

G` rfclmg`k tmfgr dflgsgi`s, tmf oinfluncr jginikgsts dgd ìt sffe g`putario itmfr pfrspfltgvfs, c`d ì cvfùfs wfrf privgdfd air pujngl g`tfrfst

kriups ti pcrtglgpctf. Aurtmfr, gt‗s lnfcr tmgs wcs ìt c` ivfrsgkmt jut c`fssf`tgcn cspflt ia pingly “ c pingly ti rfstrglt tmisf iutsgdf tmf oinfluncrjginikgsts‗ aind ario gùf`lg`k tmf wcys g` wmglm rD@C rfsfcrlm wcs li`-dultfd c`d cppngfd. Hcofs [ctsi` u`cjcsmfdny cleìwnfdkfd tmct mf c`dmgs linnfckufs ct Csgniocr fojrclfd sulm c` fxlnusgi`cry pingly8 „Cntmiukm


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siof arg`kf kriups . . . tmiukmt tmgs wcs c octtfr ti jf dfjctfd jy cnn c`dsu`dry, gt wcs `fvfr tmf g`tf`tgi` ia tmisf wmi ogkmt jf lcnnfd tmf oinfl-

uncr jginiky fstcjngsmof`t ti tcef tmf gssuf ti tmf kf`frcn pujngl ti dflgdf. [f dgd ̀ it wc`t iur fxpfrgof`ts ti jf jnilefd jy ivfr-li`ffidf`t ncwyfrs,oulm nfss jy sfna-cppig`tfd jgiftmglgsts wgtm ì g`mfrf`t eìwnfdkf ia,ir g`tfrfst g`, iur wire. Tfgr dflgsgi`s liund i`ny jf crjgtrcry.‟ 31 G` tmf

wirds ia \usc` [rgkmt, c mgstirgc` ia slgf`lf ct tmf V`gvfrsgty ia Oglmgkc` wmi gs c` cutmirgty i` jgif`kg`ffrg`k‗s ffirst dflcdf8 „UR_ingly-oceg`k df-lgsgi`s wfrf lncgofd ti jf tmf rgkmt c`d rfspi`sgjgngty ia slgf`tgsts cni`f.‟ 3;

Cllirdg`kny, oist ia tmf oinfluncr jginikgsts fxpfltfd tmf sfna-gopisfd

rfsfcrlm rfstrgltgi`s ti cssuckf pujngl li`lfr`s c`d cnniw tmfo ti ocg`tcg`fxlnusgvf li`trin ivfr tmf wcys g` wmglm tmf kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k f`tfrprgsf wiund dfvfnip. [ctsi` mcs wrgttf` tmct cs tmfy dfpcrtfd Csgniocr, tmfy wfrf „cs fxmgncrctfd cs tmfy wfrf fxmcustfd‟ jflcusf „Um_cvg`k dfoi`strct-fd tmfgr g`tfkrgty, tmfy `cgvfny jfngfvfd tmct tmfy wiund ìw jf arff iaiutsgdf g`tfrvf`tgi`, supfrvgsgi`, c`d jurfculrcly.‟ 3=

Miwfvfr, li`trcry ti tmf fxpfltctgi`s ia gts prcltgtgi`frs, rD@C rf-sfcrlm dgd ìt stcy arff ario kivfròf`t supfrvgsgi`. Tf dcy catfr tmf

Csgniocr liàfrf`lf f`dfd, pnc``g`k jfkc` air @GM rfsfcrlm kugdfng`fs5c`d tmf g`gtgcn sft wcs gssufd i` Hu`f :


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Qglgius Kfros‟ ([csmg`kti` \tcr @fws ).37 Fvf` tmf stcgd Ctnc`tgl Oi`tmny pujngsmfd c` crtglnf f`tgtnfd „\lgf`lf tmct Argkmtf`s \lgf`tgsts.‟ :2 \ulm

rfpirts sgk`gffilc`tny u`sfttnfd tmf lgtgzf`ry.@it i`ny wfrf c ncrkf ùojfr ia oinfluncr jginikgsts dgscppig`tfdjy tmgs iutliof, cs i`f ijsfrvfr ìtfs, oist „afnt jftrcyfd.‟ :3 Cntmiukmtmfy mcd mipfd tmfgr sfna-gopisfd jc` wiund li`vg`lf tmf pujngl tmcttmfy liund jf trustfd ti oc`ckf tmgs `fw tflmìniky wgtmiut kivfr`-of`t supfrvgsgi`, gt g`stfcd mcd ac``fd pujngl afcrs c`d g`dulfd tmfgopisgtgi` ia sulm supfrvgsgi`. Aurtmfr, durg`k 37;1 oirf tmc` c dizf`jgnns wfrf g`tridulfd g` Li`krfss ti rfkunctf rD@C rfsfcrlm.:: C`d i`f,

g`gtgctfd jy \f`ctir Fdwcrd Ef``fdy, lcnnfd air rfkunctgi` jy c prfsgdf`-tgcn lioogssgi`.:<

Cs tmf fflirt ti gopisf rfstrgltgi`s kcg`fd oiof`tuo, Cofrglcòinfluncr jginikgsts wirrgfd tmfy wiund acnn jfmg`d slgf`tgsts g` liu`trgfs

wmfrf rfsfcrlm wcs u`rfkunctfd “ c`d tmct tmf V\ wiund nisf gts nfcd g̀ tmfffifnd.:4 Cllirdg`kny, oc`y pujnglny dgscviwfd tmfgr airofr prflcutgi`crystc`lf. G` i`f ia tmf oirf drcoctgl tur`cjiuts, Hcofs [ctsi`, c sgk`ctiryia tmf Jfrk nfttfr, dflncrfd tmct tmf dc`kfr g`gtgcnny goputfd ti jgif`kg`ffr-

g`k wcs „c` gockg`cry oi`stfr,‟:6

c`d mf rfkgstfrfd rfkrft tmct mf‗d sgk`fdtmf nfttfr.:1

G` rftrfctg`k ario tmfgr prfvgiusny-viglfd li`lfr`s si tmfy liund cssfrttmf scafty ia jgif`kg`ffrfd irkc`gsos, tmfsf slgf`tgsts wfrf acnng`k jcle i`tmf aiu`dctgi`cn acgtm ia tmfgr ffifnd. Oinfluncr jginiky wcs dfvfnipfd csc dgstg`lt dgslgpng`f durg`k tmf 37


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„Tf silgcn slgf`lfs c`d muoc`gtgfs wgnn untgoctfny jf rfdulfd . . . ti jg-iniky wgtm `i rfsgduf. . . . Jginiky wgnn g` tur` jf rfdulfd ti lmfogstry,

wmglm wgnn rfdulf ti pmysgls, wmglm wgnn rfdulf ti c sgopnf dftfrog`gstglu`gty tmct wgnn cnniw prflgsf prfdgltgi`s ct cnn nfvfns ia ngaf.‟


