I. Title : estimates of population size in the simulation (with

koro bean) with the method of capture-mark-release-recapture

II. Purpose : apply the method of capture-mark-release-recapture to

estimate the population of the lentils and compare the results of the three

formulas estimai Peterson, Schnabel, and Eschmeyer-Sumacher

III. Review of the literature:

Ecology comes from the Greek, which consists of two words: oikos which

means home or place of living, and logos meaning science. Ecology is defined as

the study of both the interaction between living things and the interactions

between living things and their environment. In ecology, we study living things as

a unit or system with its environment. Ecological definition as above, was first

presented by Ernest Haeckel (zoologiwan German, 1834-1914). Ecology is the

branch of biology which are making use of information from a variety of other

sciences, such as: chemistry, physics, geology, and climatology to the discussion.

Application of ecology in agriculture and plantations of which is the use of

biological controls to control pest populations in order to increase productivity.

The scope of the ecological range in the level of populations, communities, and

ecosystems (Anonim 1, 2012).

Discussion of ecology can not be separated from the discussion of the

various constituent components of ecosystem, abiotic and biotic factors are.

Abiotic factors such as temperature, water, humidity, light, and topography, while

biotic factors are living things made up of humans, animals, plants, and microbes.

Ecology is also closely linked to the levels of organization of living things, ie

population, community, and ecosystems that mutually influence and is a system

that shows unity. Biotic factors are living factors that include all living things on

earth, both plants and animals. In ecosystems, plants act as producers, consumers

act as animals, and microorganisms act as a decomposer (Anonim 1. 2012).

Core problems of ecology is the relationship of living things, especially

humans with their environment. Knowledge about the interrelationships between

living things with their environment is called ecology. The term ecology was first

introduced by Enerst Haeckel, a biologist at the German nation. Ecology comes

from the Greek word Oikos meaning house and logos which means the science /

study. Therefore, ecology means the science of the home (residence) of living

things. Thus ecology is usually be meaned as the study of the reciprocal

relationship between living things with their environment. Based on the literal

meaning of the origin of ecology and economy he said the same. Ecology (Oikos

and logos) are economic (Oikos and nomos) that the science is much in common.

But in a ecology, the currency used in transactions rather than rupiah or dollars,

but the material, energy, and information. Flows of matter, energy, and

information within a community or several communities have a major concern in

ecology, such as money in the economy. Therefore, the transaction in the form of

ecological materials, energy, and information (Anonim 2. 2012).

Environmental management is anthropocentric, that is a major concern

associated with human interests. Survival of a species of plant or animal, is

associated with the role of plants or animals to meet human needs, both material

(food) and non-material (beauty and scientific value). Thus human survival in the

environment is largely determined by the plants, animals, and inanimate elements

(Anonim 2. 2012).

In the exceptional case might be able to determine the size and population

density by direct counting all individuals in the limit of a population. For

example, we can calculate the number of starfish in the tide pools. Groups of large

mammals such as buffalo or elephant, sometimes it can be generated accurately

from aircraft. However, in some cases, impractical or even impossible to calculate

Seua individuals residing in a population. Instead, ecologists often use various

techniques of sampling or sample to estimate the density and size of the total

population. For example, scientists can estimate the number of alligators in the

Florida Everglades by calculating the individual contained in a few plots of land

(plot) that represents the appropriate size. Such estimates are more accurately

using a sample of parcels of land more and bigger and as homogeneous habitat

(Campbell, 2004:334).

Population also means a group of similar individuals in a particular area. This

understanding is used to indicate the number of individuals in a population. Count

all individuals in a population is called population size. Population size can be

determined by the census, ie find and record every individual in the area of

observation (Susanto, 2000: 202).

According Anonim 1 (2012), abiotic factors are nonliving factors that

include physical and chemical factors. The main physical factors that affect the

ecosystem is as follows:

Temperature

Temperature effect on the ecosystem due to temperature is a necessary

condition for living organisms. There are other types of organisms that can

live only at a certain temperature range.

Sunlight

Sunlight affect the global ecosystem because of the sun determines the

temperature. Sunlight is also a vital element needed by plants as producers

to photosynthesize.

