Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
102
Chapter III
PROFILE OF NASIK DISTRICT: THE STUDY AREA
3.0 Introduction:
The objective of this chapter is to provide logical backdrop for the
matter presented in the remaining chapters. Nashik district has been
selected as an empirical area for this study. Therefore, a profile of the
Nashik district is presented in this chapter. Along with some of the
salient features of Nashik district an overview of implementation of
EGS and SGRY in Nashik district has been also presented in this
chapter. Besides, the brief profiles of the sampled villages, from where
the researcher has collected the empirical data about EGS and SGRY
work sites, have been also presented. Thus, in this chapter there are
three broad sections.
The first is about the profile of the Nashik district which covers
description of following points: 3.1.1 District Location, 3.1.2
Administrative Structures, 3.1.3. Historical Background in brief, 3.1.4
Geo-climatic Features, 3.1.5 Demographic Features, 3.1.6 Land Use
Pattern, 3.1.7 Occupational Pattern, 3.1.8 Agriculture and Agro based
Industries, and 3.1.9 Industrial Development.
The second section presents overview of development, disparities
and implementation of EGS and SGRY in Nashik district. In the
context of the present study it is important to have district specific data
about the implementation of EGS and SGRY in Nashik District, as a
background against which the comparative picture of EGS and SGRY
in the district becomes clear. This exercise has been done against the
development disparities and Poverty Scenario in Nashik district. The
data culled out from the government reports and documents concerning
the implementation of EGS and SGRY in Nashik District are presented
in this section.
103
The third section is a description of the profile of the sampled
villages, from where the researcher has collected the empirical data
about EGS and SGRY work sites.
Section- I: Profile of the Nashik District
This section is devoted to present a broad profile of Nashik
district, which constitutes the study area of the present research.
3.1.1 Location of Nashik district:
The Nashik District lies between 19° 35' and 20° 52' North
Latitude and 73° 16' and 74° 56' east longitude, with an area of
15,582'0 km.2 (6,015 sq. miles). The Nashik district was formed in the
year 1869 with the city of Nashik as its district headquater.
Figure 3.1
Location of Nashik district in Maharashtra
Source: www.mapsofindia.com
3.1.2 Administrative structures:
Nashik is a headquarter of Nashik division which comprises five
districts; Nashik, Dhulia, Jalgaon, Nandurbar and Ahmednagar.
104
According to 1961 census, the Nasik District comprised of 11
talukas and 15 towns and the number of talukas, towns and villages of
Nasik district reached up to 15, 10 and 1931 according to the recent
2001 census.
Figure 3.2
Tehsils or talukas of Nashik district
Source: Official WebSite of Nashik District.htm
The fifteen talukas of the district include: Nashik, Sinner,
Trimbakeshwar, Peth, Kalwan, Surgana, Igatpuri, Yeola, Nandgaon,
Chandwad, Dindori, Devla, Baglan (Satana), Malegaon, and Niphad.
As the gazetter notes Nashik is known as Mini Maharashtra, because
the climate and soil conditions of Surgana, Peth, Igatpuri resembles
with Konkan, Niphad, Sinnar, Dindori, Baglan blocks are like
Western Maharashtra and Yeola, Nandgaon & Chandwad blocks are
like Vidarbha Region. Administratively, the district is divided into
fifteen talukas, which are grouped into four sub-divisions-
105
• Nashik sub-division: Dindori, Igatpuri, Nashik, Nashik Road,
Peint, Trimbakeshwar
• Malegaon sub-division: Chandwad, Malegaon, Nandgaon
• Niphad sub-division: Niphad, Sinnar, Yeola
• Kalwan sub-division, Deola, Kalwan, Baglan (Satana), Surgana
3.1.3. Historical background in brief
Nasik had a long historical background right from the ancient
age. The excavations at such places as Nasik, Jorve and Nevasa in the
Deccan take back its history from the Early Bronze Age, which is
surmised by archaeologists to be from 1500-1000 B.C. to 500 B.C.
From ancient period Nashik has been known with the different
names like Padmadnagar, Trikantak and Janasthan. Later on in
Mughal Rule it was renamed as Gulshanabad. It has been believed
that the name of Nasik district has its origin from the story of
Ramayana. Laxmana severed the nose (Nasika, a Sanskrit word) of
Ravana’s sister Shurpanakha who insisted to marry Laxmana. The
name ‘Nasik’, thus was originated. Nasik has been a famous holy
pilgrimage centre known for both Rama (Nashik) and Shiva
(Trimbakeshwar).
Nasik went through rules of different dynasties. During
Maratha regime Nasik district occupied a key position. Later on Nasik
District was liberated from Muslim rule by Marathas and came under
British rule in 1818. At that time, the present territory of Nasik
District was partly distributed in Khandesh belt and Ahmednagar.
During the British rule Nashik region witnessed some rebelary
insurgencies against the British rule. Bhagoji Naik's rebellion 1857,
were few of those rebelary actions. The roots of Nationalist movement
in India were also sown in and around Nashik. Early in 1899 a secret
society known as Rashtra-Bhakta-Samuha (a body of devoted patriots)
106
was started by Savarkar, Mhaskar and Page (Nashik District
Gazetteer). Nashik was also a center of Abhinav Bharat. Many
patriots sacrificed their lives for the Nationalist appeal. Due to murder
of Mr. Jackson, Anant Laxman Kanhere and other nationalists were
hanged by the British. During the British rule Nashik was also known
for the movements of socio-cultural transformation. For example;
Kalaram Mandir Satyagraha led by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Bhoomi
Mukti Andolan by Dadasaheb Gaikwad, the making of Dabhadi
Prabandha –a Manifesto of Shetkari Kamgar Paksha (Party of
Peasants and workers).
In Post Independence period Nashik developed as one of the
leading districts of Maharashtra. Development in agriculture and
industry boosted its socio-economic development.
3.1.4 Geo-climatic features
Nasik District has an area of 15530.00 kms. Nasik is amongst
the largest districts of Maharashtra State. Nasik district has situated
partly in the Tapi basin and partly in the upper Godavari basin.
i) The climate:
The climate of the district has generally dry except during
monsoon season. The Nashik district Gazetteer, “the maximum
temperature in summer is 42.5 degree centigrade and minimum
temperature in winter is less than 5.0 degree centigrade.
ii) The rivers:
Nasik district is drained by two chief rivers, the Girna and
Godavari. Godavari, which rises near Trimbakeshwar and drains Nasik
and Niphad Tahsil, is the most celebrated river and is known as
“Southern Ganga”. Kashyapi, Darna, Kadva, Unanda, Mausam are
some of the other major rivers of the district.
107
iii) Rainfall and irrigation in Nashik:
Website from Irrigation department holds that, ‘the average
rainfall of the District is between 2600 and 3000 mm, but there is wide
variation in the rainfall received at various blocks. Most of the rainfall
is received from June to September’.
Table: 3.1
Average rainfall in the talukas of Nashik district
Sr.No. Tahasil Average Rainfall
1 Malegaon 471.9
2 Baglan 424.7
3 Kalwan 625.5
4 Nandgaon 524.5
5 Surgana 1807.2
6 Nashik 613.4
7 Dindori 697.6
8 Igatpuri 3442.1
9 Peth 2278.6
10 Niphad 481.7
11 Sinnar 516.8
12 Yeola 488.5
13 Chandwad 570.6
14 Trimbakeshwar 2278.6
15 Devla 625.5
Source: Report of the Irrigation Department of Nashik district
Nashik has been the best District as compared with the other
districts in the Nashik Division for scores in rainfall.
iv) Paisewari or anewari
Paisewari or anewari is a measure to count the level of rainfall. If
the Anewari is below 50, the village or region can be called a scarcity
area and some measures to tackle the scarcity or drought like condition
108
has to be taken up by the government. Here too Nashik district is
better placed as compared to other districts from Nashik division. (for
details see http://www.nashik.nic.in/divisionalcommissioner/ htmldocs/paisewari.
html ).
v) Major Water Projects in Nashik District:
There are 13 major and 8 medium water projects in Nashik
District. Gangapur, Ozarkhed, Karanjwan, Darana, Girna are some of
the major water projects. All these projects brought total 1, 04, 353
hectors of land in the district under irrigation in 2005-2006. (see
Nashik Zilla Samajik va Arthik Samalochan 2006-2007)
vi) Forests in Nashik
Peth, Surgana, Trimbakeshwar, Igatpuri, Kalwan talukas and
parts of Dindori taluka are of forest in the district.