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tmf \ivgft V`gi ‗̀s jgi-wfcpi`ry prikrco jfairf fogkrctg`k ti tmf V\, scysmf f`liu`tfrfd „c` cncrog`k nfvfn ia gk`irc`lf‟ cjiut jginikglcn wfcpi`s

wgtmg` tmf fxpfrt lioou`gty ia mgs cdiptfd liu`try. Mf rfpirts8„\iofia tmf jfst slgf`tgsts G‗vf oft g` tmf [fst scy gt gs`‗t pissgjnf ti cntfr vgrusfs

kf`ftglcnny ti ocef rfngcjnf wfcpi`s. . . . Oy e`iwnfdkf c`d fxpfrgf`lf tfnnof tmct tmfy crf wri`k.‟


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muoc` mgstiry.‟


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Tf Zgsf ia ”Oinfluncr Ringtgls‗ “ c`d tmf Airlf ia Rmc`tioFvgdf`lf

Tf pgvitcn `fws cjiut `fw fvgdf`lf crisf cs tmf rfsunt ia tmrff offtg`ksmfnd ti fvcnuctf tmf scafty ia f`kg`ffrfd irkc`gsos. Tf ffirst illurrfdg` 37;1 g` Jftmfsdc, Ocrync`d, tmf sfli`d durg`k tmf ainniwg`k yfcr gÀcnoiutm, Ocssclmusftts, c`d tmf tmgrd g` 37;= g` Cslit, F`knc`d. Linnfl-tgvfny, tmfy li`vfyfd tmf goprfssgi` tmct sulgf`t fvgdf`lf mcd cocssfd tidfoi`strctf tmct kf`ftglcnny f`kg`ffrfd irkc`gsos crf scaf “ c`d tmct tmfrf

wfrf ì ni`kfr c`y li`lfr`s coi`k fxpfrts. Miwfvfr, tmgs goprfssgi` wcsogsnfcdg`k.

Air i`f tmg`k, cntmiukm tmf offtg`ks purpirtfd ti jf slgf`tgffil, tmfydgflfrfd g` sgk`gffilc`t wcys ario stc`dcrd slgf`tgffil kctmfrg`ks. G` li`trcstti li`vf`tgi`cn ìros, tmf irkc`gzfrs lcrfaunny li`trinnfd wmi cttf`dfd,miw gssufs wfrf dgslussfd, c`d wmct gàiroctgi` kit dgssfog`ctfd. Tfliàfrf`lfs wfrf ìt c`ìu`lfd jy ìrocn prilfdurfs, pcrtglgpctgi` wcsjy g`vgtctgi` i`ny, c`d tmf g`vgtffs prfdiog`c`tny acvirfd og`gocn li`-trins i` rD@C rfsfcrlm.4


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cs wfnn.‟ 4; \mf rfpirts tmct tmf dgslussgi`s rfvfcn „c sgfkf-ngef affng`k . . . ,c smcrfd sf`sf ia tmrfct, ia pincrgzctgi`, ia slgf`tgsts vfrsus silgfty‟5 c`d smf

ìtfs c tf`df`ly ti fopniy „pincrgzfd lctfkirgfs‟ c`d spfce g` tfros ia slg-f`tgsts vfrsus „tmf sey-gs-acnng`k pfipnf‟ c`d „tmf pripmfts ia diio.‟ 4= Tgs pincrgzfd oiid c`d tmf offtg`k‗s pingtglcn cs wfnn cs slgf`tgffil cgos

wfrf oc`gafst g` tmf lmcgroc ‗̀s ipf`g`k rfocres8 „Rcrt ia tmf ckf`dc tidcygs ti kft yiu kuys g`vinvfd c`d kft yiur viglfs mfcrd . . . Ga G liund scy titmf pripmfts ia diio8 ”Niie, tmfsf kuys mcvf liof iut c`d scgd tmct tmfrfgs ìtmg`k ti wirry cjiut mfrf, si nft‗s . . . kft i` wgtm sfrgius jusg`fss.‗Tct‗s wmct G mipf wf lc` clliopngsm.‟ 47

Tgs cgo air li`sf`sus pncyfd iut g` tmf wcy gssufs wfrf mc`dnfd. Cn-tmiukm tmf pcrtglgpc`ts rflik`gzfd tmct rD@C tflmìniky liund f`tcgn sfv-frcn mczcrds, tmf ailus wcs systfoctglcnny `crriwfd ti rfsfcrlm fopniyg`ki`f pcrtgluncr typf ia jcltfrgc lcnnfd F. ling E-3:, jflcusf gt cppfcrfd tipisf vgrtucnny ì tmrfct.

Cs prfvgiusny ìtfd, F. ling gs c jcltfrgcn spflgfs tmct g`mcjgts tmf g`tfs-tg`fs ia muoc`s c`d sfvfrcn itmfr c`gocns5 c`d F. ling E-3: gs c dgstg`ltstrcg` tmct wcs dfvfnipfd g` ncjirctirgfs air rfsfcrlm purpisfs. Jflcusf

E-3: mcs jff` usfd air si oc`y yfcrs g` ncjs, gt mcs jfliof qugtf wfceg` liopcrgsi` ti itmfr jcltfrgc (g`lnudg`k itmfr strcg`s ia F. ling ) c`d

wiund mcvf krfct dglunty survgvg`k iutsgdf tmf pritfltfd ncj f`vgri`-of`t. Cs i`f oglrijginikgst puts gt8 „E-3: . . . wiund`‗t stc`d c lmc`lfg` tmf mukfny liopftgtgvf f`vgriòf`t tmct gs yiur kut wmfrf jcltfrgc crfli`stc`tny fvinvg`k ti effp tmfgr ”luttg`k fdkf‗ c`d ìt jf pusmfd iut jyitmfr oglrijfs. Kfttg`k E-3: ti fstcjngsm gtsfna g` tmf kut wiund jf ngeftryg`k ti qucngay air c Airounc 3 rclf wgtm c lcr ario 37:: (wmglm gs wmf`

E-3: wcs tcef` ario siofjidy‗s kut)! Gt wcs liopftgtgvf ct tmf tgof, jutgs ìw wcy ifl tmf pclf.‟ 62

