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Chapter – III
NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
AND DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN IN
INDIA – AN OVERVIEW
3.1. Introduction
In this chapter an attempt is made to analyse the emergence of Non
Governmental Organizations in India and the role of Non Governmental
Organizations in development of women. Non Governmental Organizations can
and should play the “game changer” to pro-poor development through leadership
on participatory research, community empowerment and search for development
alternatives.
In a democratic society like India, it is the state that has the ultimate
responsibility for wherein development to its citizens. In India through the
progressive interpretation of the constitution and its allows and policies, the scope
of development has been significantly broadened to include not just economic
progress for citizens but also promotion of social justice, gender equity, inclusion,
citizens awareness, empowerment and improved quality of life. To achieve this
holistic vision of development the state requires the constructive and collaborative
engagement of the civil society in its various developmental activities and
programme. Non-governmental organization as the operational arm of the civil
society therefore has an important role in the development processes of a country.
3.2. Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
The Non Governmental Organizations have been playing a significant role
in reaching credit and other financial services to the poor. An important aspect of
the credit-plus role performed by the Non Governmental Organizations in the
microcredit delivery system is the capacity building of the poor by meeting their
training needs, providing inputs for sustained production and marketing of the
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finished products for remunerative prices. It is necessary to recognise this role of
the Non Governmental Organizations in the development of human resource
capital. The cost of such developmental activities cannot be fully recovered
through lending activities, and therefore the credit institutions that are linked to
groups and derive the financial benefits of the Non Governmental Organizations
for human resource development. This would help in not only reducing the cost of
the Non Governmental Organizations and make them viable in the long run, but
also facilitate them to play an important role of capacity building which
consequently facilitates larger credit off-take from the credit institutions.1
The Non-Governmental Organisations nowadays are working for financing
SHGs in rural areas. These Non Governmental Organizations were selected on the
basis of their performance in forming SHGs and Bank linking microfinancing. The
selected Non Governmental Organizations differ from each other in respect of
objectives, approaching and mode of working. It is worth to discuss profile of
these Non Governmental Organizations in detail. First, study highlighted the
history of Non Governmental Organizations considering interest in micro
financing activities. Secondly, how these Non Governmental Organizations are
forming SHGs and linking with bank financing.Thirdly, the study has highlighted
Non Governmental Organizations objectives and performance in microfinancing
activities.2
Non- Governmental Organizations by virtue of being small in size, flexible,
innovative and participatory, are widely considered to be more successful in
reaching the poor, and in poverty alleviation. Non Governmental Organizations
became prominent after independence, especially after the 1970s, partly because
of the limited success of the earlier development policies of the government. Even
after half-a-century of development efforts initiated by the state, the problems of
the largest concentration of the poor, hunger, malnutrition, unemployment, gender
inequality, illiteracy etc., continue to plague Indian Society. An important
contributing factor to this was the absence of involvement of the people for whom
the programmes were meant. The need for micro-level institutions to involve the
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people in formulation, implementation and monitoring of the programmes is,
therefore, stressed in several quarters. Development practitioners, government
officials and foreign donors consider that Non Governmental Organizations, by
virtue of being small-scale, flexible, innovative and participatory, are more
successful in reaching the poor and in poverty alleviation.
The term Non Governmental Organizations specifies the organizations
understanding voluntary social action. The term is negative as it seeks to give a
meaning that Non Governmental Organizations possess the characteristics/features
not possessed by the government, and undertake activities otherwise normally not
undertaken by the government. Non Governmental Organizations are
development-oriented in the sense that they are concerned with improving the
condition and position of the oppressed /disadvantaged sections of society, as
opposed to other goals like entertainment, promotion of religion, etc., Working
with non-self serving aims is a characteristic of a particular type of Non
Governmental Organizations in India, the number of which is fast declining.
Hence, this is contestable.3
Non Governmental Organizations have popularized the concept of micro
finance in India as a major tool for rural development along with various other
schemes like livestock development, water and land resources development, tribal
rehabilitation, empowerment of women, community health, renewable energy and
environment, training in sustainable development, capacity building, promotion of
eco-friendly agriculture, industrial greenbelt development, conservation of herbal
medicinal plants and promotion of decentralized nurseries etc.,
3.3 Characteristics of Non-Governmental Organizations
There are considerable numbers of misunderstanding about the term Non
Governmental Organizations. Various definitions have been given depending on
its usage in a particular context. Two approaches have been adopted in order to
define the term Non Governmental Organizations: one is broad and the other
narrow according to Mensah (1997). Every organization in society that is not part
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of government and which operate within a community is an Non Governmental
Organization. These organizations include labour and trade unions, religious
bodies and institutions, sports clubs, arts and cultural societies, trade associations,
professional associations, small and large businesses, and what have you he said.
This seems to create problems because it seems to embrace a large number of
diverse organizations.
Mensah(1997) went further to indicate that the narrow definition of Non
Governmental Organizations, which is derived from current usage refers to
organizations that are working in the field of development. They work with people
to help them over come their social as well as their economic predicaments. This
definition seems to be problematic also in the sense that it is both broad and
restrictive. The term development is relative, so when development is seen in
terms of welfare then it’s restrictive. But when it is looked at holistically, that is,
socially, economically, environmentally, and the many variables you can think of,
then it makes it so broad. In any case, the term Non Governmental Organization is
an organization that has characteristics such as voluntary, independent, not-for-
profit and not self-serving in aim and other related characteristics (Ibid). Non-
governmental organizations refer to registered, private, independent, and non-
profit organizations. This definition excludes unregistered or informal associations
and groups, which may be referred to as Grassroots Organizations (GROs). But
both Non Governmental Organization and GRO are usually mentioned when you
talk about the voluntary sector (Wellard et al.1993). This therefore implies that
Non Governmental Organizations and GROs are mostly into voluntary services.
Non-Governmental Organizations comprises of a wide array of agencies
within and across different countries of the world. In the broadest sense, they are
agencies or groups which are different from government line agencies. Non
Governmental Organizations are voluntary bodies and they do not operate for
profit. They are usually seen in light of development by providing development
assistance to the beneficiary communities in which they operate. Riddell et al.
(1995) has shown that the word Non Governmental Organizations as used in the
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development parlance encompassed a host of organizations, which differs in size,
function, and geographical location. Accordingly, the word could be used in
describing small, locally based, loosely established voluntary and largely grass-
roots types of associations with formal constitutions, employing various number of
staffs. Even transnational voluntary associations also fall into such category (Ibid).
Their activities are mostly into relief, emergency, or long-term development work,
and in some cases a mixture of the three they said.4
3.4 A Brief History of Non Governmental Organizations in India
Historically, individuals and associations helped the poor and destitutes
during the crisis. For instance, kitchens were set up by the rich and affluent during
famines to provide food to the famished and destitutes. During the pre-
independence period, social reformers initiated and sustained movements against
certain types of social practices such as ‘sati’, ‘bride-price’ and ‘widow re-
marriages’. The Christian Missionaries did considerable work relating to charity,
welfare and provision of services, and also established educational institutions,
hospitals, and other charitable institutions for the poor. In their zeal to recruit
converts, the Missionaries brought educational and health services to the poor
even in remote rural areas. In the early 20th century, the freedom fighters and other
socially concerned individuals undertook the task of social reconstruction. Of all
these, Mahatma Gandhi’s massive ‘construction work’ programme of rural
development, which sent thousands of volunteers to work amongst the rural poor
in the areas of education, health and employment, proved to be the most crucial. It
played a major role to influence the direction of the voluntary sector in later years,
and shifted the focus of voluntarism from issue-based action to political content
aimed at nation building in case of India.
After Independence, a change in the perception on development and also the
role of Non Governmental Organizations in rural development took place. In 1950s
and 1960s, it was assumed that the economic growth through state investment was
the answer to poverty. This was to be accompanied by welfare programmes for the
groups of poor, the poorest and women, whom were thought to be incapable of
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participating in programmes aimed at economic growth. The Ministries of
Agriculture and Rural Development initiated community development efforts in
rural areas to enable the people to participate in economic growth programmes. On
the other hand, the responsibility of the welfare programmes was vested with Social
Welfare Ministries of the state governments. Non Governmental Organizations were
approached by national governments and aid agencies to assist in the
implementation of these community development and welfare programmes,
especially in rural areas. Many of the Non Governmental Organizations active in the
independence movement were involved in the implementation of community
development programmes. Christian aid agencies supported the work of
Missionaries involved in welfare activities with a focus on health and education,
especially in South India and the tribal areas of central and eastern India.5
During 1960s, it was found that economic growth, combined with welfare
activities at the micro-level, were not adequate to alleviate poverty. Hence, the
Indian government initiated small and marginal farmer development programmes
with a view to alleviate poverty. The government to ‘enlist support of the local
population for these programmes and help out in their implementation’ called
upon Indian Non Governmental Organizations. This was in addition to their
involvement in welfare programmes and vocational training programmes.