The forest area in Nasik district falling under the jurisdiction of
the Forest Department is classified into reserved and protected forests
as detailed below :
Table 3.2
Classification of Forests in Nashik District
Category of forests Area in hectares Area in acres
Reserved 300,130.200 742,895.09
Protected 24,499.000 60,641.26
Unclassed 3,259.518 8,068.00
Pasture lands 10,187.007 25,21,5.25
Total... 338,075.725 836,819.60
Source: Nashik District Gazetteer 1975
3.1.5 Demographic Features
Nasik is amongst the largest districts of Maharashtra State in
terms of population as well. The population of the district has almost
doubled between 1981 and 2001.
109
Table 3.3
Nasik district population
Sr.No. Census year District Population
1 1981 2,991,739
2 1991 3,851,352
3 2001 4,993,796
Source: 2001 census
As per the 2001 census record, the number of households in
Nashik district is 9 15,137 and the per head household size in Nashik
district is 5. (see- Basic Data Sheet, District Nashik (20), Maharashtra (27),
Census of India 2001.)
As per 2001 Census Male population of Nashik district is
2,590,912 as against female population 2,402,884. Sex raio in Nashik
district is 927 and sex ratio of children between 0 to 7 age group is still
up to 920.
Nashik district is in a better position in the arena of education as
compared to India. Female literacy rate, however around 20 counts
lower than the male literacy rate.
Table 3.4
Literacy and Educational level in Nashik District
Sr.
No Male Female Total
1 Literates 1,823,366 1,302,822 3,126,188
2 Literacy rate 83.65 64.35 74.36
Source: Basic Data Sheet, District Nashik (20), Maharashtra (27),
Census of India 2001.
Nashik city is becoming a metropolis and composite cosmopolitan
culture is developing fast. Except Malegaon, there is no other taluka
which is having majority of minority religion. Hindus(4,306,179),
Muslims (525,983) and Buddhists (84,044) are the three largest
religions there. (Source: Basic Data Sheet, District Nashik (20),
Maharashtra (27), Census of India 2001.)
110
The proportion of the marginal workers to total workers is
12.54%. The number of marginal workers is still high despite the
development of cities at faster rate.
Table 3.5
Population of Worker’s Categories in Nashik District
Sr.
No Category
Population in
number
1 Main workers 1,911,340
2 Marginal workers 274,233
3 Total workers 2,185,573
4 Non-workers 2,808,223
Source: Basic Data Sheet, District Nashik (20), Maharashtra (27),
Census of India 2001.
Population living in the urban belt of the district is increasing
since last few decades. Rural-Urban population distribution of the
district in last three decades is given below:
Table 3.6
Rural Urban Distribution of population in Nashik District
Census year Rural population Urban population
1981 68.98% 31.02%
1991 64.45% 35.55%
2001 61.17% 38.83%
Source: 2001 census
As per 2001 census, Nashik district’s rural population is
30,56,240 which is 61.17% of the total. Out of this, 24% are tribal and
8.5% are dalits. In terms of occupation, there are 51% cultivators and
33 % as engaged as agriculture labourers. Among the Blocks there are
9 blocks with more than 90% population being rural. There are 6 blocks
with more than 50% tribal population. Kokana, Mahadev Koli, Bhill,
Warli, Thakur, Katkari are some of the leading tribes of Nashik
district. There are 13 blocks with more than 25 % workers as
agriculture labourers. Kalwan, Devala, Dindori, Peth, Triambakeshwar
111
and Surgana fall into all the three categories mentioned above. These
characteristics make it the potential EGS blocks. Not surprisingly,
these blocks are weaker with regard to basic infrastructure like roads,
water storage structures, soil and water conservation measures.
Nashik District has 1373 Gram Panchayats. The total population
of all the Gram Panchayats was 3053446.
Table 3.7
Number and Population of the Gram Panchayats in 15 Talukas
of Nashik District
Sr. No. Name of the
Taluka/Group
No. of
G.P.
Population
2001
Total SC/ ST
Population
1. Chandwad 91 205189 55828
2. Nandgaon 88 140723 34033
3. Sinnar 114 260445 51501
4. Niphad 120 381356 111228
5. Yeola 88 192314 39131
6. Malegaon 130 333176 83273
7. Nashik 64 165041 71353
8. Dindori 120 264727 155220
9. Peth 73 96774 90722
10. Igatpuri 92 176463 94045
11. Baglan 129 278834 119569
12. Surgana 58 138988 135012
13. Kalwan 80 165609 114758
14. Devala 42 127194 32449
15. Trimbakeshwar 84 136613 109921
Total 1373 3053446 1298043
Source: DRDA, Nashik, SGRY funds and Action Report 2007-08
3.1.6 Land-use and Land Holding Pattern
Land-use and land holding pattern in Nashik district is as
follows:
112
a) Land Use Pattern
According to 1999-2000 Land Survey Report the total land of the
district is 1,563000 hectors out of which 20.31% was forestland, 49.90%
was cultivated land, 10.39% was non-cultivable land (hilly, rocky)
12.24% was cultivable but unused land and 7.00% was non-cultivable
land due to its poor quality. Out of 842,000 hector, cultivated land of
the district, only 7% of it took both Kharip and Rabbi seasonal crops.
Irrigation facilities to agriculture have been unequally
distributed in the district and thus created developed and undeveloped
agricultural zones. In the following table the taluka wise distribution of
irrigated cultivable land would reveal the picture clearly.
Trimbakeshwar and Devala talukas were not formed at that time in
1991 so the number of talukas is 13.
Table 3.8
The Taluka wise distribution of irrigated cultivable land
Source: Nasik District Census Report-1991, page 54
Sr.No. Name of
C.D.Block
No of
Inhibited
villages
Percentage
of cultivable
area to total
area
Percentage of
irrigated area to
total cultivable
area
1 Nasik 119 53.72 11.41
2 Peth 172 37.26 1.12
3 Dindori 143 64.04 6.88
4 Surgana 176 40.18 0.02
5 Kalwan 173 52.58 17.72
6 Baglan 165 55.97 15.67
7 Malegaon 150 64.84 9.63
8 Chandwad 111 72.51 11.20
9 Nandgaon 88 60.68 4.79
10 Yeola 122 67.02 7.19
11 Niphad 134 79.61 41.93
12 Sinner 129 71.98 12.25
13 Igatpuri 132 66.13 0.73
District total 1814 61.12 11.99
113
Major water projects are mostly concentrated in the talukas of
Dindori, Kalwan, Baglan, and Nasik. The data reveals the fact that
Peth, Surgana, Igatpuri, most of the part of Nandgaon and Yeola and
now newly formed taluka Trimbakeshwar are agriculturally (irrigation
wise) most backward sections of the district as against irrigated and
agriculturally rich sections like Niphad, Kalwan, Baglan some part of
Dindori, Sinner, Chandwad and Nasik. Recently in 1999-2000, for
Nasik district, the percentage of irrigated land has increased to 17%.