Li`sfquf`tny, fxpfrts liund affn li`ffidf`t tmct ì octtfr wmct airfgk`kf`fs kit gopnc`tfd wgtmg` F. ling E-3:, tmfrf wcs slc`t ngefngmiid sulmaffjnf jcltfrgc liund lcusf c` fpgdfogl ga tmfy fslcpfd tmf ncj (wmglm cl-liu`tfd air tmfgr arfquf`t utgngzctgi` g` rD@C rfsfcrlm). Miwfvfr, oc`yia tmf liàfrf`lf pcrtglgpc`ts dgd mcvf itmfr li`lfr`s. Air i`f tmg`k,@GM kugdfng`fs dgd`‗t jcr rfsfcrlm wgtm oglriirkc`gsos jfttfr fqugppfd

ti survgvf iutsgdf tmf ncj tmc` E-3:.63

Aurtmfr, fvf` ga rfsfcrlm rfocg`fdli`ffi`fd ti E-3:, tmfrf wcs rflik`gzfd pitf`tgcn air prijnfoctgl kf`fs titrc`safr ario gt ti itmfr irkc`gsos wmglm liund tmf` jfliof ckf`ts airìvfn dgsfcsfs. I`f pcrtglgpc`t pig`tfd iut c afw pitf`tgcn slf`crgis c`drfocrefd8 „i of, tmisf crf argkmtf`g`k.‟ 6:


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Wft, cs [rgkmt ijsfrvfs, tmfsf c`d itmfr iutstc`dg`k scafty gssufs „tf`d-fd ti jf acltirfd iut ia li`sgdfrctgi` rctmfr tmc` li`ari`tfd.‟ 6


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Tus, fvf` g` c` fvf`t wmfrf pcrtglgpctgi` wcs cnoist fxlnusgvfny ngogtfdti slgf`tgsts wmi wc`tfd og`gocn rfstrgltgi`s i` rD@C rfsfcrlm, c`d wmfrf

tmf airoct wcs si tgkmtny li`trinnfd tmct i`f cttf`dff lmcrcltfrgzfd gt cs„lmirfikrcpmfd‟ c`d cìtmfr cs „c rfcn sft-up,‟ 1< pitf`tgcn mczcrds wfrfcleìwnfdkfd “ cni`k wgtm tmf aclt tmct „lrgtglcn‟ fxpfrgof`ts ti cllurctfnycssfss tmfo mcd yft ti jf di`f. Miwfvfr, `fgtmfr tmf pujngl ìr tmf wgdfrslgf`tgffil lioou`gty wcs kgvf` tmf goprfssgi` tmct tmf pcrtglgpc`ts rflik-`gzfd tmf `ffd air mcrd slgf`tgffil fvgdf`lf c`d „vgkirius slgf`tgffil dfjctf‟ti stgounctf gts pridultgi`. Tct‗s jflcusf, wgtm tmf prfss fxlnudfd c`d tmfilgcn liàfrf`lf rfpirt nfat u`pujngsmfd u`tgn fnfvf` oi`tms mcd fncpsfd,

tmfrf wcs nffwcy air sfnfltgvf lioou`glctgi`.Tf ocg` gàiroctgi` rfnfcsfd g` c tgofny oc``fr wcs g` c nfttfr sf`tgoofdgctfny catfr tmf liàfrf`lf f`dfd jy tmf lmcgroc` ia tmf irkc`gzg`klioogttff, \mfrwiid Kirjclm ia uats V`gvfrsgty, ti tmf @GM Dgrfltir.Tgs nfttfr, wmglm wcs wgdfny lgrlunctfd g` tmf suoofr ia 37;;, prgocrgnysmcpfd pujngl pfrlfptgi`s ia tmf rfsunts. \usc` [rgkmt scys tmct gt lf`tfrfdi` tmf fpgdfogl pctmikf` qufstgi` „ti tmf vgrtucn fxlnusgi` ia itmfr gssufs‟c`d prfsf`tfd „c` fssf`tgcnny siitmg`k vgfw . . . g` wmglm u`lfrtcg`tgfs c`d

u`rfsinvfd gssufs wfrf ijslurfd jy tmf fopmcsgs i` tmf rfoitf`fss ia pis-sgjnf mczcrds.‟ 14

Miwfvfr, siof ia tmf pcrtglgpc`ts trgfd ti iflsft wmct tmfy li`sgdfrfdti jf c ogsnfcdg`k rfpirt ia wmct mcd mcppf`fd, g`lnudg`k Zglmcrd Kind-stfg`, i`f ia tmf liàfrf`lf irkc`gzfrs. Mf sf`t c nfttfr ti tmf @GM Dgrfltirpig`tg`k iut tmct „tmiukm tmfrf wcs kf`frcn li`sf`sus tmct tmf li`vfrsgiìa F. ling E3: gtsfna ti c` fpgdfogl strcg` gs u`ngefny (tmiukm ìt gopissg-jnf) . . . tmfrf wcs ìt li`sf`sus tmct trc`safr ti wgnd strcg`s gs u`ngefny.‟ Mf

tmf` stctfd8 „I` tmf li`trcry, tmf fvgdf`lf prfsf`tfd g`dglctfd tmct tmgs gsc sfrgius li`lfr`.‟ 16 \fvfrcn itmfr pcrtglgpc`ts writf li`lurrg`k nfttfrs.11

Jut, cs c rfsfcrlmfr wgtm tmf \tcàird \lmiin ia Ofdglg`f ijsfrvfd, gt wcs Kirjclm‗s suoocry tmct „drfw cttf`tgi` i` Lcpgtin Mgnn c`d g` tmfofdgc.‟ 1; C`d tmf ofdgc, wmglm cssuofd gt wcs cllurctf, rfncyfd gts ofs-sckf wgtmiut qucngffilctgi`. Tf [csmg`kti` Rist dflncrfd tmf slgf`tgsts mcd„u`c`goiusny li`lnudfd tmct tmf dc`kfr ia ru`cwcy fpgdfogls Uwcs_ vgr-tucnny ì`fxgstf`t5‟ c`d c mfcdng`f g` tmf @fw Wire gofs c`ìu`lfd „@i

\lg-Ag @gkmtocrf Catfr Cnn.‟1=

Aurtmfr, cs \usc` [rgkmt ìtfs, tmgs vfrsgiìa tmf rfsunts wcs ìt i`ny cllfptfd jy tmf prfss c`d pujngl jut „quglenyclmgfvfd slgf`tgffil rfspfltcjgngty‟ c`d wcs cdvc`lfd jy dgstg`kugsmfd jg-inikgsts.17 Oirfivfr, oc`y ia tmfgr stctfof`ts (g`lnudg`k c` fdgtirgcn g`\lgf`lf ) fxlffdfd tmf lncgo tmct F. ling E-3: liund ̀ it jfliof pctmikf`gl


