Chapter Eight: The Umbrella Effect

Chapter Eight:Chapter Eight:

The Umbrella EffectThe Umbrella Effect

Jihad Moves to Central and Jihad Moves to Central and Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia


The impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union The impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on Central Asiaon Central Asia The Stans (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, The Stans (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,

Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan) Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan) moved into self-governmentmoved into self-government

The new Russian Federation wanted nothing The new Russian Federation wanted nothing to do with their old possession in Central Asiato do with their old possession in Central Asia

The new governments ended up with The new governments ended up with authoritarian regimes far removed from the authoritarian regimes far removed from the common people, which led to unrest across common people, which led to unrest across the region, and the climate became ripe for the region, and the climate became ripe for religious radicals to gain influencereligious radicals to gain influence

Three groups that grew in Central Asia after 1991Three groups that grew in Central Asia after 1991 The Hezb-ul-TahirThe Hezb-ul-Tahir

A Palestinian organization that moved to A Palestinian organization that moved to Central Asia to preach conversion to IslamCentral Asia to preach conversion to Islam

The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) Proposed a violent jihad against Islam Proposed a violent jihad against Islam

Karimov, the dictator of UzbekistanKarimov, the dictator of Uzbekistan Ethnic Uighars from western ChinaEthnic Uighars from western China

Organized to revive an eighteenth-century Organized to revive an eighteenth-century state in China’s Xing Xian (New Frontier) state in China’s Xing Xian (New Frontier) provinceprovince


The Jihadists move to IndiaThe Jihadists move to India Much of India’s terrorist problem centered Much of India’s terrorist problem centered

on Jammu and Kashmir, a disputed territory on Jammu and Kashmir, a disputed territory along the Indian and Pakistani borderalong the Indian and Pakistani border

India’s and Pakistan’s internal problemsIndia’s and Pakistan’s internal problems India was concerned with growing India was concerned with growing

terrorism fostered by Pakistani groups, terrorism fostered by Pakistani groups, its own internal Jihadists, and Sikh its own internal Jihadists, and Sikh terrorists (the Sikhs are a religious group terrorists (the Sikhs are a religious group combining monotheism with precepts of combining monotheism with precepts of Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism)Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism)


The Jihadist movement in Southeast AsiaThe Jihadist movement in Southeast Asia Jihadist groups began forming in Jihadist groups began forming in

Indonesia in the early 1990sIndonesia in the early 1990s Lashkar JihadLashkar Jihad

Formed to fight Christians in the Formed to fight Christians in the EastEast

Jamaat IslamiyyaJamaat Islamiyya Formed with the purpose of placing Formed with the purpose of placing

Indonesia under strict Islamic lawIndonesia under strict Islamic law


The PhilippinesThe Philippines Religious and ideological rebellions were repeated Religious and ideological rebellions were repeated

themesthemes The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

Seeks an independent Islamic stateSeeks an independent Islamic state Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)

Seeks to create an Islamic state under strict Seeks to create an Islamic state under strict interpretations of Islamic lawinterpretations of Islamic law

Abu SayyufAbu Sayyuf Claims to be part of the Jihadist movement, but is Claims to be part of the Jihadist movement, but is

most closely associated with criminal activity, and most closely associated with criminal activity, and seems more interest in money than religionseems more interest in money than religion

The New Peoples ArmyThe New Peoples Army Hopes to turn the Philippines into a communist stateHopes to turn the Philippines into a communist state


Ethnic Chechnyans and RussiansEthnic Chechnyans and Russians Chechnyan rebels should not be Chechnyan rebels should not be

lumped with other Jihadist lumped with other Jihadist movementsmovements

Chechnyans are engaged in a Chechnyans are engaged in a legitimate war of independence legitimate war of independence and are not like other Jihadist and are not like other Jihadist terroriststerrorists


Sunni Jihad from Africa to Sunni Jihad from Africa to the Westthe West

Sunni Jihad from Africa to the WestSunni Jihad from Africa to the West

The Algerian Civil WarThe Algerian Civil War In 1992, an Islamic party won the In 1992, an Islamic party won the

national election in Algerianational election in Algeria The Algerian military took control of The Algerian military took control of

the government and voided the the government and voided the electionselections

The military coup ended in the Civil The military coup ended in the Civil War, during which more than one War, during which more than one hundred thousand people died hundred thousand people died between 1992 and 2002between 1992 and 2002