About 92% of irrigation was available from underground water
resources like wells and only 8% from canals or dams.
b) Land Holding Pattern:
The Nashik district Agricultural survey data base of 1990-91
shows that total agricultural land holders were 4,03, 817 , total
agricultural land holding in the district was 10, 17, 143 hector and
average land holding was 2.52 hector. Following chart will give idea of
land holding pattern-
Table 3.9
Size of land holding and percentage of the land holders
Sr.No. Size of the land Percentage of
the land holders
1 Below 2 hectors 58.00
2 2 to 4 hectors 21.15
3 4 to 10 hectors 14.00
4 10 to 20 hectors 2.12
5 20 and more hectors 0.26
Source: The Nasik District Socio Economic Report 2006-2007 Part I:16
Increasing irrigation facilities, development of credit cooperatives
and political developments at different levels further enlarged the
disparity between the small farmers dominated, undeveloped
agricultural area (comprising of Peth, Surgana, Igatpuri,
114
Trimbakeshwar, Yeola, Sinner, Nandgaon, Candwad, Malegaon and
Baglan) and big farmer dominated, developed irrigated agricultural
area comprising of Niphad, eastern part of Dindori, northern Nasik,
Kalwan and some part of Baglan, Malegaon. The land holding pattern
indicates the nature of classes among the peasants.
3.1.7 Occupational Pattern
According to 2001 Census, the total working population of the
district was 21.8 Lacs i.e. 43.7 % of total population of the district. Out
of this 19.1 Lacs was main working population subdivided into
categories as farmers (7.4 Lacs), land labourers (4.0 Lacs) and
producers and servicemen (35127) and other workers (7.2 Lacs). It is
seen that cultivators and the land labourers constitute more than 60%
of the total main workers. However, when we look at the proportion of
both cultivators and land laourers, it differs from taluka to taluka.
The primary sector is large in Nashik. But the secondary and
tertiary sectors together went on enlarging in last few decades which
resulted in decline in primary sector in both Maharashtra and Nasik.
Table 3.10
The sectoral percentage distribution of workers in 1991
Source- HDR-Maharashtra 2002
3.1.8 Agriculture and Agro based Industries:
Except Nasik and some other towns, agriculture had been the
main business of the district. With the growing irrigation facilities and
Sector Maharashtra Nasik
Primary 61.51 68.72
Secondary 15.80 13.99
Tertiary 22.69 17.27
115
projects, the economy of Nasik was getting groomed on agricultural
base. Many cash crops like Sugarcane, Grapes, Pomegranates, Roses,
and Carnations are being planted on large scale.
Sugarcane growing provided major impetus for the growth of
agriculture in Nasik. The co-operative spree helped the Sugar factories
and the long neglected poor farmer in India started earning some
money. The Sugar factories today form a strong footing for the politics
of Maharashtra. There are six sugar factories in Nasik district: Niphad
co-operative Sugar factory, Nashik Co-operative Sugar factory, Ranwad
Cooperative Sugar factory, Kadwa Cooperative Sugar factory,
Vasantdada Cooperative sugar factory, Rawalgaon Sugar Private
Limited .
Onions constitutes a major crop in Nasik. It is widely grown in
the Niphad taluka. The total Onion plantation in Nasik is more than
100,000 acres. Onions is one of the important crops for exports. The
major trading for the domestic sale is done in the Lasalgaon and
Pimpalgaon markets. Lasalgaon market is the biggest trading house in
Asia for Onions. Onions from India are mainly exported to the Middle
East, where a large Indian population consumes it.
Grapes prove to be one of the largest fruit exported from India
and the majority of it comes from Nasik. Grapes also have a very large
and profitable domestic market. The grape plantation is around 45,000
acres in Nasik. The grapes are also exported from Nasik to Middle
East, South East Asia, United Kingdom and Europe. There are around
100 grape export units in Nasik and most of them are based on the
farms. The farmers in Nasik have developed very fast. They have
learnt new techniques in fertigation, growing, thinning, canopy
management, girdling, etc. Many farmers have started planting on
rootstocks, which gives a good vigour to the development of wines. The
116
grape industry is set to develop and is progressing in the right direction
to achieve international standards.
Pomegranates are another good crop from Nasik. This has a very
good domestic market. Floriculture is a very recent development in
Nasik. Many poly houses have coming up in Nasik for flower exports.
Roses and Carnations are the most popular flowers for exports.
Carnations have recently lost their charm as the risks involved are
very high and they no longer prove viable. Different varieties of roses
are still in demand. The major markets for Indian roses are Holland
(the-biggest flower market in the world), Singapore, United Kingdom
and Japan.
3.1.9 Cooperatives in Nashik District:
Apart from sugar cooperatives, many agricultural, non-
agricultural cooperatives have influenced socio-economic conditions of
the rural Nashik.
Highest number of cooperatives was there in Nashik Taluka
4532, followed by Malegaon (915), Niphad (791) and lowest in Peth,
Trimbakeshwar and Devala.
The productive Cooperatives including industrial, Agro-
industrial and other village industries would give idea of strength and
economic potential of the cooperative movement in the district. The
Sugar cooperatives, now days are showing declining trend due to-
insufficient availability of sugarcane, corruption, internal rivalries and
tough competition in international sugar market.
117
Table 3.11
Productive Cooperatives in Nasik District and their
membership on 31/3/2001
Sr.No. Type of co-operatives Number No. of members
1 Sugar cooperatives 5 94510
2 Other Agricultural
cooperatives
12 14938
3 Handicraft cooperatives 107 8661
4 Cotton mills 4 5393
5 Industrial cooperatives 13 4914
6 Milk Cooperatives 530 25695
7 Fisheries Cooperatives 65 5355
8 Lift irrigation
cooperatives
171 23517
Nasik District Socio Economic Survey 2000/01, pp165
3.1.11 Industrial development in the district:
Nasik is one of the oldest cities pioneering in copper & brass
utensils. The Tambat community (Kansaras) who migrated from
Gujarat some 300 years ago contributed in bringing fame to this trade.
Yeola was famous for silk paithani. Other industries were silk & silk
dyeing, calico printing, blanket weaving, paper manufacture etc. Total
employment in these industries in 1872 was to the tune of 35000.
Industry in Nashik developed after Independence. The Govt. of
Maharashtra declared its Industrial Dispersal Policy in 1962. Satpur
was declared as an industrial area in 1963. Nasik was an obvious
choice as Mumbai-Pune-Thane belt was saturated. Subsequently,
cooperative estates were also established at Sinnar, Manmad, Yeola,
Kalwan, Pimpalgaon (B), Ozar, Malegaon and Chandwad. Further
growth started around 1967 when Nasik was declared a growth centre.
After saturation of Satpur MIDC, additional industrial area at Ambad
was declared around 1977. Until 1982, Sinnar was having no
118
substantial industries other than Bidi industries. Cooperative
Industrial Estate was setup in 1982. There are about 200 Large and
Medium Scale units already established in Nasik District
manufacturing various products like switch gears, chassis of auto
vehicles, nozzles, plugs, steering, luggage kits, mixers, tools etc. These
industrial units are mostly set up at Sinnar, Nasik, Igatpuri and
Dindori Talukas. Nashik has become the third angle of the ‘Golden
Triangle of developed cities’ with Mumbai and Pune. Since last few
years, industrial development has taken up the speed, particularly
after declaration of a five-star mega industrial estate in Sinnar block.
The Nashik District Socio Economic Report (2000-2001:134) gives us a
clear picture of kind of industrial groups, their number and the number
of workers working.
The number of hotel, transport industry, social and personal
services and the workers involved in them is at high level. Growing
trend of urban middle class, economic betterment of service sector and
businesspersons, and fast development of affluent or rich peasants from
the villages thus helped boosting secondary and tertiary sector in the
district.
Due to the effect of liberalization, new economic policy and cases
of Industrial conflict the industrial growth of the Nasik district has
been arrested. Almost 50% of the industries are being closed. Most of
the remaining industrial companies hardly manage to survive. Two
MIDCs in Sinner could not attract sufficient attention of the leading
industrialists.