Non Governmental Organizations have become popular with government
and aid agencies in response to certain development in economic and political
thinking by 1990s. The development policy of the World Bank, bilateral and
multi-lateral agencies, and aid transfers from them have come to be dominated by
what is referred to as ‘New Policy Agenda’, which gives a prominent role to the
Non Governmental Organizations in poverty alleviation and civil society
development.
Non-Governmental Organizations can play a very important role in rural
development. They can enthuse the rural population to prepare meaningful plans
for rural development, as also to take part in their implementation. There are now
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quite a few voluntary agencies in the country, which have the requisite technical
and managerial resources available with them to undertake rural development
programmess, and to manage them successfully. For example SEWA
Ahamadabad, BAIF of Urlikanchan, (Maharastra), MYRADA of Bangalore,
PRADAN of Delhi, Aga Khan Rural support program of Ahamadabad are few
Non Governmental Organizations who are actively involved in rural development
programs, of in different states of our country.6
At the national level, the Council for Advancement of People’s Action and
Rural Technology (CAPART) is the nodal agency responsible for promoting
voluntary action in rural development. CAPART was registered under the societies
Registration Act., 1860 on 1st September 1986, with its Head Quarters in New
Delhi. It aims at encouraging, promoting and assisting voluntary action for rural
development. In pursuance of their objective, CAPART makes a viable financial
assistance to Non Governmental Organizations under the following schemes.
1. Promotion of voluntary action in rural development.
2. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)
3. Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP)
4. Central Rural Sanitation Program (CRSP)
5. Organisation of Beneficiaries of Antipoverty Programmes.
6. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
7. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) consisting of watershed conservation and
development programmess village link-roads and rural housing and
social forestry.
8. Advancement of Rural Technology Schemes (ARTS)
9. Panchayati Raj (PR) and
10. Disability Rehabilitation.
CAPART funds mainly consist of grants from Union Ministry of Rural
Areas and Employment. The council can also obtain grants from various central
and state Government Departments, and accept donations and contributions from
other sources.
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Since 1990 s have witnessed a proliferation of development initiatives
taken by Non Governmental Organizations.It is no longer an issue of concern for
the elite. Now, even the common person perceives development action as an
alternative career option. The idea of undertaking socially meaningful activities as
a full time occupation is not an alien concept for a large majority of those working
with NGO’s. Ideological favor, or a sense of Nationalism in society as a whole,
has been waning gradually overtime.7
3.5 Types of Non Governmental Organizations
Non-Governmental Organizations are a heterogeneous group. A long list of
acronyms has developed around the term of Non Governmental Organizations.
These include:
1. INGO (International Non Governmental Organization), such as CARE,
ADFA-India and Mercy corps;
2. BINGO (Business Oriented International Non Governmental
Organization).
3. RINGO (Religious International Non Governmental Organization) such
as Catholic Relief Services
4. ENGO (Environmental Non Governmental Organization).
5. QUANGOs (Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organizations).
There are also numerous classifications of Non Governmental
Organizations. The typology the World Bank uses divides them in to operational
and advocacy.The primary objective of an operational Non Governmental
Organization is the design and implementation of development related
programmess. One categorization that is frequently used is the division into ‘relief
–oriented’ or ‘development- oriented ‘organization’; they can also be classified
according to whether they stress service delivery or participation; or whether they
are religious and secular; and whether they are public or private oriented.
Operational Non Governmental Organizations can be community based National
or Inter National. The primary purpose of an advocacy Non Governmental
Organization is to defend or promote a specific cause. As opposed to operational
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programmes management, these organizations typically try to rise awareness,
acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activists event.8
Figure 3.1
Forms of Non Governmental Organizations and Scope of the Study
3.6 Development Programmes, People and Non Governmental
Organizations in India
The existing context matters are how women, Non Governmental
Organizations and other stakeholders contribute to the process of participation.
The existing context refers to what is known as the societal structural framework,
which includes the physical environment, the socio- cultural system and the
institutional arrangements within which a programmes is located.There are three
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aspects to the contextual underpinnings of a development programmes in any
particular area: inner, proximate and outer. The inner environment consists of the
internal operations of a programmes’s planning and implementation unit, and the
proximate environment includes programmes beneficiaries, participants and
stakeholders, local authorities, donors and other groups. The outer environment,
on the other hand, includes such things as the national economy and development,
the political and legal system, the climate, topography, natural resources of the
area, and so forth (Nolan, 2002:108),. Section I of this chapter will discuss the
outer environment or the broad context of Indian society within which RWDEP
operated.Development programmess, again, are implemented in specific contexts
and through the guidelines framed within the overall framework of the
programmes ideology and philosophy. The development programmes, known as
the Rural Women’s Development and Empowerment Programmes (RWDEP) was
an example of one of the many development interventions by the government for
women. Section II will examine the programmes ideology and the programmes
objectives, and their outcomes for participation, partnership and social change.9
Starting from the inception of the First Five Year Plan in India
(Government of India, 1952), various development programmes were undertaken
in the rural areas of the country. The prominent among them, the Community
Development programme laid stress on decentralisation of development efforts
and gave a development administration whose focal point was the Community
Development Block (CDB). When Panchayati Raj (local self-governance) was
first introduced, the normal procedure was to prepare village plans on the basis of
requirements listed by the village councils and then to collect these plans at the
CDB level and formulate CDB plans. These were later put together as district
plans and the so-called plans were essentially collections of ‘self- needs’ of the
people which were in the nature of ‘charters’ of demands (Rao, 1984:12).
Intensive area specific agricultural programmes were undertaken only from the
Second Five Year Plan (Government of India, 1956) onwards.
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Since the Fourth Five Year Plan (Government of India, 1970), steps were
taken in the direction of regional development. During the seventies, many area
specific schemes like Drought Prone Area Programme, Small Farmer Development
Agencies, Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourer Programme, Rural Industrial
Development Schemes, Cash Scheme for Rural Employment, Rural Works
Programme, Food for Work Programme and others were taken up. These had the twin
objectives of employment and income generation. All these schemes had wide
coverage in the countryside from the seventies onwards. The objectives of all these
programmes had been basically to provide employment opportunities through
creation and strengthening of rural infrastructural activities such as road works,
construction activities, minor irrigation works, soil conservation, land reclamation,
farm forestry, water supply and other durable community assets.
During the Sixth Five Year Plan in 1980s (Government of India, 1981), the
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was introduced to provide
assistance through a mix of subsidy and bank credit to families living below the
poverty line in the rural areas, and for acquisition of productive assets and
appropriate skills for self-employment. Two supporting components of IRDP were
Training of Rural Youth in Self-Employment (TRYSEM, 1979) and Development of
Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA, 1982-83). In the latter, women were
required to form groups of 10-15 members and taking up economic activities suited to
their aptitudes and local conditions. DWCRA was the first effort at economic
empowerment of women through the group approach; other women’s groups like, the
mahila mandals and mahila samitis were mainly for social and welfare activities.
However, bias in selection of beneficiary families, loose integration with other
programmes, underestimation of income, lack of marketing opportunities and so on
led to the poor performance of the programme in most places.
Two other rural employment programmes were, National Rural
Employment Programme (NREP) and the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme (RLEGP). Both of them aimed at creation of assets as a means of
providing long and enduring employment opportunities as well as a means of
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providing relief to the rural poor during the slack seasons. In 1989, NREP and
RLEGP were merged into one programme, called Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
(employment scheme). An Employment Assurance Scheme in 1993 promised to
provide 100 days of assured employment to the rural poor during the lean
agricultural season. In addition, various other housing, land allotment etc. schemes
had wide coverage in the country. 10
From the Seventh Five Year Plan (Government of India, 1985) onwards,
the official discourse of the Government of India recognised the need to bring
about meaningful participation of the people in all phases of national development.