Sunni Jihad from Africa to the WestSunni Jihad from Africa to the West The path of the Jihadist groupsThe path of the Jihadist groups

The Muslim BrotherhoodThe Muslim Brotherhood Started in Cairo in 1928 under the leadership of Started in Cairo in 1928 under the leadership of

Hassan al BannaHassan al Banna By 1951, after al Banna’s assassination, the By 1951, after al Banna’s assassination, the

movement grew violent, partly because of the movement grew violent, partly because of the influence of Sayyid Qutbinfluence of Sayyid Qutb

Qutb was executed in 1966, and the Brotherhood Qutb was executed in 1966, and the Brotherhood returned to its original mission of peacereturned to its original mission of peace

Al QaedaAl Qaeda Moved to Sudan in 1992, and found willing Moved to Sudan in 1992, and found willing

partners in the northpartners in the north In some cases, Jihadist groups shared training and In some cases, Jihadist groups shared training and

members with al Qaedamembers with al Qaeda

Sunni Jihad from Africa to the WestSunni Jihad from Africa to the West Jihad in the international arenaJihad in the international arena

Qutb advocated of revolutionary reform inside Qutb advocated of revolutionary reform inside government, but he argued it was necessary to government, but he argued it was necessary to confront and defeat infidel government not under confront and defeat infidel government not under the rule of Islamic lawthe rule of Islamic law

Jihadists sought to impose Islamic law on the worldJihadists sought to impose Islamic law on the world As a result, Jihadists used Africa as a springboard to As a result, Jihadists used Africa as a springboard to

the Westthe West Hezbollah (Party of God)Hezbollah (Party of God)

Spawned in Lebanon after the Iranian Revolution, Spawned in Lebanon after the Iranian Revolution, which culminated in the overthrow of the secular which culminated in the overthrow of the secular shah of Iranshah of Iran

Hezbollah’s purpose is to spread the Islamic law of Hezbollah’s purpose is to spread the Islamic law of Shi’ite IslamShi’ite Islam

The Metamorphosis of The Metamorphosis of HezbollahHezbollah


Shi’ite beliefsShi’ite beliefs One of Mohammed’s decedents One of Mohammed’s decedents

must return before God judges must return before God judges humanityhumanity

Mohammed’s power flowed Mohammed’s power flowed through his heirsthrough his heirs

Mohammed had twelve direct heirs, Mohammed had twelve direct heirs, or imams, and that the last imam or imams, and that the last imam was taken directly to heavenwas taken directly to heaven


The birth of HezbollahThe birth of Hezbollah Secular Syrian Ba’athists wanted to establish control in LebanonSecular Syrian Ba’athists wanted to establish control in Lebanon Lebanon was locked in a multifaceted civil warLebanon was locked in a multifaceted civil war Secular Palestinians in the Palestine Liberation Organization Secular Palestinians in the Palestine Liberation Organization

(PLO) moved into the Shi’ite areas of southern Lebanon(PLO) moved into the Shi’ite areas of southern Lebanon The Syrians backed the southern Shi’ites in the civil war, pitting The Syrians backed the southern Shi’ites in the civil war, pitting

the Shi’ites and the Syrians against the PLOthe Shi’ites and the Syrians against the PLO The Israelis invaded Lebanon in 1982 to drive the PLO from the The Israelis invaded Lebanon in 1982 to drive the PLO from the

south. This led to an alliance among Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, south. This led to an alliance among Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, secular Syrian Ba’athists, and southern Lebanese Shi’itessecular Syrian Ba’athists, and southern Lebanese Shi’ites