119
Section- II: Development Disparities and EGS and SGRY
Scenario in Nashik District: An Overview
This section is devoted to present an overview of development
disparities and implementation of EGS and SGRY in Nashik district.
3.2.1 Development Disparities in Nashik district: An Overview
On economic grounds Nasik district, in totality, is one of the
developed districts of Maharashtra. Rich agriculture, relatively
developed industry, better water resources, rapid urbanization and
growing tertiary sector are its strengths in economic sector. However,
when we go into detailed (taluka and area wise) specifications, we find
that 50% of its talukas are backward, showing major economic
inequalities in the district. The economic inequalities are revealed by
the land holdings, irrigation facilities, development of industries and
agro-industries and occupation pattern.
On the basis of Socio economic conditions, Nasik District can be
conveniently divided into three broad sections – 1) the Developed areas
and 2) the Semi developed areas and 3) Backward-Tribal areas.
A) The Developed Areas of Nashik District:
Nashik city, most part of the Nashik taluka, most part of the
Niphad taluka, some part of Sinnar, Chandwad and Dindori can be
seen to constitute the developed areas of Nashik district. Nashik city,
some part of Sinnar, Igatpuri and to some extent Malegaon is
developed because it is industrially advanced. The development of
Niphad, some parts of Kalwan, Chandwad, Dindori, Baglan (Satana) is
based on agriculture, agro industries and cooperatives.
Nasik city has been a famous religious, cultural center of
Maharashtra. The Brahmins were high in number in Nasik and
Trimbakeshwar and some of them were also dominant in politics. Being
an emergent Dominant Caste, the Marathas hold upper hand in the
economy and politics of the district. The Maratha –Kunbi caste cluster
120
later on established their hegemony. There are at least three reasons
for Maratha domination in the district. They include the following:
1) The caste Maratha has substantial number to influence electoral
politics. The Maratha-Kunbi caste group is the highest numbered
caste in the district comprising about 30 to 40% of the total
population of the district. They are dominant in almost all non-
tribal belts of the district
2) Marathas are the land owning caste, after 1970s become dominant
in cultivation of cash crops in cooperatives and sugar-industries.
3) The anti-Brahmin drive that started with the Satyashodhak, Non-
Brahmin Movement in 1920s created both Maratha leadership
and Non- Brahmin conscience in the district. With the
propagation of Phuleian ideology they laid foundation for
educational institutions for the Non-Brahmin masses. Being
traditional landowners and after being acquainted with education,
the Marathas empowered themselves. With growing irrigation
facilities, cultivation of cash crops, establishment of agro-
industries and cooperatives the Maratha caste groups,
concentrated in the non- tribal belt of the district became
economically and politically dominant.
Besides Brahmins and Marathas, Vanjari, the caste group in some
parts of the district like Sinner, Niphad, Yeola, is the next dominant
group both politically and economically. Their numerical strength in
some pockets, their better economic condition, considerable land
holdings, establishment in construction, contracting and other
resourceful business made them politically dominant in their pockets.
Kansaras (the copper pot makers), Sonars belonging to the middle
ranked caste group in the district, however, that could not create their
political influence much when compared with Malis. Mali, especially
Jire Mali, with some political influence, irrigated land ownership and
121
with the traditional involvement in building construction work, could
establish themselves politically with the dominant Maratha -Vanjari
groups. Mali caste has considerable influence in some parts of Sinner,
Chandwad and Yeola.
B) Semi Developed Areas in Nashik District:
Some talukas in Nashik district could be categorized as semi-
developed areas. They are neither developed nor very backward. They
can be included into semi developed areas. These areas include semi
tribal zones of Satana, Devala, Chandwad, Dindori and Kalwan. The
drought prone areas like Yeola, Sinnar are developing their industries
and thus some parts of those talukas exceeded from the backwardness
generated due to drought.
C) Less Developed areas:
Nashik district has higher percentage of tribal population when
compared with percentage of tribal population in Maharashtra state.
Table 3.12
Tribal Population in Nashik District in 2001
Sr.
No
Category Population in
number
Percentage to
total
population
1 Scheduled Tribe
population
1 ,194,271 23.92
Source: Basic Data Sheet, District Nashik (20), Maharashtra (27),
Census of India 2001.
The less developed areas from Nashik district are mostly the
tribal zones. The tribal areas include- Peth, Surgana and
Trimbakeshwar, Igatpuri and Kalwan talukas and considerable part of
Devala and Satana.
In all 41 tribes were reported as S.T.s and five among them were
major tribal communities in terms of population which constitute
97.82% of the total tribal population of the Nashik district. They are-
122
Mahadev Koli, Kokna, Bhil, Thakur, and Warli. Especially Mahadev
Koli and Kokna are highest in number. 93.77% of the tribal population
lived in rural areas and only 6.23% lives in urban areas of the district.
(1981Census) Majority of the STs were included in the category of
cultivators (45.90%) and agricultural labourers (45.77%).
The western belt of the Nasik district (i.e. tribal zone) is backward in
terms of socio-economic conditions for several reasons like- very few
water conservation projects, small land holdings, lowest literacy rate,
lack of industrial development and most importantly legal limitations
for development work in its forestland.
Apart from the tribal zone, the drought prone pockets viz.
Malegaon, Nandgaon, Yeola and Sinnar may be included in the
backward belt of the district. Majority of the STs have occupationally
engaged as cultivators (45.90%) and agricultural labourers (45.77%).
They get sufficient agricultural work in their villages during the
Kharip season i. e. from June /July to November/ December. After
December, 40 to 70% of the tribals from Peth, Surgana, Trimbakeshwar
and some parts of Kalwan, Baglan, and Igatpuri traditionally migrate
towards Nasik city or to the centers of rich and commercialized
agriculture like Niphad, Pimpalgaon Baswant, western part of Dindori
taluka. In cities, they work in building and road construction and in
rural centers they work as land labourers. Generally, the whole tribal
family migrates and works on the farms. The tribals have bonded for
years to their specified farmers or for labour contractors since they take
some advance payments from them. Some tribals have acquired skills
of horticulture cultivation, especially grape cultivation, get piece rate
working contracts instead of working for daily wages, and earn average
of Rs. 80 to 100 per day. The tribals work in their migrated cities or
villages until Holi festival in March. For Holi they go to their villages,
enjoy Holi and again most of them migrate to their earlier working
destinations. In May or June, they return to their villages to till their
own lands.
123
So in the lean agricultural season that starts from November-
December to June-July creates the unemployment conditions resulting
in scarcity and desperation. The conditions are changing in the recent
years due to development in cash crop agriculture and agro industries
but still the tribals and poor from the rural sections remain in hunt for
employment.
This is the background against which we have to understand the
working of the Wage Employment based Anti Poverty Programmes
being operated in Nashik district.
3.2.2 Implementation of EGS and SGRY in Nashik District: An
Overview
Due to the development disparities and inequalities in income
distribution within the district, Nasik District, has always remained in
need of a scheme like EGS and SGRY to provide income for tribal and
marginal rural people during dry seasons and drought. Since its
inception in 1972, the EGS has been in action in Nashik district. The
tribal Talukas like Igatpuri, Trimbakeshwar, Peth, Surgana, Kalwan,
Dindori and the drought prone Talukas like Yeola, Malegaon, Sinnar,
Chandwad, some part of Niphad have been the regions of high
demand for EGS. Earlier, the ‘Scarcity works’ during drought in
between 1972 to 1974 laid foundation for pro-poor, village centered
programmes. Having more than half of its talukas backward, Nasik
district had urgent and frequent need of EGS. The Government
statistics especially from tribal and drought prone talukas show the
role and relevance of EGS in Nashik district. Niphad and Nasik are
the talukas where least EGS work sites can be found due to their lesser
requirement. The administrative structure and organization of EGS
implementation in Nasik district is not much different from all over
Maharashtra. Nasik being the center of Nasik division is having
Divisional Revenue Commissioner’s office, which controls EGS
operations of its four other districts-Ahamadnagar, Dhule, Jalgaon and
Nandurbar. The Commissioner, the Collector, Dy-Collector (EGS cell)
124
and Minister In Charge of Nasik District are the chief executive
authorities of EGS administration and planning of the district. The
Tahsildar of 15 talukas is the next ladder in EGS implementation.