Water

Effect on ecosystem water because the water needed for survival of the

organism. For plants, the water is required in growth, germination, and

seed dispersal; for animals and humans, need water for drinking and other

living facilities, such as transportation for humans, and habitat for fish. For

other abiotic elements, such as soil and rock, water is necessary as solvents

and decomposer.

Ground

Land is a place to live for the organism. Different soil types causing

organisms that live in it are also different. Soil also provide important

elements for the growth of organisms, especially plants.

Height

Altitude determines the type of organisms that live in these places, because

of different heights will result in physical and chemical conditions are

different.

Wind

The wind in addition to a role in determining the humidity also play a role

in the dissemination of seeds of certain plants.

Latitude

Different latitudes show different environmental conditions. Latitude is

not directly lead to differences in the distribution of organisms on the

earth's surface. There are organisms capable of living on a certain latitude.

Population density of one species or group of animals can be expressed in the

form of number or biomass per unit, or a broad unity or unity or the unity of the

capture volume. Density is very important pupolasi measured to calculate

productivity, but to compare a community with other komnitas this parameter is

not so precise. It is used for relative density. Relative density can be calculated by

comparing the density of a species with a density of all types contained in the unit.

Relative density is usually expressed as a percentage. (lecture group.2012:1)

Population group being interpreted as a collection of the same type of (or

other group of individuals capable of exchanging genetic information) that inhabit

a particular space, which has various characteristics that best described, although

statistically significant, unique as belonging to the group rather than individual

characteristics in the group. (Soetjipta.1992)

Population size generally varies from time, usually follow two patterns.

Some populations maintain the size poulasi maintain population size, a relatively

constant while the other pupolasi berfluktasi large enough. The main difference is

the environment that stimulated an experiment to improve the grouse population.

Investigation of population dynamics, essentially by the balance between births

and deaths in the population in an attempt to understand the nature mentioned.

(Naughton.Mc.1973)

    Calculations for both populations of animals and plants can be held

directly and indirectly. Indirectly, namely with an estimated population size in

such a manner appropriate to the nature of animals or plants that can be

calculated. For example, for sampling weed populations can be used grass

meadow grass squares method, for large animals can be performed by the method

of track count or fecal count, while for animals that are relatively easy to catch for

example rats, locusts or grass populations can be estimated with the method

capture mark release recapture (CMMR) (lecture group.2012:1). Southwood in

lecture group (2012) stated that the application of the method of CMRR with the

following assumptions.

a. Marked animals were not affected by the sign and the sign is not easily

lost.

b. Marked animals must be mixed homogeneously in the population.

c. Population should be in a closed system (no migration or migration can be

calculated).

d. There are no births or deaths during the sampling period.

e. Animals are captured once or more, does not affect the results of

subsequent sampling.

f. Population assuming random sampling of all age groups and genders can

be captured as well as all individuals have the same ability to be captured.

g. Sampling is done by a fixed time interval.

A population can also be interpreted sabagai the same group. A population

can also be interpreted as a creatures that inhabit the same species, and a special

room at a particular time. Population can be divided into Deme, or local

populations, groups that can fertilize each other, the smallest collective unit or

plant.Populasi animal population has some characteristics of the statistical

measurements that can not be applied to individual members opulasi. Basic

characteristics of the population or population density is. Population density of the

population size is associated with a unit of space, which is generally studied and

found chopped sabagai individuals or biomass per unit area per unit of content.

Sometimes it is important to distinguish the rough density of ecological density (=

specific density).Gross density or biomass is a count of the total space of unity,

whereas Ecological density is a count of individual biomass of unity of space

habitats.In the event that is not practical to implement a population density

mutklak. In the meantime it has been deemed sufficient if known kerapan relative

of a population. Absolute density measurement is by way of: Thorough

calculation is the most direct way to understand what is the creature in question is

calculated in sutau area are all creatures and footage method is to calculate the

population of small proporsil. (Peterson). (Soetjipta.1992)

For biotic sampling methods are commonly used to move animals capture-

recapture method. A method that has been popular to assume a population size of

a species of fast-moving animals such as fish, birds and small mammals.

