8

CHAPTER II

THE USE OF TEAMS GAMES TOURNAMENT (TGT) IN

TEACHING SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A. Cooperative Learning

1. Nature of Cooperative Learning

Cooperative learning is an educational approach which aims to

organize classroom activities into academic and social learning

experiences, an active learning where students work together to finish

some task in the process of learning itself. In cooperative learning, the

students will working together as a team or a group to solve the problem

in learning process. According Felder and Brent (2007:1) states

“cooperative learning is an approach to group work that minimizes the

occurrence of those unpleasant situations and maximizes the learning and

satisfaction that result from working on a high performance team”. In

addition, according to Li. M. P and Lam. B. H (2005:1) stated that

Cooperative learning is a student-centered, instructor-facilitated

instructional strategy in which a small group of students is responsible

for its own learning and the learning of all group members. Based on the

experts above, it can concluded that cooperative learning is an approach

to group work who students-centered, instructor-facilitated instructional

strategy in which a small group of students.

9

In cooperative learning students need to study together to make the

student fells confidence to finish the task. Another benefit of cooperative

learning is face to face interaction, individual accountability, group

processing, and collaborative skills. The aim of cooperative learning is to

make the students working together in learning process itself, with using

cooperative learning it will make the students face to face in order to

finish the materials with discuses it together. In individual accountability

the student will responsible for their own contribution to the group.

In cooperative learning there are some kinds of cooperative

learning. According to Slavin (1991:5) states that there are five kinds of

method such as Jigsaw, Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD),

Team Accelerated Instruction (TAI), Cooperative Integrated Reading and

Composition (CIRC), and Teams Games Tournament (TGT). Based on

the explanation above, in this research the researcher uses Teams Games

Tournament (TGT) because the researcher interested to apply it in

Simple Present Tense Material.

2. Teams Games Tournament (TGT) Method

a. Definition of Teams Games Tournament (TGT) Method

Teams Games Tournament (TGT) is one of the team learning

strategies designed by Robert Slavin for review and mastery learning

of material. Teams Games Tournament is a structure for reorganizing

the classroom into four or five member teams, each having members

from all levels of achievement. According to Slavin (1991:38) states

10

“A Teams Games Tournament team consists of four or five students

who represent a cross-section of the class in terms of sex, race or

ethnicity, and past performance”. Teams Games Tournament (TGT)

uses academic games and tournaments, in which students compete as

representatives of their teams with members of other teams.

b. Procedure of Teams Games Tournament (TGT)

Teams Games Tournament (TGT) has procedures to apply in the

class. According to Slavin (1991:36) The procedure to do the

cooperative learning type Teams Games Tournament (TGT) has 4

steps in applying this method in the class. The procedures are as

follows:

1) Class Presentation

The first presentation is about the material that discus by the

curriculum, students have to concentrate during the presentation

because it is very useful to them to do the next steps.

2) Teams

Before the researcher conducts the Teams Games Tournament

(TGT), it necessarily to divide the students into group, each group

contain 4-5 students.

3) Games

After the students are divided into the groups, then the next step is

games. The games contain of relevant questions about the material

to discuses by each group to test individual understanding. Students

11

select a numbered card and try to answer the questions. Students

who answered the question would get a score. These scores are

collected as group score.

4) Tournament

A tournament is the structure where the games take place. It is

conducted after the teacher gave presentation and the teams have

practiced with their worksheet. The students are assigned to

tournaments tables in which the tournament is composed of

homogeneous students. The technique can be seen as follows.

TEAM A

TEAM B TEAM C

Slavin (1991:35)

Figure 2.1

The Steps of Playing Teams Games Tournament

A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4

HIGH AVERAGE AVERAGE LOW

TURNAMENT TABLE

1

TURNAMENT TABLE

2

TURNAMENT

TABLE

3

TURNAMENT

TABLE

4

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4

HIGH AVERAGE AVERAGE LOW

C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4

HIGH AVERAGE AVERAGE LOW

12

c. Advantages and Disadvantages of Teams Games Tournament

(TGT)

As one of the teaching technique in teaching and learning process,

TGT has some advantages and disadvantages. According to Prasetyo

(2012:3) as follow:

a. Students are more active during the learning process.

b. Students will better mastery in the material provided.

c. Improve the student communication skill to each other.

d. Learning process will be more attractive.

e. Improving the teaching quality.

Teams Games Tournament (TGT) also has some disadvantages,

there are two disadvantages of Teams Games Tournament (TGT).

1. Wasting

The tournament will take a long time, to overcome this

problem the researcher already prepared two meetings in lesson plan

to handle the time and use it effectively. In the first meeting the

researcher explained the rules of how the students play Teams

Games Tournament and made a group. The second meeting, the

researcher applied the treatment which was Teams Games

Tournament in the class.

2. Difficult to know whether students can solve problems in intellectual

or team work.

13

To solve this problem the researcher used individual student

scores to determine whether students could solve the problem for

intellectual ability or teamwork . After the researcher conducted the

method, the researcher found another disadvantage of

3. Absences of the students during tournament period.

The absences of the students during tournmanet period will

disturb the successful of the tournament. But, to solve this problem

the researcher told the students that the next meeting will be exiting.