The implementation of SGRY in Nashik district was started in
the year 2002. Being a District head quarter and regional head quarter
the administrative machinery like D.R.D.A., Nashik took leading role
in implementing SGRY. Being the first biggest wage employment
programme of India, SGRY has a big role to play in Nashik district.
The available statistical data regarding implementation of EGS
and SGRY have been given below. This will provide fair idea regarding
working of these schemes during the study period in Nashik district.
Figure :3.3
Persons employed on EGS worksites in Maharashtra (in 000)
Figure 2: Persons employed on EGS worksites (in '000)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Year
Per
son
s em
plo
yed
(in
th
ou
san
ds)
Source: Maharashtra Human Development Report and unpublished data supplied by the Mantralaya, Government of Maharashtra.
125
Table 3.13
Annual Action Plan of the EGS Works in Nashik District
From 2003 to 2007
Annual Action Plan of the EGS Works 2003-2004
Sr.
No.
Nature of the
Works
Total
Works
done
Expenditure Mandays
Generated
Percentage
of
Mandays
1 Water
Conservation
4378 5781.04 85.01 62.00
2 Irrigation 00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Forestation 526 851.75 12.53 8.00
4 Roads 790 2637.04 38.78 30.00
Total 5694 9269.83 136.32 100.00
Annual Action Plan of the EGS Works 2004-2005
Sr.
No.
Nature of the
Works
Total
Works
done
Expenditure Mandays
Generated Percentage
1 Water
Conservation
3994 4323.25 63.58 64.303
2 Irrigation 00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Forestation 529 549.46 8.08 8.173
4 Roads 998 1850.54 27.21 27.524
Total 5521 6723.25 98.87 100.00
Annual Action Plan of the EGS Works 2005-2006
Sr.
No.
Nature of the
Works
Total
Works
done
Expenditure Mandays
Generated Percentage
1 Water
Conservation
7847 2955.44 43.46 68.00
2 Irrigation 00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Forestation 429 291 4.28 7.00
4 Roads 1168 1088.56 16.01 25.00
Total 9444 4335.22 63.75 100.00
126
Annual Action Plan of the EGS Works 2006-2007
Sr.
No.
Nature of the
Works
Total
Works
done
Expenditure Mandays
Generated Percentage
1 Water
Conservation
6055 3453.04 50.78 72.00
2 Irrigation 00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Forestation 414 357.68 5.26 7.00
4 Roads 1142 997.56 14.67 21.00
Total 7611 4808.28 70.71 100.00
Annual Action Plan of the EGS Works 2007-2008
Sr.
No.
Nature of the
Works
Total
Works
done
Expenditure Mandays
Generated Percentage
1 Water
Conservation
4505 2649.96 38.97 67.00
2 Irrigation 00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Forestation 391 319.6 4.7 8.00
4 Roads 1339 997.56 14.67 25.00
Total 6235 3967.12 58.34 100.00
Source: A Government Document Prepared by Collector’s Office for
Nashik District Review Committee Feb. 21-22, 2008
Table 3.14
Information of Personal Benefit Scheme under EGS
2003-2004
Sr.
No. Nature of the Works
Total
Works
done
Expen
diture
Mandays
Generated
Total
Expen
diture
Percentage
1 Jawahar Wells 2694 952.49 0 100.00
2 Horticulture (Hector) 2569.72 0 10.97 No Data
3 Tuti
Plantation(Hector)
0 0 0 00
127
2004-2005
Sr.
No. Nature of the Works
Total
Works
done
Expen
diture
Mandays
Generated
Total
Expen
diture
Percentage
1 Jawahar Wells 835 491.86 No Data 77.00
2 Horticulture (Hector) 3898.54 675.28 16.04 100.00
3 Tuti
Plantation(Hector)
18 5.25 0.68 22.00
2005-2006
Sr.
No. Nature of the Works
Total
Works
done
Expen
diture
Mandays
Generated
Total
Expen
diture
Percentage
1 Jawahar Wells 00 00 00 00
2 Horticulture (Hector) 4149.47 874.01 17.71 100.00
3 Tuti
Plantation(Hector)
00 00 00 00
2006-2007
Sr.
No. Nature of the Works
Total
Works
done
Expen
diture
Mandays
Generated
Total
Expen
diture
Percentage
1 Jawahar Wells 00 00 00 00
2 Horticulture (Hector) 3934.05 665.83 16.8 93.00
3 Tuti
Plantation(Hector)
46.5 13.75 1.75 100.00
128
2007-2008
Sr.
No. Nature of the Works
Total
Works
done
Expen
diture
Mandays
Generated
Total
Expen
diture
Percentage
1 Jawahar Wells 1607
Projected
0 0 00
2 Horticulture (Hector) 3377
Projected
0 0 00
3 Tuti
Plantation(Hector)
0 0 0 00
Source: A Government Document Prepared by Collector’s Office for
Nashik District Review Committee Feb. 21-22, 2008
129
Table 3.15
Funding and Expenditure of EGS in Nashik District
From 2003-04 to 2007 (amount in Rs.)
Sr.
No.
Year Amount of
Funds
demanded
by the
Collector
to Govt.
Amount of
Funds
sectioned
by the
Govt.
Total
Amount
spend on
EGS
works
Total
Amount
spend on
the wages
of EGS
workers
% of Amount
spend on the
wages to
Total
Expenditure
Total
Amount
spend on
the
Amenities
to EGS
workers
% of Amount
spend on the
Amenities to
Total
Expenditure
Total
Amount
spend
on
skilled
portion
% of
Amount
spend on
the
skilled
portion
Total
Mandays
(unskilled)
Generated
in Lacks
1 2003-
2004
5222.39 2621.250 2429.610 2208.56 89.43 86.53 3.50 231.39 9.37 5.090
2 2004-
2005
3619.26 3107.246 2792.226 2350.438 84.18 105.477 3.78 239.064 8.58 5.680
3 2005-
2006
6854.00 3834.770 4129.590 3461.52 83.62 101.37 2.45 936.48 22.62 3.140
4 2006-
2007
4406.07 1408.210 1195.200 908.19 75.98 32.06 2.68 334.13 27.95 0.390
5 2007-
Dec
2007
2188.81 2188.81 1167.200 494.59 42.37 14.67 1.3 655.61 56.17 0.360
Source: A Government Document Prepared by Collector’s Office for Nashik District Review Committee Feb. 21-22, 2008
130
Table 3.16
Nashik District EGS Labour attendance 2003
Sr.no. Taluka Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 Nashik 325 282 805 829 425 390 23 10 49 81 23 26
2 Peth 1488 2147 3844 5299 8464 3690 226 40 122 21 188 851
3 Igatpuri 733 747 1999 2847 5307 2398 240 81 215 37 103 176
4 Dindori 602 610 837 683 1396 1081 360 143 81 53 217 224
5 Trimbak 4513 5114 10484 7598 7678 5628 806 531 618 270 352 375
6 Kalwan 173 178 262 398 573 428 155 21 12 3 10 118
7 Baglan 669 877 911 1628 1461 580 185 62 151 131 152 133
8 Surgana 1709 2013 2576 3535 3167 2443 92 47 64 12 18 175
9 Devala 145 58 141 117 223 433 533 940 465 140 361 283
10 Malegaon 777 878 1511 1523 1491 1672 1135 668 965 551 565 455
11 Chandwad 284 166 122 306 717 2148 1465 1316 468 43 585 538
12 Nandgaon 642 824 985 423 202 591 333 149 252 198 375 855
13 Niphad 118 83 327 175 66 153 0 0 0 0 85 95
14 Yeola 108 90 60 25 47 120 79 54 67 24 11 97
15 Sinnar 956 1232 1107 764 2607 3555 565 499 104 55 235 785
Total 13242 15299 25971 26150 33824 25310 6197 4561 3633 1619 3280 5186
Source: Collector Office, Nashik
131
Table 3.17
Taluka wise expenditure on EGS unskilled and skilled works from 1/4/2004 to 31/3/2005 Tribal Belt
Source: Collector Office, Nashik
Niphad Devala Malegaon Nandgaon Chandwad Yeola Sinnar Total Expenditure
(Tribal and Non Tribal)
Roads
1/4/04 to 30/6/04 0.0 0.0 3.420 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1/7/04 to 30/9/04 0.0 0.0 4.09 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1/10/04 to 31/12/04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1/1/05 to 31/3/05 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.02 0.0 0.0 0.0
1
Total 0.0 0.0 7.510 1.020 0.0 0.0 0.0
Forest
1/4/04 to 30/6/04 0.0 0.0 0.04 1.014 0.135 0.0 10.85
1/7/04 to 30/9/04 0.0 0.0 0.079 1.66 0.06 0.0 7.262
1/10/04 to 31/12/04 0.0 0.0 0.338 0.641 0.306 0.0 4.217
1/1/57 to 31/3/05 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.288 0.187 0.0 3.283
2
Total 0.0 0.0 0.457 3.603 0.688 0.0 25.612
Irrigation
1/4/04 to 30/6/04 4.45 24.650 9.100 10.965 54.760 0.0 24.530
1/7/04 to 30/9/04 0.0 4.810 0.710 2.640 7.310 0.0 31.470
1/10/04 to 31/12/04 0.0 0.000 0.450 0.000 7.210 0.0 0.000
1/1/57 to 31/3/05 7.05 7.750 11.665 4.097 18.668 0.0 17.170
3
Total 11.50 37.210 21.925 17.702 87.948 0.0 73.170