As Shi’ite militias resisted the Israeli invasion, one group began As Shi’ite militias resisted the Israeli invasion, one group began to form in the shadows of the civil war. It centered around a to form in the shadows of the civil war. It centered around a “nonorganization”- a governing council to share ideas, plans, and “nonorganization”- a governing council to share ideas, plans, and money, but designed to disappear and leave autonomous groups money, but designed to disappear and leave autonomous groups to carry out attacks under a variety of names. They called to carry out attacks under a variety of names. They called themselves Hezbollah, or the Party of Godthemselves Hezbollah, or the Party of God


The Umbrella organization of HezbollahThe Umbrella organization of Hezbollah Overhead, Syrian and Iranian money Overhead, Syrian and Iranian money

and supplies poured into the movementand supplies poured into the movement Below the umbrella, several Shi’ite cells Below the umbrella, several Shi’ite cells

operated autonomously and received operated autonomously and received money, weapons, and ideas through money, weapons, and ideas through hidden channels linked with the hidden channels linked with the spiritual leadersspiritual leaders

The leadership formed alliances with The leadership formed alliances with two Lebanese Shi’ite groups, Al Dawa two Lebanese Shi’ite groups, Al Dawa and Islamic Amaland Islamic Amal


Leadership of HezbollahLeadership of Hezbollah Sheik Mohammed Hassan FadallahSheik Mohammed Hassan Fadallah

Charismatic spiritual leaderCharismatic spiritual leader Abus MusawiAbus Musawi

Provided loose connections to Provided loose connections to IranIran

Hassan NasrallahHassan Nasrallah Practical miltaristPractical miltarist


The developmental phases of HezbollahThe developmental phases of Hezbollah Phase one (1982-1985), the umbrella covered many Phase one (1982-1985), the umbrella covered many

terrorist groupsterrorist groups After 1985, Hezbollah’s leaders wanted to develop a After 1985, Hezbollah’s leaders wanted to develop a

revolutionary movement similar to that which revolutionary movement similar to that which gripped Iran in 1978 and 1979gripped Iran in 1978 and 1979

Narsrallah began changing the structure of Narsrallah began changing the structure of Hezbollah in 1985Hezbollah in 1985 He established regional centers, transforming He established regional centers, transforming

them to operational bases between 1987 and them to operational bases between 1987 and 19891989

Hezbollah on the warpathHezbollah on the warpath The marine barracks bombingThe marine barracks bombing Kidnapping campaign in BeirutKidnapping campaign in Beirut


The third phase came in 1990The third phase came in 1990 Nasrallah created a regional militia by 1990Nasrallah created a regional militia by 1990 Hezbollah’s militia soon found itself in trouble; Hezbollah’s militia soon found itself in trouble;

Squabbling broke out among various groups, and Squabbling broke out among various groups, and Hezbollah was forced to fight Syria and Islamic AmalHezbollah was forced to fight Syria and Islamic Amal

The fourth phase brought the organizations from the The fourth phase brought the organizations from the shadowsshadows By 1995, Hezbollah developed strong political bases By 1995, Hezbollah developed strong political bases

of support in parts of Beirut, the Bekaa Valley, and of support in parts of Beirut, the Bekaa Valley, and its stronghold in southern Lebanonits stronghold in southern Lebanon

When Palestinians rose against the Israelis in 2000, When Palestinians rose against the Israelis in 2000, Hezbollah embraced their cause, and its transformation Hezbollah embraced their cause, and its transformation was complete. It was a nationalistic group with a military was complete. It was a nationalistic group with a military wing, and its stated goals were to eliminate Israel and to wing, and its stated goals were to eliminate Israel and to establish an Islamic government in Lebanonestablish an Islamic government in Lebanon

The Current State of The Current State of HezbollahHezbollah

The Current State of HezbollahThe Current State of Hezbollah

Hezbollah’s three directoratesHezbollah’s three directorates The political wing, the social The political wing, the social

services wing, the security wingservices wing, the security wing Each directorate is subservient to Each directorate is subservient to

a Supreme Council, currently a Supreme Council, currently headed by Hassan Nasrallahheaded by Hassan Nasrallah

Hezbollah receives funding from IranHezbollah receives funding from Iran

The Current State of HezbollahThe Current State of Hezbollah Hezbollah’s tacticsHezbollah’s tactics