It also acknowledged the need to fully exploit the creative potential offered by
voluntary organisations engaged in development work. From the mid-1980s, the
number of government programmes implemented through Non Governmental
Organizations and the quantum of state assistance channelled to them increased
significantly (Rajasekhar & Biradar, 2004: xv). With the economic reforms of
1991, the role of Non Governmental Organizations and voluntary organisations
increased significantly in service delivery. The Non Governmental Organizations
were expected to enter into contractual agreements with the governments to play
service delivery role and Non Governmental Organizations in such a role broadly
assumed the role of public service contractors (Korten, 1990).
In post-independence India, state-Non Governmental Organizations
relationships can be broadly categorised into three types during different periods
of time (Sen, 1999b). From 1947 to the late 1950s, it was the era of cooperation;
the 1960s and 1970s period was characterised by the emergence of antagonism;
the 1980s and the 1990s was the era of increased state control and the search for a
shadow state increased in this period. It consisted of designated role for Non
Governmental Organizations in implementing the state’s development model,
increased governmental funds for Non Governmental Organizations,
diversification of the fields in which Non Governmental Organizations could
implement programmess and initiatives to improve relationships with the sector
(Sen, 1999b:346).11
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Other thinkers, such as, Farrington & Bebbington (1993) visualised the
State-Non Governmental Organizations relationship as that of reluctant partners.
In the Indian context, PRADAN5 in 1996 perceived the relationship between the
government and Non Governmental Organizations as ‘love hate’ and/or ‘cat and
mouse’ relationship. PRIA6 in 1989 called it ‘sweet and sour’– sometimes sweet,
sometimes sour and sometimes both sweet and sour. In 2004, Rajasekhar &
Biradar (2004) maintained that the reluctant partners were coming together to
work collaboratively. This was supported by the analysis that there was only a
short period of government-Non Governmental Organizations antagonism in
India. Each of the actors has realised the advantages of the other and weaknesses
of its own, and are coming together to work collaboratively (Rajasekhar &
Biradar, 2004: xix). This close and apparently collaborative relationship between
the two sectors has to be, however, viewed critically as it is an evolving process.
The mushroom growth of Non Governmental Organizations and the fact that many
Non Governmental Organizations regularly get blacklisted by the government for
financial irregularities have brought disrepute to the sector. Moreover, to say that
the relationship has come closer could mean that the problems faced by the Non
Governmental Organizations in dealing with the government earlier have been
reduced or disappeared Alternatively, either the Non Governmental Organizations
are getting coopted or government’s negative attitude towards them is changing.
These issues are part of the implementation reality of development in India.
As seen from the numerous programmes undertaken, the rural population in
India has directly or indirectly participated in many government-initiated
development programmes. In post colonial India, especially in areas that have come
in contact with the interventions of the (modern) State, outside intervention in the
form of programmes and programmess are viewed by most people as harbinger of
benefits. Due to their economic implications, development programmes have been
one of the main planks on which politics and power have taken shape in postcolonial
India. The poverty removal strategy allows for the State to use programmess as a
political rhetoric where the package of benefits could be shown as a gift from the
highest political leadership. Through them the State seeks to establish legitimacy for
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its role as a provider of benefits. Partha Chatterjee (1997) has analysed how through
the planning process in India, the State insists that all conflicts between particular
interests admit of an economic solution. Chatterjee (1997: 291) maintains that, ‘a
particular interest, whether expressed in terms of class, language, region, caste, tribe
or community, is to be recognised and given a place and an allocation relative to all
the other parts’ According to him, ‘…the demands therefore will be for a reallocation
or a reassignment of priorities relative to other particular interests’ (Chatterjee,
1997:296). 12
Even programmess implemented through consultations with Non
Governmental Organizations and other interest groups are products of the State’s
planning exercise. Competing demands may be voiced not only on the basis of
permanent interest groups, but also on the basis of pre-existing cultural solidarities
such as locality, caste, tribe, religious community or ethnic identity. Through the
rational process of planning, the State tries to reconcile the demands of such
seemingly ‘irrational’ politics (Chatterjee, 1997). But as Chatterjee (1997:296)
points out, it is a political strategy to use planning as an instrument for producing
consent for capital’s passive revolution. Thus, the association of programmess
with economic capital means that in the context of a development programmes
initiated by outsiders, people’s expectations are heavily centred on resources and
credit. These expectations play a strong part in making choices to participate or
not to participate in programmes by different groups of people. From the
perspective of the State, Kothari (1996:145) maintains that a development
programmes can be an instrument of the liberal democratic model based on
accountability to the people; or it can be an opportunity through which people can
strive to develop people-centred institutions that would promote social
transformation. Either way, the State continues to be a major mediator among
contending groups, including the Non Governmental Organizations, in India.
3.7 Purposes, Programmes and Management of NGOs
Non Governmental Organizations exist for a variety of purposes, usually to
further the political or social goals of their members. Examples include improving
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the state of the natural environment, encouraging the observance of human rights,
improving the welfare of disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda, how
ever there are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad
range of political and philosophical positions.
In Non-Governmental Organisations there is an increasing awareness that
management techniques are crucial to programmes success in Non-Governmental
Organizations. Generally, non- governmental organizations, which are private,
have a community or environmental focus.The address varieties of issues such as
religion, emergency aid, and humanitarian affairs. They mobilize public support
and voluntary contributions for aid; they often have strong links with community
groups in developing countries and they often work in areas where Government-
to – Government aid is not possible. Non Governmental Organizations are
accepted as a part of the international relations landscape, and while they influence
National and multi lateral policy - making, they are increasingly, more directly
involved in local action.13
3.8 Management of Non-Governmental Organizations
Non Governmental Organizations required two important management
trends (1) Diversity management and (2) participatory management. Diversity
management deals with different cultures in an organization. A participatory
management style is said to be typical of Non Governmental Organizations. It is
intricately tied to the concept of learning organization: all people with in the
organization are perceived as sources for knowledge and skills. To develop the
organization, individuals have to be able to contribute in the decision making
process and they need to learn.
3.9 Staff of Non Governmental Organizations
Not all people working for Non-Governmental Organizations are
volunteers paid staff members typically receive lower pay than in the commercial
private sector. Employees are highly committed to the aims and principles of the
organizations. The reasons why people volunteer are not necessarily purely
111
altruistic, and can provide immediate benefits for themselves as well were those
they serve, including skills, experience and contacts.
The Non Governmental Organization sector is an important employer in
terms of numbers. For example, by the end of 1995, CONCERN World wide an
international Non Governmental Organization working against poverty employed
174 expatriates and just over 5000 National staff working in 10 developing
countries in Africa, Asia and in Haiti.
3.10 Funding of Non Governmental Organizations
Major sources of Non Governmental Organizations funding include
membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants from International
institutions or National Governments and private donations even though the term
‘non-Governmental organizations’ implies independence of Governments, some
Non Governmental Organizations depend heavily on Governments for their
funding. The details of state wise total foreign contribution received by the NGOs
are presented in table – 3.1. During 2010-11 total amount received from foreign
contribution was Rs. 11087.54 crores and in 2011-12 amount of Rs. 10517.1
crores and in 2012-13 amount of Rs. 10334.09 crores.
Table – 3.1
State/UT-wise Total Foreign Contribution Received by the Non
Governmental Organisations (Rs in Crore)
State/UTs 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 11.79 10.72 6.28 Andhra Pradesh 1290.51 1327.21 1176.79 Arunachal Pradesh 12.53 9.04 9.97 Assam 84.00 93.21 86.27 Bihar 166.81 141.72 144.11 Chandigarh 95.58 95.13 12.78 Chhattisgarh 79.81 64.99 57.24 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 2.51 1.09 1.65 Delhi 2018.15 1818.00 2016.63 Goa 29.26 24.39 18.72 Gujarat 470.02 394.26 363.43 Haryana 33.94 28.08 22.30
112
Himachal Pradesh 128.62 145.07 128.75 Jammu & Kashmir 24.41 26.18 38.48 Jharkhand 158.92 159.65 134.63 Karnataka 1039.40 1049.79 999.39 Kerala 997.89 892.92 873.35 Madhya Pradesh 168.27 142.64 145.28 Maharashtra 985.49 926.75 75 914.19 Manipur 48.29 36.81 46.83 Meghalya 53.30 65.46 40.71 Mizoram 6.50 8.38 5.00 Nagaland 31.21 29.03 23.82 Orissa 240.09 214.64 211.26 Pondichery 34.50 32.91 30.52 Punjab 121.74 87.38 87.24 Rajasthan 141.77 127.86 141.33 Sikkim 5.28 3.11 6.41 Tamil Nadu 1656.71 1667.04 1557.40 Tripura 7.42 7.24 7.49 Uttar Pradesh 230.45 218.37 257.41 Uttarakhand 109.52 107.39 116.72 West Bengal 602.85 560.64 651.71 Total 11087.54 10517.1 10334.09
Source: NGOs Accounting
Graph - 3.1
Total Foreign Contribution Received by the Non Governmental
Organisations (Rs in Crore)
Source : Table – 3.1.