Agriculture
1/4/04 to 30/6/04 0.0 0.0 40.78 18.29 72.14 0.0 28.55 203.09
1/7/04 to 30/9/04 0.0 0.66 0.0 0.50 0.79 0.0 1.68 8.62
1/10/04 to 31/12/04 0.0 0.0 0.97 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.97
1/1/57 to 31/3/05 6.395 0.0 105.155 131.38 162.745 0.0 77.54 710.326
Total 6.395 0.66 146.905 150.17 235.675 0.0 107.77 922.926
4
Grand Total 2752.673
132
Taluka wise expenditure on EGS unskilled works from 1/4/2006 to 31/3/2007 Non Tribal Belt
No. Duration
Niphad Devala Malegaon Nandgaon Chandwad Yeola Sinnar Total Expenditure
(Tribal and Non Tribal)
Roads
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 0.0 0.0 3.420 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.360
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 0.0 0.0 4.09 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.840
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.070
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.660
1
Total 0.0 0.0 7.510 1.020 0.0 0.0 0.0 139.930
Forest
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 0.0 0.0 0.04 1.014 0.135 0.0 10.85 15.980
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 0.0 0.0 0.079 1.66 0.06 0.0 7.262 1.273
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 0.0 0.0 0.338 0.641 0.306 0.0 4.217 22.455
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.288 0.187 0.0 3.283 8.730
2
Total 0.0 0.0 0.457 3.603 0.688 0.0 25.612 48.438
Irrigation
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 16.250 24.650 9.100 10.965 54.760 0.0 24.530 44.760
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 0.0 4.810 0.710 2.640 7.310 0.0 31.470 171.390
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 0.0 0.000 0.450 0.000 7.210 0.0 0.000 60.020
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 3.910 7.750 11.665 4.097 18.668 0.0 17.170 36.700
3
Total 20.160 37.210 21.925 17.702 87.948 0.0 73.170 312.870
Agriculture
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.421 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.100
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.100 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.350
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000
4
Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.521 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.450
Grand Total 20.160 37.210 29.892 40.846 88.636 0.000 98.782 505.688
133
Taluka wise expenditure on EGS skilled works from 1/4/2006 to 31/3/2007 Tribal
No. Duration Total
Expenditure Nasik Trimbakeshwar Igatpuri Peth Surgana Kalwan Satana Dindori
Roads
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 58.360 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 32.840 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.360 0.000 0.000
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 30.070 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.050 6.400
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 18.660 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.660 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1
Total 139.930 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.660 0.000 13.360 6.050 6.400
Forest
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 15.980 0.000 13.750 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.230 0.000
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 1.273 0.000 0.050 0.070 0.000 0.628 0.000 0.000 0.525
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 22.455 1.670 1.059 2.290 0.940 0.640 1.132 3.006 3.060
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 8.730 1.100 0.960 0.000 0.430 0.114 0.000 0.000 1.053
2
Total 48.438 2.770 15.819 2.360 2.370 1.382 1.132 4.236 4.638
Irrigation
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 44.760 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 171.390 1.840 11.170 30.440 25.720 9.690 2.570 37.810 10.800
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 60.020 0.000 0.360 0.000 6.790 11.180 15.260 0.000 16.170
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 36.700 0.000 2.610 0.000 15.030 0.000 2.450 13.710 0.000
3
Total 312.870 1.840 14.140 30.440 47.540 20.870 20.280 51.520 26.970
Agriculture
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 3.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.100 0.000
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 1.350 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.350 0.000
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4
Total 4.450 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.450 0.000
Grand Total 505.688 505.688 29.959 32.800 68.570 22.252 34.772 66.256 38.008
134
Taluka wise expenditure on EGS unskilled works from 1/4/2006 to 31/3/2007 Non Tribal Belt
Source: Collector Office, Nashik
No. Duration
Niphad Devala Malegaon Nandgaon Chandwad Yeola Sinnar Total Expenditure
(Tribal and Non Tribal)
Roads
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 0.0 0.0 3.420 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.360
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 0.0 0.0 4.09 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.840
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.070
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.660
1
Total 0.0 0.0 7.510 1.020 0.0 0.0 0.0 139.930
Forest
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 0.0 0.0 0.04 1.014 0.135 0.0 10.85 15.980
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 0.0 0.0 0.079 1.66 0.06 0.0 7.262 1.273
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 0.0 0.0 0.338 0.641 0.306 0.0 4.217 22.455
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.288 0.187 0.0 3.283 8.730
2
Total 0.0 0.0 0.457 3.603 0.688 0.0 25.612 48.438
Irrigation
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 16.250 24.650 9.100 10.965 54.760 0.0 24.530 44.760
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 0.0 4.810 0.710 2.640 7.310 0.0 31.470 171.390
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 0.0 0.000 0.450 0.000 7.210 0.0 0.000 60.020
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 3.910 7.750 11.665 4.097 18.668 0.0 17.170 36.700
3
Total 20.160 37.210 21.925 17.702 87.948 0.0 73.170 312.870
Agriculture
1/4/06 to 30/6/06 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.421 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.100
1/7/06 to 30/9/06 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.100 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.350
1/10/06 to 31/12/06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000
1/1/07 to 31/3/07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000
4
Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.521 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.450
Grand Total 20.160 37.210 29.892 40.846 88.636 0.000 98.782 505.688
135
Table 3.18
Information on Central Government Scheme SGRY
Project Director, District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), Nashik
Mandays Sr.
No.
Year Total
Completed
Works
Funds
Received
Total
Expenditure Targeted Generated
Total
Expenditure
in %
1 2003-04 3222 2655.10 2409.76 30.00 32.59 90.76
2 2004-05 3279 2815.56 2222.05 30.00 30.37 78.92
3 2005-06 3252 3277.63 3196.30 30.00 31.16 97.52
4 2006-07 3214 3325.73 3210.45 38.75 38.80 96.53
5 2007-Dec07 945 3906.23 2680.01 35.00 23.76 68.61
Source: A Government Document Prepared by Collector’s Office for Nashik District Review Committee Feb. 21-22, 2008
136
Table 3.19
District Rural Development Agency
50% funds under SGRY to the Gram Panchayat and Action Plan in 2006-07
Sr.