This method there are several ways:

A. Linceln-Peterson method

This method is the dasrya arrested a number of individuals of an animal

population to be studied. Individuals who are arrested and given a mark

that is easy to read, then released again in a short period of time. After a

few days to be recaptured and marked captured calculated.

Than twice the size of the catch can be presumed or population size (N) by

the formula:

N / M = n / R or N = (M) (n) / R

By:

N = total population size.

M = number induvidu captured on the first arrest.

n = number of induvidu an arrest was caught on the second.

R = Individuals marked from the first arrest was caught back in a second

arrest.

In the method of estimation is done by pulling the population sample,

there is always an error (Error). To calculate the error capture-recapture

method can be done by calculating the standard error (SE = Standard

errror of his)

SE = √ (M) (n) (M-R) (n-R): R3

Once it is known SE confidence interval can be determined:

N = (1) (SE) with a note, t = (df) In Α t distribution table (significance

level) = 0.05

To calculate the density (d) the animal population sector in a particular

habitat (A) is calculated by the formula: D = N / A

B. Schnabel method

To improve the accuracy of the Lincoln-Peterson method (Due to

relatively small sample), can be used schanabel. This method requires the

same assumptions in addition to the Lincoln-Peterson method, also added

to the assumption that population size should be constant from one

sampling period to the next period. In this way the population can be

predicted by the formula:

N = Σ (ni Mi) / Σri

With a note:

Mi = the total number of animals caught period Eke I added the previous

period,

Ni = the animal is caught in the period i

Ri = the animal is caught again in the period to i

Then the standard error of this method can be calculated by the formula:

SE = 1 / √ 1 (N-Mi) = (k-1) / N-Σ (1/N-ni))

With a note:K = number of sampling periods and Mi = total number of

marked animals. (Sugianto.A.1994)

IV. The research method

4.1 materials and tools

• two pieces of plastic cups

• 1 ounce of nuts Tolo

• 1 oz green beans

4.2 Procedure

When will calculate the population of red lentils, then do steps - steps

as follows:

Take a handful of red lentils, numbered, and then replace the

other color of the lentils and dmasukkan into the jar. This

method aims to mark the animals

then the jar was shaken by a constant so that the lentils mixed

homogeneously

take a second snapshot in the same way, if there are a number

of other koro then recorded as m or written in the table R.

Meanwhile, mince the lentils are caught both recorded as T.

Take the next such as the above excerpts to 10 times

Thus, the population estimate for red lentils can be calculated

with the formula that is the third Peterson, Schnabel,

sumacher-Eschmeyer

If you want to calculate estimates of the lentils and white then

do the same, only taken the first jar is a jar of white. Do it

anyway footage 10 times.

After completion of the two kinds of population estimates

koro, koro bean populations subsequently calculated the total

number directly.

Reference

Anonym 1. 2012. Geomorfologi kloning. http://munadhiroh.ngeblogs.com.

(Diakses tanggal 12 april 2012)

Anonym 2. 2012. Estimasi populasi. http://bhimashraf.blogspot.com .

(Diakses tanggal 12 april 2012)

Campbell. 2004. Biologi Edisi Kelima Jilid 3. Jakarta : Erlangga.

Naughhton.1973. Ekologi Umum edisi Ke 2. Yogyakarta : UGM Press

Soegianto,agus.1994.Ekologi Kwantatif. Surabaya : Usaha Nasional

Soetjipta.1992.Dasar-dasar Ekologi Hewan. Jakarta : DeptDikBud DIKTI

tim dosen. 2012. petunjuk praktikum ekologi hewan. Jember : UJ

“ESTIMATES OF POPULATION SIZE IN THE SIMULATION (WITH

KORO BEAN) WITH THE METHOD OF CAPTURE-MARK-RELEASE-

RECAPTURE “

(Submitted for the practice task of Animal Ecology)

REPORT OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY

By :

Group 8

Indra Sahfriana (090210103009)

Dian Dwi Lestari (090210103011)

Winda Anisfiani (090210103037)

Harissudin Masrur (090210103072)

Heru Prasetyo (090210103075)

STUDY PROGRAM OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCES AND MATHEMATIC

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER

2012