11087.54
10517.1
10334.09y = -376.7x + 11400
R² = 0.919
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Foreign Contribution
Foreign Contribution Linear (Foreign Contribution )
113
The details of the state wise total funds utilized by the NGOs are presented
in table – 3.2. The data clearly indicates that funds have been properly utilized by
NGOs and funds have been increased from 2010-11 to 2012-13. During 2010-11
nearly Rs. 10695.64 crores have been utlised and in the year 2011-12 it has been
increased to Rs. 11408.51 crores and in 2012-13 also Rs. 10922.61 crores have
been utilized by NGOs.
Table – 3.2
State / UT-wise Total Fund Utilized by the Non Governmental Organisations
(Rs. in crore)
State/UTs 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Andaman & Nicobar 12.88 15.39 8.57 Andhra Pradesh 1440.32 1350.73 1531.75 Arunachal Pradesh 11.09 9.73 8.94 Assam 81.94 80.19 132.23 Bihar 152.95 161.72 136.80 Chandigarh 14.00 8.27 11.40 Chhattisgarh 74.41 74.41 60.96 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1.98 1.12 1.34 Delhi 1951.80 1767.00 1918.31 Goa 20.41 22.58 48.49 Gujarat 479.47 379.99 415.10 Haryana 28.85 28.74 21.49 Himachal Pradesh 134.08 142.16 136.81 Jammu & Kashmir 24.33 22.93 35.09 Jharkhand 174.44 191.64 162.22 Karnataka 986.61 1047.97 1176.26 Kerala 756.16 751.55 756.49 Madhya Pradesh 157.98 144.44 152.10 Maharashtra 901.53 1179.83 972.43 Manipur 40.04 36.49 47.86 Meghalya 45.81 57.06 38.80 Mizoram 6.69 8.71 3.84 Nagaland 31.02 29.70 23.12 Orissa 228.24 197.07 216.45 Pondichery 35.02 33.31 29.05 Punjab 104.79 85.50 107.64 Rajasthan 125.87 118.67 126.69 Sikkim 6.10 3.67 4.45 Tamil Nadu 1658.14 1962.02 1596.85 Tripura 7.21 6.92 7.17 Uttar Pradesh 201.39 209.96 255.05 Uttarakhand 112.85 114.00 113.22 West Bengal 687.24 566.72 665.64 Total 10695.64 11408.51 10922.61
Source: NGOs Accounting.
114
Graph - 3.2
Total Fund Utilized by the Non Governmental Organisations (Rs. in crore)
Source : Table – 3.2
3.11 History of Non Governmental Organizations Considering Interest in
Microfinance
In India, with the SHG linkage programme introduced in 1992, the Non
Governmental Organizations sector has been recognised as a crucial partner.
Recognising the strengths of the Non Governmental Organizations in organising
the community and the potential in savings and credit programmes, NABARD
also started associating with them increasingly. Micro finance programmes,
introduced and extended by Non Governmental Organizations in several parts of
India have the potential to minimize the problems of inadequate access to the poor.
The Indian government formulated several schemes to support micro finance
programs initiated by Non Governmental Organizations through NABARD,
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) and SIDBI. The Non Governmental Organizations
became prominent, especially after 1970s. This was because of the limited
success in development policies pursued by the government. After independence,
a change in the perception on development and also the role of Non Governmental
Organizations in rural development took place. In 1950s and 1960s, it was
assumed that the economic growth through state investment in social sector was
the answer to poverty. This was accompanied by welfare programme for poor
people. Non Governmental Organizations were approached by different state
10695.64
11408.51
10922.61
y = 113.4x + 10782R² = 0.097
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
11600
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Funds Linear (Funds)
115
governments and aid agencies to assist in the implementation of these community
development and welfare programmes, especially in the rural areas. During the
1960s, it was found that economic growth combined with welfare activities at the
micro level was not adequate to alleviate poverty. Hence, the Indian government
initiated small and marginal farmer development programmes with a view to
alleviate poverty. The government wanted to enlist support of the local population
for these programmes and called up many Non Governmental Organizations. By
1990s, significant developments started taking place in India and across the world.
Non Governmental Organizations have become popular with government and aid
agencies in response to certain developments in socio- economic and political
thinking.
3.12 Participation of Non Governmental Organizations in SHG-Bank Linkage in India
Non Governmental Organizations were pioneer innovators of the micro finance
approach. Non Governmental Organizations and SHGs are playing a key role in giving
the poor better access to credit. Non Governmental Organizations are providing training
and services to SHGs in India. As against 550 Non Governmental Organizations during
1912-99, as many as 718 Non Governmental Organizations were involved in the SHG-
Bank linkage programme in the year 1999-2000. And increase to 16,858 in the year
2004-05. The details of the role of NGOs in SHG Bank Linkage programme are
presented in Table – 3.3.
116
Table – 3.3
Role of Non Governmental Organizations in SHG-Bank Linkage
(in Percentage)
Name of the States
NGOs 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Andra Pradesh DRDA 40 40 40 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 Assam Gramin 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4
Bihar Bihar Dalit
Vikas Samithi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.1
Hariyana South Nishal Foundation
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.5
Karnataka SKDRDP 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 12 Kerala TSS 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6
Madhya Pradesh Astha Mahila
Samithi 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 5 5 5
Maharastra MVDA 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 Panjab & other
States RDO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5
Rajasthan Centre of
Community Consultants
1 1 1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.2 2
Tamil Nadu Dhan
Foundation 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12
Uttara Pradesh Vinoda Seva
Ashram 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 10 10 10
West Bengal Southern Health 7 7 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 5
Source: NABARD, Mumbai.
95
117
Graph – 3.3
Role of Non Governmental Organizations in SHG-Bank Linkage (2012-13)
Source : Table 3.3
38
0.4 0.1 0.5
12
6 5 6 5
2
1210
5
y = -0.614x + 12.15R² = 0.058
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2012-13 Linear (2012-13)
96
118
The table – 3.3 indicates that, in majority of Non Governmental
Organizations are concentrated in southern regions. More than 65 percent Non
Governmental Organizations are concentrated in southern regions like Andra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. Remaining 35 percent of percent
Non Governmental Organizations are working in Maharastra, Madh Pradesh, Utter
Pradesh, West Bengal and Other States.
Self Help Groups are always formed with outside asistance. Developmental
Non Governmental Organizations, often with considerable history of working in a
particular area for programmess like literacy, sanitation etc., take to organizing
SHGs, bringing together people, explaining the concept to them, attending and
helping coordinate a few of the initial group meetings, helping them maintain
accounts and linking them with the banks. Of late, some of the rural banks
themselves are being designated as Self-Help Promoting Institutions (SHPIs) and
they help in the formation and ‘nursing’ of SHGs. For the last 25 years, a few
organizations, outside the purview of the public sector, have succeeded in
effective poverty alleviation through micro-credit. Self Employed Women’s
Association (SEWA) in the Western Indian state of Gujarat and Working
Women’s Forum in the Southern state of Tamilnadu were among the pioneers in
this effort. The sector received a major boost in the 1990s with the entry of several
Non-Government Organizations. Many of these Non Governmental Organizations
have been previously functioning in different developmental roles among the poor,
and now added micro credit to the list of services they provided. A few others,
impressed by the success of micro finance elsewhere, started off as MFIs. Self-
Help Groups among the poor, mostly women, have rapidly become a common
rural phenomenon in many Indian states. Non Governmental Organizations
provide the leadership and management necessary in forming and running such
groups in most cases. They also act as the crucial link between these groups and
the formal banking system. Presently well over 500 Non Governmental
Organizations link micro finance institutions are actively engaged.