No.
Name of
the
Taluka/
Group
No. of
G.P.
Population
2001
Total SC/
ST
Population
Total funds
SC ST per
head Rs.
70.29
Funds for
Total
Populatio
n per
head Rs.
19.92
Total
Funds
Contributio
n of Central
Govt. 75%
Contribution
of State
Govt. 25%
Total
Total Funds
actually
disbursed
16. Chandwad 91 205189 55828 29.24 40.88 80.12 60.09 20.03 80.12 51.12
17. Nandgaon 88 140723 34033 23.92 28.03 51.96 38.97 12.99 51.96 41.32
18. Sinnar 114 260445 51501 36.20 51.88 88.09 66.06 22.02 88.09 60.42
19. Niphad 120 381356 111228 78.19 75.97 154.16 115.62 38.54 154.16 124.14
20. Yeola 88 192314 39131 27.51 38.31 65.82 49.36 16.45 65.82 47.39
21. Malegaon 130 333176 83273 58.54 66.37 124.91 93.68 31.23 124.91 103.90
22. Nashik 64 165041 71353 50.16 32.88 83.04 62.28 20.76 83.04 59.05
23. Dindori 120 264727 155220 109.11 52.74 161.85 121.39 40.46 161.85 115.51
24. Peth 73 96774 90722 63.77 19.28 83.05 62.29 20.76 83.05 65.54
25. Igatpuri 92 176463 94045 66.11 35.15 101.26 75.95 25.32 101.26 78.75
26. Baglan 129 278834 119569 84.05 55.55 139.60 104.70 34.90 139.60 107.25
27. Surgana 58 138988 135012 94.90 27.59 122.59 91.94 30.65 122.59 91.16
28. Kalwan 80 165609 114758 80.67 32.99 113.66 85.20 28.41 113.66 82.63
29. Devala 42 127194 32449 22.81 25.34 48.15 36.11 12.04 48.15 36.10
30. Trimbak 84 136613 109921 77.27 25.22 102.49 76.87 25.62 102.49 76.27
Total 1373 3053446 1298043 912.44 608.29 1520.73 1140.55 380.18 1520.73 1140.55
Source: District Rural Development Agency, Nashik
137
Section- III
Section- III: Profiles of sample villages from Nashik district
Section Introduction- This section is devoted to present a
composite/ general profile of the sampled villages from Nashik
district, from which the empirical data for the present study have
been collected.
The 12 sample villages selected from the six talukas (Nashik,
Niphad, Sinnar, Dindori, Trimbakeshwar and Peth) for the empirical
study comprise Shivangaon, Govardhan, Pimpalgaon Nipani and
Marhalgoi (from developed belt), Mahaje, Ozarkhed, Shivade and
Ramnagar (from semi developed belt), and Dhadoshi, Nandgaon
Kohli, Mangone and Gavandhpada (from less developed belt).
The profile deals with description of village characteristics in
terms of variables such as-
a) Population of village, b) No. of household 2001, c) BPL
families, d) Majority BPL Category, e) Anewari (Rain count), f) Pakka
road to village, g) School facility, h) Ration facility, i) S.T. bus facility,
j) Health centre facility, k) Electricity available to household, l)
Distance from Nashik, m) Distance from Taluka, n) Major economic
activity of village, o) Unemployment period of the village, p)
Percentage of peasants having alternative water resources, q)
Integrity of village, r) No. of G.P. and G. S. meetings held in a year, s)
Members participation in G.S., t) Members participation in G.P.
The data of the village profile is gathered from the Sarpanch, Deputy
Sarpanch, Gram Sevak and the Talathi of the sample villages. They
provided information that was not always uniform. The researcher
has presented the most possible reliable information from the most
concerned one from them.
138
Distance from Nashik
One village from the developed belt was close to or almost
adjacent to Nashik city. Six villages were of medium distance of 10 to
40 kms, two were bit far i. e. 41-50 kms and three were very far i. e.
more than 50 kms of distance from Nashik city.
Table 3.20
Distance to villages from Nashik
Sr.
No.
No. of
Villages
Names of the villages Distance from
Nashik City
1 01 Govardhan Below 10 kms
2 01 Shivangaon 10 to 25 kms
3 05 Pimpalgaon Nipani, Mahaje,
Ozarkhed, Shivade, Dhadoshi
26 to 40 kms
4 02 Ramnagar, Nandgaon Kohli 41 to 50 kms
5 03 Marhalgoi, Mangone, Gavandhpada More than 50 kms
Distance from Taluka
Eleven villages were from 5-30 kms of distance from their
respective talukas one village was far from its Taluka.
a) Population of villages as per 2001 census
Govardhan is the village having highest population that is
5398, following this was of village Shivade (3846) and the village with
lowest population was Shivangaon (760). The average population of
the 12 villages under sample was 1769.
b) No. of households 2001
Govardhan, Shivade and Marhalgoi were the villages having
relatively higher number of household ranging 598 to 300. The
villages from the less developed belt were having the lowest number of
households ranging from 93 to 220. The average household number of
the sampled villages was 187.5.
139
c) BPL families
Percentage of the BPL families was obviously higher in the less
developed areas. The workers’ families having BPL identity is too
higher in less developed belt.
Add figurative data
d) Majority BPL Category
The responses from the field reveal that the tribals were
dominant (58.3%) among the BPL categories of the sample villages.
25% of the BPL were from the mixed caste categories and the SCs and
NTs were just 8.3% each. The percentage of tribal below poverty line
in less developed villages was ranged from 80% to 100%.
e) Anewari (Rain count)
Anewari is a measure to count rainfall in a certain village. If
Anewari is less than 50% then the village is recorded as with
unsatisfactory rain conditions and generally becomes liable to get
benefits of drought affected villages from the government machinery.
Talathis of the sampled villages reported that there were 25% of the
sampled villages from developed belt and 50% from the less developed
belt were having Anewari below 50%. All the other villages were
having satisfactory rain count in their respective villages.
f) Pakka road to village
Pakka /Taar road or better communicative roads were available
in 50% of the villages. Rests of the villages either have good roads that
are not directly connected to the village but provide road access within
two kilometers range or had very bad road conditions and signs of
remoteness (8.3% of the villages).
g) School facility
Schooling was accessible to all of the sample villages. 33.33% of
the sample villages had up to 4th standard level schools and rest of the
140
others had schooling at least up to 7th standard. Only one village from
the developed belt reported to be having a junior college.
h) PDS availability
About 85% of the villages had PDS available in their village.
Only 15% villages (from the less developed belt) did not have PDS
shop in their village. They had to cover (more than 5 kms) a
remarkable distance to avail the facility.
i) S.T. bus facility
All the villages from the sample had good ST bus connectivity
except the three (25%) that had no frequecy of direct village connected
bus facility.
j) Health centre facility
Two (one from developed belt and one from the less developed
belt) out of 12 villages did not avail PHCs even within the radius of 10
kms. Health facilities were unsatisfactory in less developed belt and
even in one village from the developed belt. One village from each of
the developed and semi developed belt had better health facilities with
Health Sub Stations.
k) Electricity available to household
One from the developed belt, two from the semi developed belt
and three from the less developed belt had very poor electricity
facilities. More than 50% of the households from these villages had no
electricity at all. Power cuts, load shadings are frequent and of longer
duration in the villages.
n) Major economic activity of village
All villages from the sample were having agriculture as a sole
economic activity of the village except the two villages where some
support of employment from industry was available.
141
o) Unemployment period of the village
Employment insecurities cause hardship to the poor.
