CHAPTER IIREVIEW REFERENCES

A. Averrhoa bilimbi1. Status of Averrhoa bilimbi in Plant Systematics

Systematics of plants (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) is:

Division : Spermatophyta

Sub Division: Angiospermae

Class : Dicotyledonae

Nation : Gerantales

Tribe : Oxalidaceae

Marga : Averrhoa

Species : Averrhoa bilimbi L.

(Syamsuhidayat and Hutapea, 2001).

2. Morphology of plantsHeight of starfruit tree reaches 10 m with a trunk that is not so big and has

a diameter of only about 30 cm. Planted as a fruit tree, sometimes growing

wild and are found from the lowlands to 500 m. Starfruit has a bumpy coarse

stems, branching slightly, leaning over her. Haired young branches smooth

like velvet, the color is light brown. Leaves odd-pinnate compound leaf form

with 21-45 pairs of leaflets. Children's short-stemmed leaves, ovoid to

ellipsoid shape, pointed tip, base rounded, flat edge, 2-10 cm long, 1-3 cm

wide, color is green, lower surface light green. Inflorescence a panicle, group,

out of the trunk or large branches, tiny flower star-shaped reddish purple

color. The fruit of Averrhoa bilimbi L. faceted oval, 4 to 6.5 cm long,

yellowish green color, when ripe juicy, sour taste. Seeds ovoid shape,

flattened. Sour fruit flavor, commonly used as a refresher syrup, flavoring

dishes, clean the stain on the cloth, polish the items made of brass, and

cleaning dirty hands or as an ingredient of traditional medicine. Propagation

by seeds and grafts.

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Picture1. Averrhoa bilimbi L

3. Chemical content and benefitsStarfruit contain various chemical compounds, including saponins,

tannins, glukosid, calcium oxalate, sulfur, formic acid, peroxide, and

potassium citrate. The trunk contains Saponins, Tannins, glucoside, Calcium

Oxalate, Sulfur, Formic acid, Peroxidase. While the leaves contain Tannins,

Sulphur, Formic acid, peroxidase, calcium oxalate, potassium citrate.

In Chinese pharmacology, the plant is believed to relieve pain, capable of

as anti-inflammatory, and laxative urine, but it can make a cool sour taste.

These plants also have various medicinal properties that are very helpful. In

addition to lowering high blood pressure, the plant is also often used to cure

cough, sore pains, mumps, rheumatism, ulcers, toothache, to treat acne and

tinea versicolor.

The following table part properties - the starfruit plants for health.

No. Averrhoa bilimbi part Efficacy for health

1. Flower Cough, bleeding gums, and Thrush (stomatitis)

2. Leaves Stomach, Mumps (parotitis), and Rheumatism

3. Fruit Whooping cough, bleeding gums, canker, sores, cavities pain, acne, “panu”, high blood pressure, paralysis, Improve digestive funct, rectum’s inflamation

4. Young twigs Mumps (parotitis)

Table 1. Efficacy Averrhoa bilimbi

B. HypertensionBlood pressure is the pressure experienced by the blood in the arteries when

blood is pumped by the heart to all members of the human body. Blood pressure

was measured by taking two sizes and usually there are two numbers that will be

called by the doctor. For example, doctors call 140-90, it means it is 140/90

mmHg. The first number (140) shows the upward pressure of the arteries due to

cardiac pulsation or heart beat or beats time, and is called the systolic pressure or

the pressure is often called upon. The second number (90) shows the pressure

when the heart is resting between pumping, and is called diastolic pressure, or

often called under pressure.

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Tool to check blood pressure sphigmomanometer or also known as tensimeter.

There are digital and there is also tensimeter mercury that is still commonly used

for clinical examinations.

High blood pressure or hypertension is a medical condition in which an

increase in blood pressure is chronic (long-term). Someone who has at least the

blood pressure exceeds 140/90 mmHg at rest is expected to have high blood

condition. High blood pressure is always a risk factor for stroke, heart attack,

heart failure and arterial aneurysm, and is a major cause of chronic heart failure.

Hypertension usually occurs in the blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or above,

measured in both arms three times in a few weeks.

The following table classification of blood pressure in adulthood.

Blood Pressure Category Systolic Diastolic Blood Pressure

Normal <120 mm Hg (and) <80 mmHg

Pre-hypertension 120-139 mmHg (or) 80-89 mmHg

Stage 1 140-159 mmHg (or) 90-99 mmHg

Stage 2 > = 160 mmHg (or)> = 100 mmHg

Table 2. Classification of Blood Pressure In Adults

Increased blood pressure in the arteries can occur in several ways:

1. The heart pumps more powerful that drain more fluid on every second

2. Large arteries lose elasticity and become stiff, so it can not inflate when

the heart pumps blood through the arteries. Therefore, the blood in each

heart beat are forced to pass through narrow vessels, causing more

pressure. This is what happens in the elderly, where the wall has been

thickened and stiff arteries due to arteriosclerosis. In the same way, blood

pressure also increased in the event of "vasoconstriction", if the small

arteries (arterioles) to temporarily shrink due to stimulation of nerves or

hormones in the blood.

3. Increased fluid in the circulation can cause blood pressure to rise. It

happens if there are abnormalities in kidney function, so it is not able to

throw some salt and water from the body. The volume of blood in the

body increases, so that blood pressure is also increasing.

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Conversely, if the heart's pumping activity is reduced, arterial widening

experience. A lot of fluid out of circulation. Then the blood pressure will decrease

or become smaller. Adjustment for these factors be implemented by changes in

renal function and autonomic nervous system (part of the nervous system which

regulates many bodily functions automatically).

C. CandyAccording to Big Indonesian Dictionary, candy is sugar that smell and taste

stimuli containing a mixture of oils (from plants). Candy loved by the children, as

food everyday. In addition, the candy is also favored by all people whether young

or old and any economic class. Only sometimes content in candy making candy is

not good consumed continuously as excessive sugar content, the less good

chocolate flavor and the amount of synthesis that is inconsistent with the required

levels of the body.

Even sometimes, candy using fruits as aroma flavor but only artificial flavors.

Sweet and taste shocks can create disturbances in the body such as strep throat

and heartburn.

D. FrameworkChart 1. Research Framework

E. Research Hypothesis

1. Starfruit can lower blood pressure in mice.

2. Communities provide a positive response regarding the candy starfruit as

lowering blood pressure for patients with hypertension and are willing to

try.

3. Starfruit can lower heart rate or heart rate in mice.

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Averrhoa bilimbi is not interesting Seeing the previous experiment that the properties in Averrhoa bilimbi as diuretic that is Calium Oksalat

If the way to cure hypertension is only eating fresh Averrhoa bilimbi, it is not interesting at all.

Candy is interesting food. So we packed Averrhoa bilimbi in the form of candy.