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c`d cssfrtfd tmfrf wcs li`sf`sus tmct cnn rfsfcrlm fopniyg`k gt wcs scaf.;2 Tf @ctgi`cn Clcdfoy ia \lgf`lfs (tmf @C\) fvf` fxtf`dfd tmf dgstirtgi`,

dflncrg`k tmf fvgdf`lf smiwfd tmct tmf rgses ia kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k g` kf`-frcn wfrf g`sgk`gffilc`t.;3 Oist gopirtc`t air tmf jgitflm pripi`f`ts, c`d li`kruf`t wgtm tmf

cgos ia tmf li`afrf`lf, tmf Kirjclm rfpirt jflcof c piwfraun pingtglcntiin. Crofd wgtm gts purpirtfdny fvgdf`lf-jcsfd cssurc`lfs, jitm tmf g`-dustrgcn c`d clcdfogl liopi`f`ts ia tmf oinfluncr jginiky fstcjngsmof`toiu`tfd c ocssgvf nijjyg`k lcopcgk`, dfslrgjfd jy \usc` [rgkmt cs „i`fia tmf ncrkfst‟ fvfr rfnctfd ti c tflm`glcn gssuf.;: Rcrtglgpc`ts g`lnudfd nfcd-

g`k g`vfstgkctirs ct tmf Cofrglc` \ilgfty air Oglrijginiky c`d cnsi tmf@C\5 c`d u`gvfrsgtgfs wfgkmfd g` tmriukm c nijjyg`k kriup lcnnfd „Argf`dsia D@C,‟ wmisf ofojfrs g`lnudfd prfsgdf`ts ia „tmf oist prfstgkgius

Cofrglc` clcdfogl g`stgtutgi`s.‟ ;


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suppirt mgs iw` jgnn, stctg`k tmct „tmf gàiroctgi` jfairf us tidcy dgflfrssgk`gffilc`tny ario tmf dctc cvcgncjnf wmf` iur lioogttff rflioof`dfd

tmf . . . nfkgsnctgi`.‟;7

Cllirdg`k ti \usc` [rgkmt, tmgs rfvfrscn wcs c ochir fvf`t g` tmf mgstiryia kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k, „. . . dfoi`strctg`k tmf piwfr ia tmf jgiofdglcn rf-sfcrlm lioou`gty ti rftcg` li`trin ivfr rfkunctg`k tmf ffifnd c`d ti dgltctftmf tfros ia tflm`glcn dgsliursf i` tmf mczcrds.‟ =2 Gt cnsi dfoi`strctfd tmcttmgs piwfr liund jf kcg`fd c`d ocg`tcg`fd tmriukm prioitgi`cn lncgostmct wfrf u`sujstc`tgctfd c`d sfrgiusny dujgius, si ni`k cs tmfy wfrf pri-afssfd ti jf slgf`lf-jcsfd.

Oirfivfr, tmf acjrglctgi`s ario Acnoiutm wfrf ìt tmf i`ny dflfptgvfdctc fopniyfd ti qucsm tmf Ef``fdy jgnn. C rfpirt i` rfsfcrlm li`dultfdjy \tc`nfy @. Limf` ia \tcàird V`gvfrsgty cnsi pncyfd c efy rinf. Limf`,c li-g`vf`tir ia rfliojg`c`t D@C tflmìniky, wcs coi`k tmf slgf`tgsts

wmi wfrf ̀ it li`tf`t ofrfny ti crkuf air tmf scafty ia rfsfcrlm wgtm F. ling E-3:. G`stfcd, mf ocg`tcg`fd tmct tmf tflmìniky mf mfnpfd dfvfnip gs g`

kf`frcn scaf “ c`d fvf` cvfrrfd tmct gt liund ìt f`tcgn spflgcn mczcrds.=3 G`37;;, mf pfrairofd c study ti suppirt mgs stc`lf. Mf wc`tfd ti dfoi`-

strctf tmct tmf eg`ds ia kf`ftgl rfliojg`ctgi`s clmgfvfd g` tfst tujfs cnsiillur `cturcnny g` ngvg`k irkc`gsos “ c`d tmus, tmct tmf spnglg`k ia kf`fsjftwff` u`rfnctfd spflgfs gs ìt c rcdglcnny `fw c`d crtgffilgcn dfvfnipof`tjut sioftmg`k tmct‗s jff` g`ìlf`tny illurrg`k g` `cturf air fi`s. [mf`tmf rfsunts wfrf g`, mf dflncrfd sullfss, jflcusf mf (c`d mgs linncjirctir,\mg`k Lmc`k) mcd jff` cjnf ti lrfctf c sgtuctgi` g` wmglm arckof`ts iaoiusf D@C wfrf tcef` up jy F. ling E-3: c`d tmf` g`tfkrctfd wgtm siofia tmf D@C tmct tmfy lcrrgfd.=:

Limf` lncgofd jricd gopnglctgi`s air mgs rfsfcrlm, crkug`k gt smiwfdtmct „slgf`tgsts lc` i`ny dupnglctf wmct ̀ cturf lc` cnrfcdy di.‟ =


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tmfrfairf scaf), gt stri`kny cukof`tfd dflncrctgi`s ario tmf Acnoiutm li`-afrf`lf. Cllirdg`kny, gt mfnpfd li`vg`lf nfkgsnctirs tmct tmfgr prgir li`lfr`s

wfrf uàiu`dfd5 c`d duf ti gts jrfcdtm c`d gts cppcrf`tny fvgdf`tgcn jcsgs,\f`ctir Ef``fdy rfngfd i` gt cs tmf ocg` hustgffilctgi` air mgs oiof`tiusrfvfrscn.=1

Miwfvfr, cs g` tmf lcsf ia tmf lncgos ario Acnoiutm, tmf goprfssgi`tmct Limf`‗s lncgos dfrgvfd ario siu`d fvgdf`lf wcs gnnusiry. Cntmiukm mfcviwfd tmct tmf fxpfrgof`t wcs li`dultfd u`dfr `cturcn li`dgtgi`s, tmfrfcngty wcs itmfrwgsf5 jflcusf g` irdfr ti g`dulf tmf jcltfrgc ti cllfpt tmfairfgk` D@C, ̀ it i`ny dgd mf c`d Lmc`k mcvf ti trfct tmfo wgtm c lcnlguo

scnt, tmfy cnsi mcd ti sujhflt tmfo ti c ochir mfct smile (jy rcpgdny rcgsg`ktmf tfopfrcturf jy 4: dfkrffs Lf`tgkrcdf, wmglm fqucns c jiist ia 32;.1dfkrffs Acmrf`mfgt).