Unemployment period for the villages in the sample is generally 3 to 8
months a year. This period is longer in the villages from semi
developed and less developed starts from September-October and ends
in May-June. (See table 3.1.3)
The table 5.1.3 clearly shows that there is strong association
between non availability of water resources and unemployment
period. The tribal from the less developed belt migrate at higher rate
and for longer duration. The typical main reasons for this are-
1) Small land holdings and landlessness
2) Insufficient alternative water resources
3) Insufficient alternative means of livelihood during lean
agricultural season.
q) Integrity of village
Integrity of the village is hard to understand. The researcher
simply asked Sarpanch, Asst. Sarpanch, Gram Sevak and the Talathi
of the sample villages whether the village is integrated or not. Their
responses were not uniform and may not be perfect but still it threw
light on some interesting facts. All the Sarpanch and Gram Sevak
noted that the villages in developed belt are less integrated and
villages in semi developed and less developed belt are more
integrated. Caste homogeneity, development and political awareness
are the important dimensions to the integrity of the village. Extended
sections of the villages (padas) are generally more integrated that that
of the main village.
r) No. of G. P. / G. S. meeting in a year
Regular Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha meetings are a
symbol of mature political will and participation awareness.
Sarpanch, Asst. Sarpanch, Gram Sevak and the Talathi of the sample
142
villages had made diverse statements about the regularity of GP and
GS meetings in their villages. Gram Sevak who are considered to be
responsible for organizing meetings told that the 75% of the villages
have held 12 or more meetings in a year that is as per the Panchayat
regulations and rest 3 villages organized 8 to 11 meetings in a year.
Gram Sabhas are organized and attended better in the less developed
belt rather than the developed and semi developed belt.
s) Members participate in G.P.
In 75% of the Gram Panchayats Panchayat member’s
participation was satisfactory. Some elite class Gram Panchayat
members found to be non serious about the routine meetings and GP
members from the reserved categories also relatively higher level
absentee members for, the doubts of their inclusion in decision
making.
t) Members participate in G.S.
The participation of the G. P. members was satisfactory in 50%
of the villages. Most of them said the participation in Gram Sabha
was poor and non satisfactory.
The profile of the 12 selected villages of the Nashik district
showed that they were typical villages pertaining to the area they
settled. The village Govardhan from Nashik was exception to that. It
was almost a part of the Nashik city and thus rare signs of village
features are found there.
A brief outline of the profile of the Talukas and villages selected
under the sample is given in the two tables that follow:
143
Table 3.21
Profile of the Sampled Talukas of Nashik District
Name of
the
Taluka
No. of
Villag
es
No. Of
Gramp
anchay
at
No. of
Towns
No. of
Families
(000)
Total
Popula
tion
(000)
Rural
(000)
Urban
(000)
Females
(000)
Males
(000)
Geograph
ical Area
(sq. kms)
No.of BPL
Families
as per
1992
Survey
No.of
BPL
Families
as per
1998
Survey
Average
Rainfall
Nashik 135 64 3 268 1317 165 1152 615 702 810.57 119 229 613
Niphad 137 120 2 79 440 381 59 213 227 1053.65 204 362 481
Dindori 157 120 0 46 265 265 0 129 136 1342.19 205 331 698
Sinnar 129 114 1 52 292 260 32 141 151 1352.61 103 790 516
Trimbak 125 84 1 23 136 127 9 67 69 884.18 No Data No Data 2278
Peth 201 73 0 18 97 97 0 49 48 560.6 97 205 2278
Source: http://nashik.nic.in/htmldocs/distmaps.htm (designed, developed and hosted by National Informatics Centre,
Collectorate, Nashik)
144
Table 3.22
Profile of the Selected villages from Nashik District
Name of the sample villages selected for the study
Sr.
No.
Item of
Information
Shivangaon Govardhan Pimpalgaon
Nipani
Marhal-
goi
Mahaje Ozarkhed Shivade Ramnagar Dhadoshi Nandgaon
Kohli
Mangone Gavandh
apada
1 Distance from
Nashik
24 kms 9 kms 33 kms 70 kms 40 kms 36 kms 30 kms 45 kms 32 kms 47 kms 58 kms 55 kms
2 Distance from
Taluka
24 kms 9 kms 17 kms 20 kms 18 kms 12 kms 18 kms 12 kms 10 kms 19 kms 15 kms 22 kms
3 Population of
village
760 5398 2177
1149
1254
1224
3846
1450
1206
1418
1100
1471
4 No. of
household 2001
101
598
160
220
93
98
320
147
168
122
105
118
5 BPL families 50 to 99 150 to 199 250 to 299 50 to 99 50 to 99 50 to 99 300 to 349 50 to 99 50 to 99 200 to 249 100 to 149 100 to
149
6 Majority BPL
Category
ST SC NT NT/SC ST ST SC NT ST ST ST ST
7 Anewari Above 50 Above 50 Above 50 Below
50
Below 50 Above 50 Above 50 Above 50 Above 50 Above 50 Below 50 Below 50
8 Major economic
activity of
village
Agriculture Agri +
Industry
Agriculture Agricult
ure
Agricult
ure
Agriculture Agriculture Agri +
Industry
Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Agricultu
re
9 Percentage of
peasants
having
alternative
water resources
Partly
Irrigation
+Wells
Partly
Irrigation
+Wells
Partly
Irrigation
+Wells
Irrigatio
n Canal
Insufficie
nt wells
Partly
Irrigation
+Wells
Partly
Irrigation
+Wells
High
Shortage
of water
Insufficient
wells
High
Shortage of
water
High
Shortage of
water
Insufficie
nt wells
10 Unemployment
period of the
village
6 and more 1 to 2
months
3 to 4
months
3 to 4
months
6 and
more
5 to 6
months
5 to 6
months
5 to 6
months
6 and more 6 and more 6 and more 6 and
more
11 Pakka road to
village
Available Close
(Below 2
km)
Not
available
(More than
2 km)
Availa-
ble
Available Available Close
(Below 2
km)
Available Available Not
available
(More than
2 km)
Close
(Below 2
km)
Not
available
(More
than 2
km)
145
12 School
facility
Up to 4th 11th to
12th
8th to 10th 8th to 10th 5th to 7th 5th to 7th 4/3 4/1 5th to 7th Up to 4th Up to 4th Up to 4th
13 PDS Shop Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available
but far
Available
but far
Available
14 S.T. bus
facility
Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available Available
close to
village
Available
close to
village
Available
close to
village
15 Health
centre
Available
but far
below 10
km.
Available
in village
Not
available
(above 10
km.)
Available
but far
below 10
km.
Sub-
station or
Centre
Available
but far
below 10
km.
Available
but far
below 10
km.
Available
in village
Not
available
(above 10
km.)
Available
but far
below 10
km.
Available
but far
below 10
km.
Available
but far
below 10
km.
16 Electricity
available to
household
50% to
79%
80% to
100%
50% to
79%
80% to
100%
Below 50% 50% to
79%
50% to
79%
Below 50% Below 50% 50% to 79% 50% to 79% 50% to 79%
17 Integrity of
village
Fair Fair No No Fair No No Yes Yes Fair Yes Fair
18 No. of G.P.
meetings
satis. satis. Not very
satis.
satis. satis. satis. satis. Not very
satis.
satis. Not very
satis.
satis. satis.
19 No. of G. S.
meetings
satis. satis. satis. Not very
satis.
Not very
satis.
satis. Not very
satis.
satis. satis. satis. satis. satis.
20 Members
participation
in G.S
satis. satis. Non satis. Non satis. satis. satis. satis. Non satis. satis. satis. satis. satis.
21 Members
participation
in G.P
Non
satis.
satis. Non satis. Non satis. Non satis. Non
satis.
Non
satis.
Non satis. satis. satis. satis. satis.
Source: From the interview schedules by Gram Sevak, Talathi and Sarpanch
Satia - Satisfactory
The next chapter is about administrative structures of implementation of EGS and SGRY in comparative framework.
