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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
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• ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The medical model takes a
“disease” view, while
psychology sees
psychological disorder as an
interaction of biological,
cognitive, social, and
behavioral factors
What is Psychological
Disorder?
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What is Psychological
Disorder?
Psychopathology –
Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or
thoughts inappropriate to the situation
and leading to personal distress or the
inability to achieve important goals
Synonymous terms include:
Mental illness
Mental disorder
Psychological disorder
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What is Psychological
Disorder?
Three classic signs suggest severe
psychological disorder
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Severe affective disturbances
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Distress Maladaptiveness
Irrationality Unpredictability
Unconventionality and undesirable
behavior
Indicators of Abnormality
Other signs of a disorder are more subtle,
and a diagnosis depends heavily on
clinical judgment
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Changing Concepts of
Psychological Disorder:
The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Behavioral perspective –
Abnormal behaviors can be acquired
through behavioral learning – operant
and classical conditioning
Cognitive perspective –
Abnormal behaviors are influenced by
mental processes – how people perceive
themselves and their relations with others
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The Biopsychology of Mental Disorder
Although most psychologists have
reservations about the medical model,
the do not deny the influence of biology
on thought and behavior
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How are Psychological
Disorders Classified?
The most widely used
system, found in the DSM-
IV, classifies disorders by
their mental and behavioral
symptoms
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Overview of DSM-IV
Classification System
DSM-IV – Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United States
Neurotic disorder or neurosis
Psychotic disorder or psychosis
In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look at the entire person, not just their “abnormal” behavior
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Mood Disorders
Major depression –
Form of depression that does not
alternate with mania
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) –
Believed to be caused by deprivation of
sunlight
Bipolar disorder –
Mental abnormality involving swings of
mood from mania to depression
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Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause
Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience
Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces
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Anxiety Disorders
Phobias– A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation
Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors
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Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder –
Condition characterized by patterns of
persistent, unwanted thoughts and
behaviors
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Somatoform Disorders
Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints
Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause
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Somatoform Disorders
Glove Anesthesia
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Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis –
Somatoform disorder involving excessive
concern about health and disease
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Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders –
Group of pathologies involving
“fragmentation” of the personality
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A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative Disorders
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Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative Disorders
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Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative Disorders
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Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative Disorders
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – stemming from psychological reasons rather than organic causes
Bulimia – Eating disorder characterized be eating binges followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typical initiated as a weight-control measure
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Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia –
Psychotic disorder involving distortions in
thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions
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Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual
Positive
Negative
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Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Features incoherent
speech,
hallucinations,
delusions, and
bizarre behavior
Residual Type
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Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Involves stupor or
extreme excitement
Residual Type
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Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Prominent feature:
combination of
delusions and
hallucinations Residual Type
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Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Persons displaying a
combination of
symptoms that do not
clearly fit in one of the
other categories
Residual Type
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Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Individuals who have
had a past episode of
schizophrenia but are
free of symptoms
Residual Type
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Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Any form in which the
person displays
active symptoms
(e.g. delusions,
hallucinations)
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Positive
Schizophrenia
Negative
Schizophrenia
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Any form distinguished
by deficits, such as
withdrawal and
poverty of thought
processes
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Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia
has been found in a variety of factors
including genetics, abnormal brain
structure, and biochemistry
Diathesis-stress hypothesis –
Genetic factors place the individual at
risk, but environmental stress factors
transform this potential into an actual
schizophrenic disorder
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Personality Disorders
Personality disorders –
Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive,
inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of
thinking, emotion, social relationships, or
impulse control
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Personality Disorders
Narcissistic personality disorder –
Characterized by a grandiose sense of
self-importance, a preoccupation with
fantasies of success and power, and a
need for constant attention
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder –
Characterized by a long-standing pattern
of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack
of conscience and a diminished sense of
responsibility to others
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Personality Disorders
Borderline personality disorder –
An unstable personality given to
impulsive behavior
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Adjustment Disorders and Other
Conditions That May Be a Focus
of Clinical Attention
Mild depression
Physical
complaints
Marital
problems
Academic
problems
Parent-child
problems
Bereavement Malingering
Job problems
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Developmental Disorders
Autism – A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind
Dyslexia – A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder
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Developmental Disorders
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period
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Shyness
Shyness, a distressing pattern of avoiding
or withdrawing from social contact is
treatable, but it is not a DSM-IV disorder
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Ideally, accurate diagnoses
lead to proper treatments, but
diagnoses may also become
labels that depersonalize
individuals and ignore the
social and cultural contexts in
which their problems arise
What are the Consequences
of Labeling People?
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The Plea of Insanity
Insanity –
A legal term, not a psychological or
psychiatric one, referring to a person who
is unable, because of a mental disorder
or defect, to confirm his or her behavior
to the law