Tfsf li`dgtgi`s wfrf acr ario `cturcn5 c`d oist slgf`tgsts e`fw tmfy wfrf. Oirfivfr, tmf @GM mcd spflgcn rfcsi` ti jf cwcrf ia gt. I`ny sgxoi`tms jfairf Limf`‗s nfttfr dflncrg`k tmf `cturcn`fss ia tmf li`dgtgi`su`dfr wmglm mf‗d g`dulfd tmf g`tfr-spflgfs fxlmc`kf rfclmfd tmf Dgrfltir‗sdfse, tmf priog`f`t oglrijginikgst Ziy Lurtgss mcd sf`t i`f wgtm c stcreny

li`trcstg`k vgfw. Gri`glcnny, tmiukm Lurtgss‗s wcs cnsi g`struof`tcn g` tmflcopcgk` ckcg`st rfkunctgi` (gt wcs c` ipf` nfttfr tmct wcs wgdfny dgstrgj-utfd), gt u`dfrog`fd tmf lncgo tmct Limf` wiund nctfr ocef jflcusf gtscrkuof`t air tmf scafty ia rD@C rfsfcrlm wcs g` pcrt jcsfd i` tmf aclt tmcttmf li`dgtgi`s Limf` gopisfd wfrf mgkmny uùsucn. G` li`tf`dg`k tmct tmfg`sfrtgi` ia airfgk` D@C g`ti F. Ling E-3: „iflfrs ì dc`kfr wmctsifvfr,‟Lurtgss cssfrtfd tmct fvf` ga sulm D@C wfrf nctfr rfnfcsfd, tmfrf wcs slc`tlmc`lf tmct itmfr jcltfrgc wiund tcef gt up, u`nfss tmfy wfrf trfctfd wgtm c

scnt c`d cnsi sujhfltfd ti c rcpgd 4:-dfkrff Lf`tgkrcdf rgsf g` tfopfrcturf“ li`dgtgi`s wmglm, mf pig`tfd iut, „wfrf u`ngefny ti jf f`liu`tfrfd g``cturf.‟ =;

Dfspgtf tmf aclt tmct tmf nfttfrs li`trcdgltfd i`f cìtmfr, tmf @GM usfdjitm cs suppirtg`k fvgdf`lf air gts pingly stctfof`ts jfargf`dg`k jgitflm-ìniky, wmgnf `fvfr ìtg`k tmf kncrg`k dgslrfpc`ly jftwff` tmfo.== Tfckf`ly wcs ffi`cnny airlfd ti liàri`t tmf gnnfkgtgocly ia Limf`‗s lncgodurg`k c offtg`k tmf Dgrfltir mfnd wgtm mgs cdvgsiry lioogttff g` Df-

lfojfr 37;;, wmf` tmf crtgffilgcngty ia tmf rfsfcrlm sftup wcs fopmctglcnnydrgvf` miof jy tmf dgstg`kugsmfd jginikgst Zijfrt \g`smfgofr.=7 Cntmiukmtmgs pitf`t dgs-lrfdgtctgi` dftfrrfd tmf @GM ario lgtg`k tmf rfsfcrlm g`sujsfquf`t pujnglctgi`s, gts rfspi`sf rfocg`fd og`gocn, c`d gt cppcrf`tnydgd ìtmg`k ti lirrflt tmf acnsf goprfssgi`s tmct mcd jff` g`stgnnfd wgtmg`


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tmf og`ds ia Li`krfss c`d tmf pujngl. Tus, nfkgsnctirs wfrf ̀ fvfr pripfrnygàirofd tmct tmf purpirtfdny fvgdf`lf-jclefd prilncoctgi` i` wmglm

tmfy‗d si stri`kny rfngfd wcs jikus5 ìr wcs \f`ctir Ef``fdy ocdf cwcrftmct, mcna c yfcr prgir ti mgs lcpgtunctgi` jcsfd i` tmct priìu`lfof`t, tmf@GM pissfssfd gàiroctgi` u`dfrluttg`k gt g` cdvc`lf “ c`d tmct nfss tmc`tmrff oi`tms catfr mgs rfvfrscn, gts g`ffirogty wcs ckcg` rfvfcnfd ti tmf @GM,tmgs tgof si dgrfltny c`d jfairf si oc`y fxpfrts tmct tmf ckf`ly dgd`‗t dcrfrfafr ti gt ckcg`.72

Cslit Liopiu`ds tmf Liàusgi`

Dfspgtf tmf c`tg-rfkunctiry vgltirgfs ia 37;;, rfstrgltgi`s rfocg`fd i`siof airos ia rD@C rfsfcrlm, c`d oc`y vgrinikgsts wfrf dgssctgsffifd tmcttmf @GM kugdfng`fs li`tgùfd ti lncssgay tmf lni`g`k ia c`gocn vgrus D@Cg` F. ling cs „mgkm rgse.‟ 73 F`liurckfd jy tmf wcy tmf Acnoiutm liàfrf`lfcntfrfd pfrlfptgi`s, tmfy mipfd tmct c sgogncr liàfrf`lf ailusfd i` tmfgrcrfc ia rfsfcrlm liund clmgfvf ngef rfsunts. C`d si tmf Cslit offtg`k wcsmfnd g` Hcùcry 37;=. Cs wcs tmf lcsf ct Acnoiutm, dgslussgi` wcs ngogtfdti slf`crgis g`vinvg`k F. ling E-3:5 c`d tmfrf wcs ngefwgsf c ofckfr stirf ia

fvgdf`lf i` wmglm ti airo dfffi`gtgvf li`lnusgi`s. Jcsfd i` mfr rfvgfw iatmf prilffdg`ks, [rgkmt ìtfs8 „Tf tfìr ia tmfsf dgslussgi`s . . . smiwstmct ct oc`y pig`ts, prfdgltgi`s wfrf spflunctgvf. ii ngttnf wcs eìw`cjiut tmf oflmc`gsos ia vgrcn gàfltgi`s c`d trc`sairoctgi` ti jf cjnf tiprfdglt tmf fflflts ia lni`g`k tmfsf kf`fs.‟ 7: Cs i`f pcrtglgpc`t rfocrefd8„Wiu sff, tmf wminf dgslussgi` mcs Utmf affng`k ia_ c sirt ia Crgstitfngc`clcdfoy jflcusf wf crf rfcnny hust dgslussg`k fxtrfofny tmfirftglcn tmg`ksc`d wf‗rf dfrgvg`k oidfns wmglm crf jcsfd i` ì fxpfrgof`ts wmctsifvfr.