119
The main advantage of Self-Help Groups lies in their joint liability and
consequent “peer monitoring” of member borrowers in association with
sponsoring Non Governmental Organizations. Several alternative models of SHG-
NGO-Bank relationship have emerged in recent years. One such model is where
the bank lends directly to the SHG and the latter further lends it to individual
members. As a variant of this model, a Non Governmental Organizations may
provide training and guidance to the SHG still dealing directly with the bank. This
has been the most popular model in the Indian context. Alternatively, the Non
Governmental Organizations itself may act as an intermediary between the Bank
and the SHG, borrowing from the bank and lending it to SHGs. Table – 3.4
envisaged the participation of the partner agencies in SHG –Bank Linkage in
India. During 2013 end of March 3,024 partner agencies were associated with
SHG Bank Linkage Programme in India and 1,517,560 SHGs were promoted by
partner NGOs and other agencies of which 959,815 SHGs promoted by formal
agencies.
Table - 3.4
SHG-Bank Linkage of Partner Agencies up to 31 March 2013
State No.of Partner
Agencies
No.of SHGs Promoted by
Partner NGOs and other Agencies
of which No. of SHGs Aromoted
by formal Agencies
Himachal pradesh 78 19,018 7,731
Rajastan 114 32,000 23,370
Haryana 19 628 28
Punjab 0 0 0
New Delhi 5 301 0
Jammu&Kashmir 15 1545 0
Assam 51 5957 0
Meghalaya 7 664 0
Tripura 15 1000 28
Sikkim 6 382 169
Manipur 1 5 0
Nagaland 14 467 0
Arunachal Pradesh 1 45 0
120
Mizoram 6 726 530
Orissa 148 11082 0
Bihar 96 5,464 814
Jharkhand 175 21,258 62
West Bengal 253 8,166 3,459
A&N Islands 8 230 0
Madhya Pradesh 162 360,099 326,518
Chhatishgarh 17 998 0
Uttar Pradesh 251 13,114 1,757
Uttaranchal 32 913 0
Gujarat 153 41,223 346
Maharashtra 134 64,754 5,595
Goa 21 626 44
Andra Pradesh 118 516,000 483,614
Karnataka 570 188,477 105,265
Kerala 56 5,090 103
TamilNadu &UTP 498 217,328 382
TOTAL 3,024 1,517,560 959,815
Source: Progress of SHG-Bank Linkage in India, Mumbai
Graph – 3.4
SHG-Bank Linkage of Partner Agencies up to 31 March 2013
Source : Table – 3.4
78114
190 5 1551
7 156 1 141 6
14896
175
253
8
162
17
251
32
153134
21
118
570
56
498y = 8.480x - 30.64
R² = 0.285
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
No.of Partner Agencies Linear (No.of Partner Agencies)
121
3.13 Non Governmental Organizations Initiatives
Taking into consideration the failure of various attempts by formal credit
unions, cooperatives and the RRBs, and the plight of the rural poor, as far as credit
needs are concerned, Non Governmental Organizations started organizing them
into community based organizations known under different names, like credit
unions, Mahila Mandals, Mahila Samajams etc. Experience shows that the key to
success of these groups and organizations lies in ensuring full cooperation and
participation of people at the grassroots level. Under various poverty
alleviation/eradication efforts, these days, both by the Governments as well as Non
Governmental Organizations, several types of community based organizational
structures have come up throughout the country enabling the poor women to get
out of the clutches of moneylenders.
The grassroots level women’s collectives, better known these days as the
SHGs, are the primary unit, common to most of the Non Governmental
Organizations in terms the empowerment wing’ of the women’s movement. The
women’s collective has been accepted by Non Governmental Organizations as a
standard entity at the village level, consisting of 10 or even as many as 60 women.
Some of the Women’s Non Governmental Organizations who had taken initiatives
in this field were Cooperative Development Foundation (CDF), Andhra Pradesh;
Working Women's Forum (WWF), Tamil Nadu; Self Employed Women's
Association (SEWA), Gujarat; and Women's Development Programme (WDP),
Rajasthan. Besides the above Non Governmental Organizations, there were others
like the Mysore Resettlement and Development Agency (MYRADA) in
Karnataka; the Professional Assistance for Development Action (PRADAN) in
Tamil Nadu; the Rayalseema Seva Samithi (RASS) and Youth Charitable
Organisation (YCO) in Andhra Pradesh; the Utkal Mahila Sanchaya Vikas
(UMSV) under the aegis of People's Rural Education Movement (PREM); the
Gram Vikas in Orissa etc., who initiated the self-help dynamics in their social
development activities. There are several other Non Governmental Organizations
who later followed suit throughout the country. The role played by MYRADA was
very important as far as the concept of Self Help Group (SHG) is concerned. The
122
details of funds released utilized and unspent balance under Balika Samridhi
Yojana are presented in table – 3.5.
Table - 3.5
Statement Showing Details of Funds Released, Utilised and Unspent Balance
Under Balika Samridhi Yojana
Source: Balika Samridhi Yojana, Ministry of WCD.
S. No.
Name of the State
Total Funds Released
Total Funds Utilized
Total Unspent Balance
1 Andhra Pradesh 1405.54 1149.59 255.95
2 Arunachal
Pradesh 24.85 18.27 6.58
3 Assam 594.02 561.25 32.77 4 Bihar 2623.91 690.00 1933.91 5 Haryana 291.74 271.02 20.72 6 Jharkhand 100.00 63.66 36.34
7 Jammu & Kashmir
229.99 187.72 42.27
8 Madhya Pradesh 2247.21 2144.49 102.72 9 Maharashtra 1146.40 889.40 257.00
10 Manipur 41.41 21.80 19.61 11 Meghalaya 57.83 57.19 0.64 12 Nagaland 13.22 7.14 6.08 13 Punjab 432.65 396.43 36.22 14 Rajasthan 837.62 832.02 5.60 15 Sikkim 15.43 13.97 1.46 16 Tamil Nadu 575.97 350.40 225.57 17 Uttar Pradesh 3311.77 1636.54 1675.23 18 West Bengal 924.46 690.22 234.24 19 Delhi 50.17 28.08 22.09 20 Pondicherry 34.51 15.91 18.60
21 Andaman &
Nicobar 4.15 0.57 3.58
22 Chandigarh 5.50 4.81 0.69
23 D. & Nagar
Haveli 5.91 5.80 0.11
24 Daman & Diu 1.87 0.59 1.28 25 Lakshadweep 1.96 0.58 1.38
Total: 14978.09 10037.45 4940.64
123
Under Balika Samridhi Yojana during 2013 in India Rs. 149.78.09 crores
have been relased, out of this Rs. 10037.45 crores utilized and Rs. 4940.64 crores
of funds are not utilized.
Graph – 3.5
Statement Showing Details of Funds Released, Utilised and Unspent Balance
Under Balika Samridhi Yojana (Total Funds Utilised)
Source : Table – 3.5 .
Table - 3.6
Number of Beneficiaries in Swadhar Shelter Homes Sanctioned Under
Swadhar Scheme
Sl. No.
Name of States 2006-
07 2007-
08 2008-
09 2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
1. Andhra Pradesh --- 200 --- 650 800 200 100
2. Arunachal Pradesh
--- --- --- --- --- 50 ---
3. Assam --- --- 100 150 --- ---
4. Bihar --- --- --- --- --- 50 ---
5. Chhatisgarh --- --- --- --- 100 --- ---
6. Delhi --- 150 --- --- --- --- ---
7. Goa --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
8. Gujarat --- 580 --- 50 --- --- ---
1149.59
18.27
561.25690
271.0263.66
187.72
2144.49
889.4
21.857.197.14
396.43
832.02
13.97
350.4
1636.54
690.22
28.0815.910.574.815.8 0.590.58
y = -24.39x + 718.6R² = 0.100
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
An
dh
ra P
rad
esh
Aru
na
chal
Pra
des
h
Ass
am
Bih
ar
Ha
ryan
a
Jhar
kh
and
Jam
mu
& K
ash
mir
Mad
hya
Pra
des
h
Ma
ha
rash
tra
Ma
nip
ur
Meg
ha
lay
a
Nag
ala
nd
Pu
nja
b
Ra
jast
han
Sik
kim
Ta
mil
Na
du
Utt
ar P
rad
esh
Wes
t B
enga
l
Del
hi
Po
nd
ich
erry
An
da
man
& N
ico
ba
r
Ch
an
dig
arh
D. &
Na
gar
Ha
vel
i
Da
man
& D
iu
La
ksh
ad
wee
p
Total Funds Utilized Linear (Total Funds Utilized)
124
9. Haryana --- 100 --- --- 25 50 50
10. HimachalPradesh --- --- --- --- 50 --- ---
11. Jharkhand --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
12. Jammu & Kashmir
--- 100 --- --- 150 --- ---
13. Karnataka --- 100 650 200 50 50
14. Kerala --- --- --- --- ---
15. Madhya Pradesh --- --- --- --- 250 100 ---
16. Maharastra --- 400 100 150 300 100
17. Mizoram --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
18. Meghalaya --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
19. Manipur --- --- --- 450 150 50 ---
20 Nagaland --- --- --- --- 100 100 ---
21. Orissa --- 50 775 250 150 50
22. Punjab --- --- --- --- -- ---
23 Rajasthan --- 50 50 --- --- ---
24. Sikkim --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
25. Tripura --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
26. Tamilnadu --- 370 150 450 200 ---
27. Uttar Pradesh 813 -- --- --- --- 350 ---
28. Uttranchal --- --- --- --- -- 200 ---
29. West Bengal --- 50 125 250 300 50
30. Andman &
Nicobar --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
31. Chandigarh --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
32. Dadra & Nagar
Haweli --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
33. Diu & Daman --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
34. Lakshadeep --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
35. Pondicherry --- --- --- --- -- --- ---
Source: Swadhar Scheme Ministry of WCD.