The primary tactic is bombingThe primary tactic is bombing Suicide bombingSuicide bombing Radio-controlled bombs Radio-controlled bombs

Hezbollah internationalHezbollah international The Supreme Council denies its existenceThe Supreme Council denies its existence The international section has cells in The international section has cells in

several different countries, including the several different countries, including the United States, and maintains an extensive United States, and maintains an extensive international finance ring partially based international finance ring partially based on smuggling, drugs, and other crimeson smuggling, drugs, and other crimes

A Sympathetic View of A Sympathetic View of HezbollahHezbollah

A Sympathetic View of HezbollahA Sympathetic View of Hezbollah Hezbollah had no intention of Hezbollah had no intention of

spreading the Iranian Revolution; spreading the Iranian Revolution; they merely wanted to defend their they merely wanted to defend their communitycommunity

They are a religious and political They are a religious and political organization supporting a guerrilla organization supporting a guerrilla army, and the purpose of the army is army, and the purpose of the army is to defeat Israelto defeat Israel

The main focus of Hezbollah is social The main focus of Hezbollah is social service in the form of education, service in the form of education, health services, and social securityhealth services, and social security

A Sympathetic View of HezbollahA Sympathetic View of Hezbollah Hezbollah guerrillas believe that Hezbollah guerrillas believe that

fighting the Israelis is not an act of fighting the Israelis is not an act of terrorismterrorism

Most Arabs find Hezbollah to be a Most Arabs find Hezbollah to be a source of inspirationsource of inspiration

Hassan Fadlallah condemned the Hassan Fadlallah condemned the September 11 attacks as un-Islamic, September 11 attacks as un-Islamic, refusing to call the hijackers refusing to call the hijackers “martyrs” and maintaining they “martyrs” and maintaining they committed suicide while murdering committed suicide while murdering innocent peopleinnocent people

A Critical View of A Critical View of HezbollahHezbollah

A Critical View of HezbollahA Critical View of Hezbollah Hezbollah is a terrorist organization because:Hezbollah is a terrorist organization because:

The suicide attacks it carried out against The suicide attacks it carried out against civilians and peacekeeping forcescivilians and peacekeeping forces

Its kidnapping rampage from 1983 to 1990Its kidnapping rampage from 1983 to 1990 1985 hijacking of a TWA flight1985 hijacking of a TWA flight Two bombings in Argentina in 1992 and 1994Two bombings in Argentina in 1992 and 1994 Hezbollah has been responsible for a campaign Hezbollah has been responsible for a campaign

of suicide bombings, the murders of Lebanese of suicide bombings, the murders of Lebanese Christians, international arms smuggling, and a Christians, international arms smuggling, and a host of international criminal activityhost of international criminal activity

A Critical View of HezbollahA Critical View of Hezbollah Hezbollah’s uncompromising political stand, Hezbollah’s uncompromising political stand,

and critics contend that it exists for only two and critics contend that it exists for only two reasons: to impose a Shi’ite government on reasons: to impose a Shi’ite government on Lebanon and to destroy the state of IsraelLebanon and to destroy the state of Israel

Alasdair Soussi says Hezbollah exports its Alasdair Soussi says Hezbollah exports its revolutionary ideals , claiming that contacts revolutionary ideals , claiming that contacts exist between Hezbollah and the Iraqi exist between Hezbollah and the Iraqi resistance movementresistance movement

Jessica Stern points out that Hezbollah Jessica Stern points out that Hezbollah interacts with other terrorist groups around interacts with other terrorist groups around the worldthe world

A Critical View of HezbollahA Critical View of Hezbollah Hezbollah is part of the Jihadist Hezbollah is part of the Jihadist

network, but its origins and reasons network, but its origins and reasons for existing are found in the struggle for existing are found in the struggle over Palestineover Palestine

Hezbollah provided a model for the Hezbollah provided a model for the formation of an international formation of an international umbrella of terrorist organizations. umbrella of terrorist organizations. The international section remains a The international section remains a conglomeration of like-minded conglomeration of like-minded semiautonomous groupssemiautonomous groups

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Chapter Eight: The Umbrella Effect