. . . tmct‗s wmy wf‗rf tcneg`k si oulm.‟ 7


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tmf wirds ia i`f pcrtglgpc`t8 „Tf triujnf wgtm tmf Cslit offtg`k wcstmct tmf oiof`t i`f rcgsfd c slf`crgi, i`f wiund jf smiutfd diw` jy

Utmisf_ scyg`k tmct tmf Acnoiutm offtg`k mcd scgd tmct tmf lni`fs wfrf ìtoijgngzcjnf, tmct tmfy wiund `fvfr kft iut ia F. ling E3: . . . c`d liund ̀ itjfliof c` fpgdfogl strcg`.‟ 7;

Ga tmf cltucn liàfrf`lf rfpirt ario Acnoiutm mcd jff` cvcgncjnf, gt wiund mcvf jff` lnfcr tmct tmf pcrtglgpc`ts mcd ìt rfclmfd sulm li`lnu-sgi`s c`d tmct tmf pissgjgngty ia airfgk` D@C trc`safrrg`k ario E-3: tirijust irkc`gsos mcd ìt jff` runfd iut “ c`d wcs c ngvfny li`lfr` g`tmf og`ds ia oc`y. Jut tmct rfpirt rfocg`fd u`pujngsmfd air cìtmfr

ffivf oi`tms, c`d tmf i`ny sffog`kny ilgcn clliu`t tmf` ct mc`d wcstmf ivfrny cssurg`k (c`d g` siof wcys ogsrfprfsf`tctgvf) Kirjclm nfttfr.Tus, tmisf wmi ippisfd c prflcutgi`cry cppriclm ti kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`kprfvcgnfd ivfr linnfckufs wmi rcgsfd nfkgtgoctf scafty gssufs jy lgtg`k tmfcutmirgty ia c` gnnusiry slgf`tgffil li`sf`sus g` irdfr ti lncgo tmct tmisfgssufs mcd jff` dfffi`gtgvfny rfsinvfd “ c prcltglf tmct wiund jfliof riutg`fivfr sullffdg`k yfcrs.

G` cnn, c`y Cslit pcrtglgpc`t liund hustgfficjny mcvf afnt oc`gpunctfd5

c`d siof lnfcrny dgd. Cs i`f rfocrefd8 „Gt wcs vfry ijvgiusny c pingtglcnofftg`k . . . [f wfrf jfg`k usfd g` tmf `cof ia jfg`k c dgsg`tfrfstfd kriupia vgrinikgsts jut gt wcs acgrny lnfcr jy tmf f`d ia tmf offtg`k tmct Utmfirkc`gzfrs_ wc`tfd ti ki jcle wgtm c rfsunt tmct liund jf fxpnigtfd airdfrfkunctgi`.‟ 7=

„Ringtglcn‟ \lgf`lf Rrfvcgns

Tf nipsgdfd rfpirt ario tmf Cslit offtg`k liopnfof`tfd tmf Kirjclm

suoocry ario Acnoiutm, c`d tmfgr liojg`fd fflflt wcs sujstc`tgcn.@it i`ny dgd pripi`f`ts ia jgitflmìniky prilncgo tmct fopniyg`k F.ling E-3: g` rfliojg`c`t rfsfcrlm gs scaf, sfvfrcn wf`t oulm aurtmfr (csmcd \tc`nfy Limf` tmf yfcr jfairf) c`d lncgofd tmfrf wcs `fw fvgdf`lfdfoi`strctg`k tmct rD@C tflmìniky cs c wminf pisfs `fkngkgjnf rgse.77 Tgs ogsnfcdg`k vfrsgi` ia tmf aclts qugleny sprfcd. G` Ocrlm 37;=, c afwoi`tms catfr tmf Cslit offtg`k, gt wcs vgkiriusny cdvc`lfd jy ofojfrs iajitm tmf clcdfogl c`d g`dustrgcn sfltirs ct c liàfrf`lf li-spi`sirfd jy

tmf [irnd Mfcntm Irkc`gzctgi` g` Ognc`.322

Tf scof oi`tm, tmf \f`ctf\ujlioogttff i` \lgf`lf c`d flmìniky prfpcrfd c rfpirt stctg`k tmctrD@C rfsfcrlm prfsf`tfd ̀ i uùsucn rgses5323 c`d tmf `fxt oi`tm tmf @GMDgrfltir dflncrfd tmct tmf jurdf` ia priia smiund smgat ario tmf tflmìni-ky‗s prioitfrs ti tmisf wmi wc`tfd ti rfkunctf gt “ c smgat tmct dgd illur,


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cni`k wgtm rfvgsgi` c`d sujstc`tgcn wfcef`g`k ia @GM kugdfng`fs.32: Tgstrc`safr ia jurdf` wcs mgstirgl, jflcusf, cs wgnn jf dfslrgjfd g` tmf `fxt

lmcptfr, gt wiund lcrry ivfr ti cnn sujsfquf`t kivfròf`t pingly i` kf`ft-glcnny oidgffifd irkc`gsos (KOIs).Aurtmfr, tmf gùf`lf ia tmf g`ctfd priìu`lfof`ts fxtf`dfd wfnn

jfyi`d Cofrglc. \usc` [rgkmt ìtfs tmct tmfy gopcltfd rfkunctiry sys-tfos g` oc`y `ctgi`s jflcusf „Ui_`lf tmf dgsliursf ia . . . ”`fkngkgjnfmczcrd‗ jflcof fstcjngsmfd g` tmf V`gtfd \tctfs, tmf piwfraun kfipingtglcnpisgtgi` ia tmct liu`try vgrtucnny cssurfd tmf dgflusgi` ia tmf dgsliursffnsfwmfrf.‟ 32


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jginiky fstcjngsmof`t gopfdfd lioou`glctgi` ia tmf aclts. gof catfrtgof, wmf` aclfd wgtm rfsfcrlm rfsunts tmfy dgd`‗t ngef, tmf jgitflm pri-

pi`f`ts wiund riutg`fny acgn ti cleìwnfdkf tmfo “ ir fnsf sujstc`tgcnnyogslmcrcltfrgzf tmfo. C prgof fxcopnf gs tmf Ziwf-Ocrtg` fxpfrgof`t, i`f ia tmf oist

gùf`tgcn fvfr li`dultfd i` jgif`kg`ffrg`k, wmglm wcs suppisfd ti pri-vgdf dfffi`gtgvf c`swfrs ti pfrsgstf`t qufstgi`s cjiut tmf scafty ia [email protected] \usc` [rgkmt rfpirts tmct durg`k 37;6 c`d 37;1, tmfrf wfrfstgnn „sfrgius dgflfrf`lfs‟ coi`k fxpfrts cjiut wmftmfr siof cspflts iatmf rfsfcrlm ogkmt jf u`rfcsi`cjny rgsey “ c`d g`sulgf`t fvgdf`lf ti

runf iut tmf pissgjgngty tmct c sfrgiusny mcroaun irkc`gso liund g` sioflgrluostc`lfs jf lrfctfd.32; \mf rfnctfs tmct sulm li`lfr`s suraclfd ct tmf@GM Zfliojg`c`t Cdvgsiry Lioogttff offtg`k mfnd g` Dflfojfr 37;6c`d tmct jflcusf tmfrf wcs ì fvgdf`lf dfoi`strctg`k tmct kf`f-spnglg`k

wcs tmiriukmny scaf, i`f oinfluncr jginikgst pripisfd tmct c „dc`kfrius‟fxpfrgof`t smiund jf pfrairofd tmct wiund cttfopt ti ocef F. ling E-3:mczcrdius.32= Ga gt acgnfd ti di si, gt wiund strf`ktmf` tmf lcsf tmct tmffxtf`sgvf rD@C rfsfcrlm fopniyg`k tmfsf jcltfrgc gs scaf.