Table – 3.6 analyses the number of beneficiaries in Swadhar Shelter homes
sanctioned under Swadhar Scheme. The Swadhar Scheme is in operation among
six states of India only as on 2013 March. The states are as follows ; Andhra
Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharastra, Orissa and West Bengal.
125
Graph – 3.6
Number of Beneficiaries In Swadhar Shelter Homes Sanctioned Under Swadhar Scheme
Source: Table – 3.6
100
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50
0 0 0
50
0 0
100
0 0 0 0
50
0 0 0 0 0
50
0 0 0 0 0 0
y = -0.507x + 21.12R² = 0.036
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
An
dh
ra P
rad
esh
Aru
na
chal
Pra
des
h
Ass
am
Bih
ar
Ch
hat
isg
arh
Del
hi
Go
a
Gu
jara
t
Ha
rya
na
Him
ach
alP
rad
esh
Jha
rkh
an
d
Jam
mu
& K
ash
mir
Ka
rna
tak
a
Ker
ala
Mad
hya
Pra
des
h
Ma
ha
rast
ra
Miz
ora
m
Meg
ha
lay
a
Ma
nip
ur
Na
gala
nd
Ori
ssa
Pu
nja
b
Ra
jast
han
Sik
kim
Tri
pu
ra
Tam
iln
ad
u
Utt
ar P
rad
esh
Utt
ran
chal
Wes
t B
enga
l
An
dm
an
& N
ico
ba
r
Ch
an
dig
arh
Da
dra
& N
aga
r H
aw
eli
Diu
& D
ama
n
La
ksh
adee
p
Po
nd
ich
erry
2012-13 Linear (2012-13)
104
126
3.14 Non Governmental Organizations in India
In India though the Non-Governmental Organization become popular in
1980s voluntary sector has an older tradition even at the time of Independence
during the 1980s Non Governmental Organizations became more specialized and
the voluntary movement was fragmented into three major groups.
The first group includes those traditional development Non Governmental
Organizations, who went into a village a group of weavers and ran literacy
programmes, helped the weavers and other village artisans market their products
and so on. In pure sense, these Non Governmental Organizations became almost
part of the community in their chosen area. The second group of Non Governmental
Organizations was those who researched a particular subject in depth and then
lobbied with the government / petitioned the courts for the improvements in the
lives of the citizens. In the third group were those volunteers who saw themselves
more as activities than other Non Governmental Organizations did, of course, all
Non Governmental Organizations in this category undertook a certain amount of
activism to get their points. According to the study, the largest number of Non
Governmental Organizations is registered in Maharashtra followed by Andhra
Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The details of the state wise strength of Non
Governmental Organizations in India are presented in table – 3.7. The data in table –
3.7 indicates that out of 28 states in India NGOs are concentrated only in 10 states.
Table – 3.7
Number of Non Governmental Organizations in India
Sl. No.
Name of the State No. of NGOs (in lakhs)
1 Maharashtra 4.8 2 Andhra Pradesh 4.6 3 Uttar Pradesh 4.3 4 Kerala 3.3 5 Karnataka 1.9 6 Gujarat 1.7 7 West Bengal 1.7 8 Tamil Nadu 1.13 9 Orissa 1.3
10 Rajasthan 1
Source: Census 2011.
127
Out of ten states Maharastra having high concentration of NGOs (4.8
lakhs) followed by Andhra Pradesh (4.6 lakhs), Uttar Pradesh (4.3 Lakhs) and
Rajasthan obtained last place by having one lakh NGOs.
Graph– 3.7
Number of Non Governmental Organizations in India (in lakhs)
Source : Table – 3.7
These figures show that more than 80% of Non Governmental
Organizations registration comes from 10 states. Similarly in case of finance the
govt. has been the biggest donor i.e., Rs. 18,000 crore was set aside for the social
sector in the XI Plan followed by foreign contributors. Individual donors are
emerging as the biggest and most important sources of funds for the working of
Non Governmental Organizations.
3.15 Major Non Governmental Organizations in India
Non Governmental Organizations are formed to function in various fields
so as to influence socio-cultural and economic life of people in India. There are
organizations in the areas like environment, health care, anti-corruption,
eradication of child labour education, protection of human rights of women and
children, consumer protection etc.
4.8 4.64.3
3.3
1.9 1.7 1.7
0
1.31
y = -0.507x + 5.253R² = 0.846
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
No. of NGOs (in lakhs) Linear (No. of NGOs (in lakhs))
128
M. Venkatarangaiya Foundation formed in 1991 and now functioning in
several states like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar is known for
eradicating child labour from India. The major Non Governmental Organizations
involved in the environment education and protection include centre for Science
and Environment, Gandhi Peace Foundation, Bombay Natural History Society,
Assam Science Society etc.
India against Corruption and Awaaz are very active organization to fight
against corruption, the much needed requisite of the time in India. Chennai based
Anti-corruption Non Governmental Organizations called Fifth Pillar India is yet
another organization that introduces o rupee note to provide ant corruption
message to Indians. All India Human Rights Association is functioning to educate
the Masses about their rights and privileges.
In short, Non Governmental Organizations are there in the area of
environment, health, education, peace, human rights, consumer rights and
women’s rights and in every minute field of social change. The Non
Governmental Organizations sector has always been in the fore front in the
providing recovery, relief and rehabilitation offer natural calamites and disasters
such as floods, drogues and epidemics.15
3.16 Role of Non Governmental Organizations in Rural Development
The council for Advancement of people’s Action and Rural Technology
has played an important role in facilitating the process of development in rural
India through non-government organizations. CAPART is an autonomous body
registered in 1986 under the aegis of the Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of
India. The vision of CAPART is to play a catalytic role so as to strengthen the
voluntary movement in the country and to facilitate the promotion of innovative
rural technologies. For the last 25 year, CAPART has been serving as a catalyst
for developmental initiatives in rural areas, strengthening and encouraging Non
Governmental Organizations, VOs and CBOs to contribute in the betterment of
rural area. CAPART has been implementing many innovative development
129
programmess under different schemes through a strong network of government
and non-government organizations to reach all areas specially the backward areas
of rural India. The details of distribution of targeted interventions by State and
typology of NGOs are presented in table – 3.8.