B. The Definition of Tense

Tenses is one of lessons in teaching learning, and used to show the

relation between the action or state described by the verb and the time, which

is reflected in the form of the verb. According to Dykes (2007:44) the word

"tense" is from Latin tempus meaning time. Tense is indicated whenever we

use a finite verb. Tense is a category used in the description of verbs which

refers to the location of an action in time (cited from Ureel, 2011:10).

Based on the explanation above, tenses is grammatical such as

conceptualize and encode time or the form of verb that show about the time

(now, future, or past) that happen in event. There are 16 tenses in the rules of

English that must be mastered by the students in English learning process, so

it is really important to be learnt by them. In this research, the researcher

wanted to conduct the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) method in the

material of Simple Present which has one of 16 tenses.

14

C. Simple Present Tense

1. Definition of Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is one of lessons that should be learnt by

students in Senior high school, through simple present tense the students

can make a good sentence. The simple present tense is indicates an action

in the present time which is not finished. This can be a habitual action

(something done regularly such as brushing your teeth every day) or a

general truth. The explanation above same like Azar (1993:11) states that

the simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in the

present, and will be true in the future. As same as Aygen (2014:157) says

when the present even refers to a current state, a habitual or recurrent

event in the time, or to a timelines event, it is called simple present tense.

Based on the explanation above simple present tense is one of tense form

that used to states something happen in the present, and something was

true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future.

2. Forms of the Simple Present Tense

In simple present tense has two forms that are very important to be

learnt, there are verbal and nominal foms. In this discussion the researcher

provides the formula of simple present tense is following the table below:

15

Table 2.1

Table Present Simple

Form Subject (S)

Formula

Positif (+)

Interrogative

(?)

Negative (-)

Nominal

I S+am Am+ S S+am+not

He,She,It S+is Is+S S+is+not

You, We,

They

S+are Are+S S+are+not

Verbal

I S+do Do+S+V1 S+do not

He, She, It S+does Does+S+V1 S+does not

You, We,

They

S+do Do+S+V1 S+do not

Notes:

S = Subject

V1 = Verb 1

Based on table above which describe that simple present tense has

two forms, verbal and nominal. In this discussion will expalain about

verbal and nominal as follows:

a. Verbal

Verbal sentence is a sentence that contains the verb, in the other

words the verbal sentence is a sentence that make verb as the

16

predicate. In using the verb in verbal sentences there is an agreement

when the subject is singular, the verb has added suffix s/es. For

example when we want to describe our habit in the morning, “I watch

TV every morning. And when the subject is singular, “He watches TV

every morning”.

Notes:

The rules of verb agreement:

Table 2.2

Table Of verb

(+) S + V1 + (S/ES)

(-) S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1

I

YOU

WE

THEY

DO

HE

SHE

IT

DOES

Murphy (2012:4)

In singular subject, the verb which is put in the sentences form

must be given suffix S/ES for the positive form but in another form

such as negative and interrogative do not need suffix S/ES.

The examples describes below:

Singular subject:

(+) She always washes her face before sleep.

(-) she does not always wash her face before sleep.

(?) Does she always wash her face before sleep?

(+) Susan goes to market every Sunday.

17

(-) Susan Does not go to market every Sunday.

(?) Does Susan go to market every Sunday?

Plural subject:

(+) They study English at the school.

(-) They do not study English at the school.

(?) Do they study English at the school?

(+) We play football at the stadion.

(-) We do not play football at the stadion.

(?) Do we play football at the stadion?

b. Nominal Form

Nominal form of simple present tense is used to describe the

truth of something. In this form, the sentence does not need verb to

construct it. Furthermore, in constructing this form just need be to

express fact about the present or all-time truths such as express or

describe about nationality, profession, characteristics, condition. For

example, the first President of Indonesia is Soekarno, it describes

about the truth something and does not need the “verb” to make the

sentence in nominal form.

Table 2.3

Table of Formula

(+) S + BE + (NOUN, ADJ, ADV)

(-) S + BE + NOT + (NOUN, ADJ, ADV)

(?) BE + S + NOT + (NOUN, ADJ, ADV)

Notes: The use of be agreement for each of the subject.

18

Table 2.4

Table of Subject

I AM

YOU

WE

THEY

ARE

HE

SHE

IT

IS

Seaton and Mew (2007:84)

The examples of nominal form in singular subject:

(+) I am a student

(-) I am not a student

(?) Am I a student?

(+) He is my family.

(-) He is not my family.

(?) Is he my family?

(+) Bella is a smart student.

(-) Bella is not a smart student.

(?) Is Bella a smart student?

3. The Use of Simple Present Tense

The use of simple present tense is explaining about when the

simple present will be used by people in conversation in daily life.

According to Irena and Vesna (2009:8) states that the use of simple

present tense:

a. For permanent situation (the earth revolves around the sun).

19

b. For things which always happen (I usually wake up at 7).

c. For repeated actions (Mary goes to work every day).

d. For facts about future events (I start my work tomorrow).

Based on the explanation above there are four items to use the simple

present tense.