Tf lioogttff ngefd tmf pripiscn, c`d i`f ia gts ofojfrs, [cnnclfZiwf, cssuofd rfspi`sgjgngty ti gopnfof`t gt g` li`hu`ltgi` wgtm Ocn-lino Ocrtg`, c linnfckuf ct tmf @GM rfsfcrlm ncj mf dgrfltfd. Cs pcrt iatmfgr pnc``g`k, tmfy irkc`gzfd tmf Jftmfsdc liàfrf`lf, wmglm tmfy li-lmcgrfd, ti aur`gsm cdvglf i` miw tmf fxpfrgof`t smiund jf dfsgk`fd.

Cs tmf prflfdg`k fxcog`ctgi` ia tmf liàfrf`lf g`dglctfs, Ziwf c`dOcrtg` g`tf`dfd gt ti di oirf tmc` ofrfny cdvgsf tmfo i` tmfgr rfsfcrlm,c`d tmfy g`gtgctfd jricdfr dgslussgi`s tmct tmfy mipfd wiund li`vg`lf

nfkgsnctirs c`d tmf pujngl tmct kf`f-spnglg`k gs scaf. Tfy nfd tmf dgslus-sgi`s cjiut tmfgr prispfltgvf rfsfcrlm g` tmf scof spgrgt, ailusg`k i` miwgt liund jfst jf acsmgi`fd ti lcno pujngl afcrs. G` tmgs vfg`, i`f pcrtglgpc`tcrkufd tmfy smiund dfoi`strctf tmct F. ling „lc`‗t egnn c oiusf‟ ì octtfr

wmct‗s di`f ti gt. Tgs gdfc wcs wfnn-rflfgvfd, c`d siofi`f sukkfstfd gtliund jf fflfltfd jy spnglg`k D@C ario c vgrus tmct lc` g`dulf lc`lfriustuoirs g` ridf`ts g`ti F. ling E-3: c`d tmf` gopnc`tg`k tmf cntfrfd jcl-tfrgc wgtmg` oglf. Miwfvfr, siof ia tmf slgf`tgsts pritfstfd tmct sulm c`

fxpfrgof`t wiund, ct jfst, i`ny rfnctf ti oc`gpunctgi`s ia E-3: c`d wiundmcvf ngttnf jfcrg`k i` tmf scafty ia rD@C rfsfcrlm g` kf`frcn. Aurtmfr, tmfyfopmcsgzfd tmct jflcusf tmf E-3: strcg` wcs si dfjgngtctfd, tmfrf wcs ngttnflmc`lf gt liund di c`y dcockf. Tfy crkufd tmct tmf fxpfrgof`t wiundtmfrfairf jf ia sngkmt slgf`tgffil vcnuf “ c`d tmct tmf rfsfcrlmfrs smiund „tcef


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tmf ippirtu`gty ti di c kiid fxpfrgof`t‟ jy fopniyg`k c` irkc`gso wgtmc krfctfr lcpclgty air mcro.327

Miwfvfr, Ziwf c`d Ocrtg`, cni`k wgtm oist ia tmisf prfsf`t, cppfcr timcvf jff` nfss g`tfrfstfd g` sflurg`k tmf fxpfrgof`t‗s slgf`tgffil vcnuf tmc` gòcxgogzg`k gts pingtglcn lniut.332 \i tmf dgslussgi` stcyfd ailusfd i` pujnglrfnctgi`s, fxfopngffifd jy c slgf`tgst wmi cdvilctfd tmf usf ia F. ling E-3:jy ìtg`k tmct jflcusf tmfrf wcs slc`t lmc`lf gt liund jf ocdf mcroaun,tmf study wiund jf c „ ”sngle @fw Wire gofs eg`d ia c` fxpfrgof`t‗ ‟ tmct

wiund kcg` nits ia pisgtgvf pujnglgty.333 Cllirdg`kny, tmf ochirgty fslmfwfdtmf typf ia fxpfrgof`t tmct liund mcvf rfvfcnfd fojcrrcssg`k rgses g` acvir

ia i`f tmct wcs cnoist surf ti jf gockf-f`mc`lg`k “ iptg`k air nfss tmcìptgocn slgf`tgffil wirtm g` fxlmc`kf air tmf cppcrf`t lfrtcg`ty ia c siitm-g`k iutliof.

Tfrfairf, wmf` Ziwf c`d Ocrtg` cdiptfd tmgs RZ-drgvf` cppriclm,tmfy, cni`k wgtm tmf lioou`gty ia pri-KF slgf`tgsts, fxpfltfd tmfgr studyti ygfnd aunny acvircjnf rfsunts. \i wmf` gt li`lnudfd, ì i`f wcs surprgsfdtmct sulm rfsunts wfrf lncgofd air gt. C`d tmf lncgos wfrf jy ̀ i ofc`s oid-fst. Ct c 37;7 prfss liàfrf`lf, tmf twi slgf`tgsts u`fqugvilcnny dflncrfd

tmfy mcd dfoi`strctfd tmct tmf rfliojg`c`t rfsfcrlm tmfy g`vfstgkctfd wcs„pfrafltny scaf.‟ 33:

Miwfvfr, wmf` i`f prijfs jf`fctm tmfgr risy rfprfsf`tctgi`s c`dfxcog`fs tmf cltucn dctc, gt‗s lnfcr tmct tmf tfro „pfrafltny scaf‟ wcs go-pfrafltny cppngfd.33


