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Chapter Chapter 11 Biology: Exploring Life
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition
Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Lecture by Richard L. MyersTranslated by Prof. Dr. Nabih A. Baeshen
Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology
� Biology is the science of life in all its living forms, plants, animals and microorganisms including man
� The term “Biology” derived from bios = life and logos = science
� Living organisms have many attributes that distinguish them from non-living objectsdistinguish them from non-living objects
� It comes in the first place the characteristic of adaptation: the innate fitness of an organism for its environmental condition
� The leopard is an excellent example of an organism adapted to its environment
Introduction: Adaptation
– It survives because of adaptations to its environment
– Examples are coat camouflage and hunting and climbing ability
–– AdaptationsAdaptations are the result of evolution–– AdaptationsAdaptations are the result of evolution
–– EvolutionEvolution is the process of change that transforms life
–– BiologyBiology is the scientific study of life
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGYTHEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY
�� OrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganization is another important attribute of living organisms is another important attribute of living organisms is another important attribute of living organisms is another important attribute of living organisms that define the themes in the study of biology that define the themes in the study of biology that define the themes in the study of biology that define the themes in the study of biology
� Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
� Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels of increasing complexity best described as a hierarchy of lifeof increasing complexity best described as a hierarchy of lifeof increasing complexity best described as a hierarchy of lifeof increasing complexity best described as a hierarchy of life
�� AtomsAtomsAtomsAtomsAtomsAtomsAtomsAtoms are organized into are organized into are organized into are organized into moleculesmoleculesmoleculesmoleculesmoleculesmoleculesmoleculesmolecules ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ organellsorganellsorganellsorganellsorganellsorganellsorganellsorganells ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ cellscellscellscellscellscellscellscells ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ tissuestissuestissuestissuestissuestissuestissuestissues ⇒⇒⇒⇒organsorgansorgansorgansorgansorgansorgansorgans ⇒⇒⇒⇒systemssystemssystemssystemssystemssystemssystemssystems ⇒⇒⇒⇒organismorganismorganismorganismorganismorganismorganismorganism ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ populationpopulationpopulationpopulationpopulationpopulationpopulationpopulation ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ communitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunity ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystem ⇒ biosphere⇒ biosphere⇒ biosphere⇒ biosphere
Biosphere المحيط الحيويكل ا نظمة البيئية على الكرة ا رضية
Ecosystem النظام البيئي
جميع العشائر المختلفة المتفاعلة مع ما يحيطبھا من ماء وھواء وتربة ومناخ في منطقة
Florida coastمعينة مثل ساحل فلوريدا
Community, All organisms onthe Florida coast
كل الكائنات المكونة للعشائر: الجماعةالمختلفة في منطقة معينة مثل ساحل فلوريدا
Population, Groupof brown pelicans
مجموعة من الكائنات: العشيرةالحية من نفس النوع تتزاوج فيما بينھا مثل البجع البني
Organism الكائن
Life’s hierarchy of organizationمنظومة مراتب الحياة
The upper The upper The upper The upper tiertiertiertier
Nucleusالنواة
Nerveعصب
Spinal cordالحبل الشوكي
Cell الخليةNerve cellخلية عصبية
Tissue نسيجNervous tissue
النسيج العصبي
Organ العضو Brain الدماغ
Organelleعضية
Nucleusنواة
MoleculeجزيئDNAدنا
Atomذرة
Organism الكائنBrown pelican البجع البني
Organ system الجھاز العضويNervous system الجھاز العصبي
Brainالدماغ
The lower The lower The lower The lower tiertiertiertier
The middle The middle The middle The middle tiertiertiertier
1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level
� The upper tier is a global perspective of lifeThe upper tier is a global perspective of lifeThe upper tier is a global perspective of lifeThe upper tier is a global perspective of life•• BiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphere ---- all the environments (ecosystems) on all the environments (ecosystems) on all the environments (ecosystems) on all the environments (ecosystems) on
Earth that support lifeEarth that support lifeEarth that support lifeEarth that support life•• EcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystem -------- all the organisms (communities) living in a all the organisms (communities) living in a all the organisms (communities) living in a all the organisms (communities) living in a
particular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular area•• CommunityCommunityCommunityCommunityCommunityCommunityCommunityCommunity -------- the array of organisms (different the array of organisms (different the array of organisms (different the array of organisms (different
populations) living in a particular ecosystempopulations) living in a particular ecosystempopulations) living in a particular ecosystempopulations) living in a particular ecosystem•• Population Population Population Population Population Population Population Population -------- all the individuals of a species only all the individuals of a species only all the individuals of a species only all the individuals of a species only
interbreadinterbreadinterbreadinterbread with each other within a specific areawith each other within a specific areawith each other within a specific areawith each other within a specific area
1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level
�The middle tier is characterized by the organism, The middle tier is characterized by the organism, The middle tier is characterized by the organism, The middle tier is characterized by the organism, an individual living thing, which is composed ofan individual living thing, which is composed ofan individual living thing, which is composed ofan individual living thing, which is composed of•• Organ systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systems ---- have specific functions; are have specific functions; are have specific functions; are have specific functions; are
composed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organs•• