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Ancient Greece* lack of fertile land on islands encouraged expansion over-seas, carried their ideas with them
Rise of Greek City-States
• City State: political unit made up of the city and the surrounding lands. – Small population, shared responsibility
• The Polis- Unique version of city state after 750 bc built on 2 levels: top = acropolis or “high city” with walled city down below
Greek Government
• Monarchy: king or queen exercises central power
• Landowners/nobles: military defenders because they could afford weapons; used to defend king, then won power. As middle class grew, they challenged landowners
Changes in Warfare
• 650 BC Iron weapons • Reduced class differences
by putting defense of city-state in hands of ordinary citizens.
• Phalanx- massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers
Sparta – Venn Diagram• Lies in Peloponnesus, or southern
part of Greece. • Conquerors turned people into
state owned slaves (helots). • Set up system of strict control
because they were greatly outnumbered.
• Government = 2 kings, council of elders (advisors), Assembly made of citizens (male, native-born Spartans, over 30), elected 5 officials with real power to run city.
• Children = trained from early age to fight.
• Women = expected to produce healthy sons. Trained to exercise, obey husband and father, and inherit property
Athens• North of Peloponnesus.
Grew from monarchy to aristocracy.
• democracy (gov’t by the people).
• Women- No share of public life, rich women secluded and had to manage entire household.
• Slaves and children sent to market.
• Boys trained as public speakers and taught to read/write and received military training.
Athens• Solon- reformer: outlawed slavery, opened
high offices to more people, increased import of goods, granted some foreigners citizenship.
• Democracy: government by the people• tyrants: leaders who gain power by force, won
support by helping merchant class• legislature: lawmaking body, debated laws,
included all male citizens
• Persian Wars- 490 bc at Marathon Athenian forces defeated Persians by sheer will. 10 yrs later Sparta and others joined to defeat Persians. Result- Athens emerged as strongest Greek power
• Golden Age of Athens- 460 bc to 429 bc ruled by Pericles:
• Economy thrived • Government more democratic (direct
democracy no representatives). • Rebuilt Athens, cultural center of Greece.
• Peloponnesian War- 431 bc 27 year war• power struggle between Athens and
Sparta. • Sparta wanted to end Athenian power• 404 bc Sparta captured Athens ending
their domination of the Greek world
Macedonia• . Alexander the Great- Great
soldier- son of Phillip crushed Thebes
• conquered Persia. • India 324 bc. • Alexander died of fever• Result of his conquests =
blending of cultures Alexandria- Egypt, on trade route of Nile. Boasted wide range of goods. Museum – labs, zoo, library. Center of Hellenistic culture.