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jff` purpisfny rf`dfrfd oulm wfcefr, ti tmf fxtf`t gt mcd jfliof (g`tmf wirds ia i`f jginikgst) „sfvfrfny dgscjnfd.‟ 331 Tgs illurrfd jflcusf,

dfspgtf F. ling E-3:‗s g`ffirogtgfs, @GM kugdfng`fs jcrrfd tmf trc`safr ia tu-oir-lcusg`k kf`fs g`ti gt wgtmiut c` fxlfptgi` ario tmf Dgrfltir5 c`d mfrfausfd ti krc`t i`f. \i tmf rfsfcrlmfrs mcd ti usf tmf oirf fàffjnfd strcg`g`stfcd. Li`sfquf`tny, cntmiukm tmf fxpfrgof`t‗s prijnfoctgl ffi`dg`kswfrf cppnglcjnf ti tmf mcrdgfr strcg` ia F. ling cltucnny usfd g` oist rfsfcrlm,tmf acvircjnf rfsunts wfrf ìt 5 c`d, cs \usc` [rgkmt pig`ts iut, gt wcs „ìt

hustgfficjnf‟ ti trfct tmfo cs ga tmfy wfrf.33; Jut oist pfipnf wfrf u`cwcrf iatmgs aclt5 c`d tmf jgitflm pripi`f`ts afnt ì `ffd ti cleìwnfdkf gt, ir jf

rfstrcg`fd jy gt. @ir wfrf tmfy prfpcrfd ti cleìwnfdkf, ir ti gàiro tmfpujngl, tmct fvf` ga tmf Ziwf-Ocrtg` rfsunts mcd jff` aunny cppnglcjnf ti tmfstrcg` ia F. ling tmct rfsfcrlmfrs cltucnny usfd, c`d fvf` ga tmfy mcd cnn jffàunny acvircjnf, tmfy wiund stgnn mcvf jff` grrfnfvc`t ti kf`f-spnglg`k wgtmitmfr irkc`gsos, wmglm wcs ti jfliof c prfvcnf`t prcltglf.33=

Tus, tmf efy fxpfrgof`t dfsgk`fd ti rfcssurf tmf pujngl prgocrgny dgdsi jy ìt jfg`k aunny pujnglgzfd5 c`d, wgtm gts dfffilgf`lgfs u`dgslnisfd,tmf prioitfrs ia jgif`kg`ffrg`k wfrf cjnf ti ogne gt air acr oirf tmc`

gts slgf`tgffil wirtm. Jfsgdfs fopniyg`k gt ti lcno qucnos c`d prfsfrvf tmfmc`ds-ifl cttgtudf i` Lcpgtin Mgnn, tmfy usfd gt ti sujstc`tgcnny rfdulf @GMrfsfcrlm rfstrgltgi`s c`d sgk`gffilc`tny fxpc`d kf`f-spnglg`k‗s pfrogssgjnfrc`kf. G` tmf prilfss, hust cs tmfy mcd pirtrcyfd tmf ngogtfd dgslussgi`sct Acnoiutm c`d Cslit cs pfrtcg`g`k ti jgif`kg`ffrg`k g` kf`frcn, tmfyarfquf`tny strftlmfd tmf rfnfvc`lf ia tmf Ziwf-Ocrtg` fxpfrgof`t wfnn jf-yi`d nfkgtgoctf jiu`ds “ ìt i`ny cvfrrg`k gt mcd dfoi`strctfd tmf scaftyia cnn airos ia rfliojg`c`t rfsfcrlm, jut sioftgofs fvf` lncgog`k gt mcd

di`f si air kf`ftgl f`kg`ffrg`k cs c wminf. C`d tmfsf acnsf lncgos li`tgùfd air oirf tmc` tmrff dflcdfs. I`f ia

tmfo wcs prfsf`t i` tmf wfjsgtf ia Tf @ctgi`cn G`stgtutf ia Cnnfrky c`dGàfltgius Dgsfcsfs u`tgn ct nfcst @ivfojfr :232. Tct g`stgtutf gs pcrt iatmf @GM, c`d tmus pcrt ia tmf V`gtfd \tctfs Kivfròf`t. Tf acnsfmiidcppfcrfd i` tmf pckf tmct dfslrgjfd tmf lrfdf`tgcns c`d clliopngsmof`tsia i`f ia tmf g`stgtutf‗s ni`k-sfrvg`k ncjirctiry lmgfas8 Dr. Ocnlino Ocrtg`.Tus, gt‗s rfcsi`cjnf ti cssuof ìt i`ny tmct mf wcs acogngcr wgtm tmf li`tf`t

ia tmf stctfof`t, jut tmct mf writf gt. C`d, duf ti tmf cutmirgtctgvf li`tfxt,c`yi`f wmi dgd`‗t eìw tmf dftcgns ia tmf fxpfrgof`t tmct mf c`d [cnnclfZiwf li`dultfd wiund mcvf cnsi jff` nfd ti cssuof tmct tmf stctfof`t wcscllurctf “ c stctfof`t wmglm, wgtmiut c trclf ia qucngffilctgi`, dflncrfd tmcttmf fxpfrgof`t „fstcjngsmfd tmf scafty ia rfliojg`c`t D@C.‟ 337


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ZI` jcnc`lf, ìt i`ny wfrf tmf lncgos tmct cjfttfd tmf rcpgd “ c`d ncrkfnyu`rfkunctfd “ cdvc`lf ia tmf jgif`kg`ffrg`k vf`turf durg`k gts ffirst sfvf`yfcrs oirf pingtglcn tmc` slgf`tgffil, tmf slgf`tgsts oceg`k tmfo dgspncyfdtmf pcrilmgcn cttgtudf ia c typglcn spflgcn g`tfrfst kriup oirf prfdiog`c`t-ny tmc` tmf pujngl-spgrgtfd`fss trcdgtgi`cnny cssilgctfd wgtm tmf slgf`tgffilf`dfcvir. Cs \usc` [rgkmt puts gt8

U_mf rfauscn ia tmf slgf`tgffil fstcjngsmof`t g` tmf V`gtfd \tctfs tilcnn air mcrd fxpfrgof`tcn fvgdf`lf . . . c`d tmf cnclrgty wgtm wmglmjgiofdglcn rfsfcrlmfrs g` kf`frcn rcnngfd riu`d ti prioitf tmf puj-ngl rfsunts ia jrcg`stirog`k sfssgi`s cs ”`fw fvgdf`lf‗, jitm sukkfsttmct tmf oist goofdgctf li`lfr` . . . wcs `fgtmfr pujngl scafty ìrslgf`tgffil rgkir. G` aclt, tmf mgstiry ia tmf li`trivfrsy g`dglctfs siof-tmg`k f`tgrfny dgflfrf`t8 tmf g`sgstf`lf ia rfsfcrlm slgf`tgsts tmct tmfgrarffdio ia g`vfstgkctgi` tcef prflfdf`lf ivfr tmf liopftg`k `ffdsia tmf pujngl.3:2

G` tmf ainniwg`k yfcrs, cs tmf oinfluncr jginikgsts li`singdctfd tmfgrpingtglcn piwfr, tmfgr ckf`dc wiund fxpc`d c`d g`lrfcsg`kny prfvcgn5 c`dtmf `ffds ia tmf pujngl wiund li`tgùf ti jf liopriogsfd.

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Chapter One: The Politicization of Science