Table – 3.8
Distribution of Targeted Interventions by State and Typology
(As on March 2013)
State / UT No. of Targeted Intervention NGOs
Total FSW MSW IDU Migrants Truckers
Core Composite
Andhra Pradesh 35 6 5 18 5 33 70 Arunachal Pradesh 6 0 3 6 0 6 21 Assam 38 5 9 6 1 2 58 Bihar 8 3 15 0 1 14 45 Chhattisgarh 10 2 3 6 2 10 33 Goa 6 3 2 2 2 1 19 Gujarat 16 19 3 28 7 40 114 Haryana 13 7 16 7 0 8 41 Himachal Pradesh 11 0 2 4 0 3 23 Jammu & Kashmir
3 1 1 2 0 0 6
Jharkhand 27 4 4 0 3 0 31 Karnataka 16 9 2 12 4 5 34 Kerala 20 14 8 8 2 8 53 Madhya Pradesh 19 10 9 5 4 23 67 Maharashtra 21 5 2 37 11 1 87 Manipur 6 3 44 2 0 1 54 Meghalaya 3 0 3 1 0 1 12 Mizoram 2 1 23 2 0 7 41 Nagaland 0 2 25 1 1 12 39 Odessa 19 4 8 12 1 25 67 Punjab 6 0 11 3 3 9 47 Rajasthan 23 5 5 11 3 11 55 Sikkim 2 0 2 0 0 0 7 Tamil Nadu 15 15 2 6 5 10 53 Tripura 8 1 2 1 0 1 18 Uttar Pradesh 11 5 16 0 7 50 96 Uttar Kannada 11 2 4 6 0 4 27 West Bengal 41 10 11 7 8 0 63 Chandigarh 4 2 2 3 0 1 13 D & N Hawley 0 0 0 2 1 0 3 Daman & Diu 0 0 0 4 1 2 3 Delhi 40 17 20 8 4 0 84 Pondicherry 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 Total 454 155 261 212 76 289 1447
Source: NACO
130
3.17 Size of Non Governmental Organizations in India
According to the Non Governmental Organizations database of the
Planning Commission, Govt. of India, the majority of Indian Non Governmental
Organizations are small sized Non Governmental Organizations with annual
budgets of less than Rs. 5 lakhs a year. This is only in respect of Non
Governmental Organizations funded by the Government of India. The table below
shows the distribution of small, medium and large sized Non Governmental
Organizations, both across India and in the State of Karnataka. Table – 3.9 gives
the details of distribution of Small, Medium and Large NGOs in India and in
Karnataka.
Table – 3.9
Distribution of Small, Medium and Large Non Governmental Organizations
Unit
Small
Rs. 1-5 lakhs
Medium
Rs. 5-10 lakhs
Large
Rs. 10-50 lakhs
Very Large
Rs. >50 lakhs
India No. 3915 866 342 23
Percentage 28.9 6.4 2.7 0.1
Karnataka No. 149 71 25 0
Percentage 31.0 25.0 5 0
Source: NACO
As the table shows, out of the total number of 5146 reporting Non
Governmental Organizations in India in 2013, as many as 3915 were small sized
Non Governmental Organizations with annual budgets between Rs. 1–5 lakhs.
Similarly, out of the total number of 245 reporting Non Governmental
Organizations in Karnataka, 149 were small sized Non Governmental
Organizations. Medium sized Non Governmental Organizations are defined as
those with annual budgets of Rs. 5-10 lakhs; large Non Governmental
Organizations are those with budgets of Rs. 10–50 lakhs and very large Non
Governmental Organizations are those with budgets of over Rs. 50 lakhs.
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Karnataka has 71 medium and 25 large Non Governmental Organizations going
by this definition.
The distribution of Non Governmental Organizations according to activity
is set out in the following Table – 3.10 and there must have been a shift among the
categories of activities, especially towards environment and health, during the
intervening years since the following data were compiled. Data in table shows that
109 NGOs in Karnataka are involved in major activities like rural development,
Human Resource Development, Social Justice and Empowerment, Health,
Environment, Youth affairs, Tribal Affairs and other activities. The major activity
undertaken by NGOs in Karnataka is Rural Development (33%) followed by
Social Justice and Empowerment (30%) and Human Resource Development
(15%).
Table – 3.10
Distribution of Non Governmental Organizations According to Activity
Sector Karnataka India
No. % No. %
Rural Development 232 33 1541 40
Human Resource Development 107 15 2074 13
Social Justice and Empowerment 212 30 2944 18
Health 50 7 1343 8
Environment 20 3 649 4
Youth Affairs 22 3 589 4
Tribal Affairs 24 3 509 3
Others 42 6 6884 10
TOTAL 709 100 16533 100
Source: Ministry of Rural Development
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Graph – 3.8
Distribution of Non Governmental Organizations According to Activity
Source : Table – 3.10
3.18 Challenges and Opportunities faced by Non Governmental
Organizations in India
1. Based on various studies carried out among a number of Indian Non
Governmental Organizations and his own research experience,
Rajasekhar, D (2000) lists out some of the challenges and opportunities
currently facing Indian Non Governmental Organizations. The biggest
opportunity facing Indian Non Governmental Organizations today is to
play a central role in bringing about development at the local level and
in improving the condition of the less privileged sections of society. He
believes that this is duethe inability of the government to tackle the root
cause of unemployment and poverty, even after several decades of
efforts in this direction.
2. In terms of sheer numbers, Non Governmental Organizations that are
active in rural areas today number around 20,000, covering half of the
villages in India. Apart from numbers, Indian Non Governmental
Organizations enjoy increased funding, are equipped with
33
15
30
73 3 3
6
40
13
18
84 4 3
10
y = -3.976x + 30.39R² = 0.617
y = -3.642x + 28.89R² = 0.531
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Karnataka in % India in %
Linear (Karnataka in %) Linear (India in %)
133
professionally qualified and trained workers, people’s organizations at
the village level and work closely with marginalized groups such as
women and backward classes. This vast social infrastructure enables
them to provide better services, to encourage the poor to access
resources provided by the government and to empower them so that
they are in a position to enter local decision-making bodies such as
gram panchayats.
3. Rajasekhar believes that Indian Non Governmental Organizations have
improved their overall image and are now better equipped to influence
government policies at various levels. This in turn has led to the
government changing its previously hostile attitude to Non
Governmental Organizations and in taking into consideration the
opinions of prominent Non Governmental Organizations leaders in
framing policies. This is evident from the fact that several Non
Governmental Organizations leaders are represented in key government
committees and decision-making bodies.
4. The author argues that in spite of the economic reforms and liberalization
policies initiated in 1991, poverty remains an issue that has not been fully
resolved. In such a scenario, he is of the opinion that Non Governmental
Organizations can play a pivotal role through policy advocacy, and
opposing unfavorable policies of the government through lobbying and
mass mobilization of the poor. Opportunity therefore exists for different
types of Non Governmental Organizations, including both developmental
and advocacy Non Governmental Organizations.
5. The biggest challenge for Indian Non Governmental Organizations in
the current environment according to Rajasekhar is to play a dual role
in dealing with the government. On the one hand, Non Governmental
Organizations need to collaborate with the government and on the other
they need to advocate policies that are pro-poor. Only then would Non
Governmental Organizations be able to achieve their social
development objectives. In order to play this dual role effectively,
Rajasekhar suggests that Non Governmental Organizations become
134
self-reliant and start generating their own resources, instead of
depending on outside sources of funding.The inability of the
government to tackle the root cause of unemployment and poverty,
even after several decades of efforts in this direction.
3.19 ADB–Non Governmental Organizations Cooperation in India
ADB recognizes Non Governmental Organizations as significant players in
the development process and cooperates with them to improve the impact,
sustainability, and quality of its services. Non Governmental Organizations
provide value in promoting sustainable development through
Innovation—identifying new approaches and models for specific
development activities and drawing upon their close knowledge of
local communities;
Accountability—helping ensure that programmes components are
implemented as envisaged and planned;
Responsiveness—encouraging the implementation of programmess to
respond to local needs;
Participation—serving as bridges between programmes authorities and
affected communities, and providing structures for citizen participation; and
Sustainability nurturing continuity in programmes work, especially
when the implementing agencies lack capacity or when staffing
changes.
The ADB resident mission in New Delhi acts as a focal point for relations
with Non Governmental Organizations in India.
3.20 Non Governmental Organizations Involvement in ADB-Financed
Activities
Non Governmental Organizations have taken part in several ADB-financed
activities in India. The following tables provide examples of such ADB–NGOs
cooperation in the context of loans, technical assistance, and programmess funded
by the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR). The details of NGOs
135
involvement in ADB financed Loan Programmes in the year 2006 to 2012 are
presented in Table – 3.11.
Table – 3.11
Non Governmental Organizations Involvement in ADB-Financed Loan
Programmess from 2006-2012
Programmes Title Programmes Objective and Non Government
Organization/Civil Society Organization Involvement
Housing finance ii($100 million)
Approved: 21 sep 2006
The programmes improved the living standard and quality of life of low-income households that lacked access to affordable credit for housing and home-based, income-generating activities. As a result of workshops and other programmes preparatory activities with non government organizations and community-based financial institutions (cfis), a major component of the programmes was providing housing finance to low-income households through Non Governmental Organizations and cfis in partnership with the Housing and Urban Development corporation. Non Governmental Organizations involved included Self-Employed Women’s Association, Society for Integral Development Action, Sri Padmavathy Mahila Abyudaya, Society for Promotion of Area Resource Center, and Friends of Women’s World Banking.
Calcutta environmental
improvement ($250 million)
Approved: 19 Dec 2006
The programmes aimed to improve environmental conditions in the outer areas of calcutta, now known as Kolkata, reduce poverty in low-income areas through affordable access to basic human services, empower communities through participatory processes, and protect the environment from adverse development impacts. Non Governmental Organizations were consulted during programmes preparation, and segregated and transported biodegradable waste. A range of community-based organizations working in slums and low-income communities in the city were engaged to support the stakeholder consultation process, the slum improvement component, and the implementation of the resettlement plan for the canal bank dwellers.
In the Year of 2007
Gujarat earthquake
rehabilitation and
reconstruction
The programmes helped rehabilitate and reconstruct damaged infrastructure and housing, and supported livelihood rehabilitation in the earthquake-affected area of the state of Gujarat. it also enabled people to rebuild and resume their normal lives by restoring availability of basic services such as
136
($500 million) Approved: 26
Mar 2007
drinking water and electricity, providing housing to mitigate homelessness, and fostering economic opportunities.Non Governmental Organizations helped identify high priority areas, participated in programmes planning and carried out benefit monitoring. several well-known local and national Non Governmental Organizations and the Self-Employed Women’s Association are active in the area and implemented livelihood restoration activities under the programmes. their activities included enhancing skills of artisans and empowering them to market their work. A local Non Governmental Organizations Kachchh Navnirman Abhiyan, was nominated as the coordinator of NGO activities and set up 22 local subcenters to coordinate information and assistance. cooperation between international and national Non Governmental Organizations was extensive.
Western transport corridor
($240 million) Approved: 20
sep 2007
The programmes financed upgrading a two-lane single carriageway to a four-lane divided highway on the tumkur–Haveri section of National Highway 4 in the state of Karnataka. Non Governmental Organizations helped with the resettlement program, and were responsible for HIV/AIDs-awareness training for construction workers. they also participated in programmes reviews with the government and stakeholders.
In the Year of 2008
Modernizing Government and fiscal reform in Kerala ($200
million) Approved: 16
Dec 2008
The programmes supported the Government of Kerala in attaining the financial means and capability to deploy resources in a transparent, accountable, predictable, and equitable manner, and to create an enabling environment for pro-poor growth. Non Governmental Organizations helped ensure that the relevant components of the program were implemented in consultation with stakeholders.
In the Year of 2009
Urban Water supply and
environmental improvement
in Madhya Pradesh($200
million)
Approved: 12 Dec 2009
The programmes is addressing citywide deficiencies in basic urban services for six of the largest urban centers in Madhya Pradesh. Direct social benefits are expected to be sustained improvements in water supply, sanitation, garbage collection, and disposal within the programmes cities. the programmes is helping cities undertake participatory planning exercises that met the needs of the urban poor. based on successful experience in other states in india, financing is being provided for community water supply, sanitation, drains, and social services for poor settlements.
Domestic Non Governmental Organizations are being engaged to
137
assist in the municipal action planning process for poverty reduction in each programmes city. they are also gaining experience by working with government agencies andcommunities in participatory planningand implementing environmental and slum improvement programmess
In the Year of 2010
National Highway sector ii
($400 million) Approved: 21
Dec 2010
the programmes is intended to strengthen the capacity of india’s National Highways Authority for national highway development and operation and maintenance; upgrade and increase the capacity of 566 km of key national arterial corridors, particularly the north-south corridor; improve road safety; and prevent the spread of Hiv/AiDs and human trafficking along the programmes highways.
Non Governmental Organizations are assisting in the Hiv/AiDs and anti-trafficking components of the programmes, including monitoring the socioeconomic indicators along the programmes roads.
In the Year of 2011
Tsunami emergency Assistance
(sector) Programmes
($100 million) Approved: 14
Apr 2011
The tsunami emergency Assistance (sector) Programmes is intended to enable people to resume their normal lives by supporting restoration of livelihoods and essential services; and rehabilitate and reconstruct damaged public and community-based transportation and rural and municipal infrastructure. Non Governmental Organizations have identified high priority areas, and are participating in the selection, design, implementation, and monitoring of rehabilitation and reconstruction of rural infrastructure and other activities. field monitoring is taking place through district coordination committees, which encompass consultative processes with Panchayati raj institutions and Non Governmental Organizations. input from Non Governmental Organizations is integral given the programmes’s thrust to establish livelihoods and community-based infrastructure.
In the Year of 2012
North Karnataka Urban sector
investment Program ($270 million)
Approved: 6 Dec
The program will help the Karnataka government rehabilitate existing urban infrastructure facilities and construct new ones in North Karnataka. community development programs in poor communities will be implemented with the help of civil society organizations
138
2012 (csos), which will focus on health and sanitation awareness, low-cost sanitation infrastructure, and self-help groups for women. the program includes establishing a district-level valuation committee, including representatives of csos and affected persons, to determine replacement costs of losses of land, structures, trees, and crops. csos will also be part of the grievance redress committee to resolve grievances of program-affected persons.
Rural cooperative credit restructuring and Development
Program ($1 billion)
Approved: 8 Dec 2006
The program will develop a sustainable cooperative credit structure that will improve rural households’ access to affordable financial services.this will enhance the income and employment growth for the rural poor. the program acknowledges the pivotal role of Non Governmental Organizations in implementing rural finance through self-help groups. the program is the outcome of intensive policy dialogue carried out over 3 years involving key stakeholders including Non Governmental Organizations.
Source: ADB Report
Table – 3.12
Non Governmental Organizations Involvement in ADB-Financed Technical Assistance
Programmes Title Programmes Objective and Non Government
Organization/Civil Society Organization Involvement
Strengthening Government–citizen
connection for effective Governance
of Urban local bodies($20,000)Non
Governmental Organizations: Center for Social Research
Approved: 2000
The programmes improved the performance and accountability of urban local government officials by strengthening the interface between urban local bodies, citizens, business groups, and Non Governmental Organizations. the center for social research studied the changes that had taken place since the enactment of the 74thconstitutional amendment. the center interviewed representatives of various stakeholders about their socioeconomic and electoral backgrounds. training modules were developed for male and female elected representatives, followed by a 2-day workshop to report the outcome of the research and training. the study showed that increased participation of women in urban local bodies has been successful. the research also indicated that women performed well in the election, and that providing reserved seats for women was viewed positively.
Women’s empowerment and
The programmes trained women in 10 Jaipur villages in technology, leadership, and rights-awareness to enable them to better meet their socioeconomic needs and become more active members of the community. Women were organized
139
Socio-Economic Development
($19,000) Non Governmental
Organizations:Humana People to People
IndiaApproved: 2000
into self-help groups and attended educational training, health counseling, and gender-issue workshops.
The programmes established 20 self-help groups in 11 villages in Jaipur with a total membership of 331 women. These groups provided access to credit, training, and other resources for sustainable, farm-based income-generating programmess such as goat rearing and worm culture (vermiculture). the self-help groups operated as forums to raise awareness on women’s health, family planning, Hiv/AiDs, nutrition, violence, work hazards, and gender equity.
Attacking Poverty Using Microcredit to Promote
Women’s Access to improved
transportation($18,000) Non Governmental Organizations: Self-
Employed Women’sAssociation
Approved: 2000
Programmes activities included pilot testing and evaluating financial and organizational mechanisms to increase poor women’s access to transportation through a revolving loan fund, monitoring the affordability and demand-responsiveness of the program, evaluating the economic and social impacts of improved transportation on women and their families, and developing guidelines for replicating the pilot program on a larger scale. the programmes assessed the transportation needs of its clients. the study found that transportation was a central concern for self-employed women.
Source: ADB Report
Table – 3.12 represensts the NGOs involvement in ADB financed technical
assistance. The main multilateral programmes that involved Non Governmental
Organizations in Karnataka were World Bank programmes in rural areas, the
World Bank Drinking Water Programmes, and the World Bank and DANIDA
supported Karnataka Watershed Development Programmes (KWDP). The KWDP
experience in Karnataka is a useful case of the issue of using Non Governmental
Organizations as a conduit for government programmes.
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KARNATAKA MAP
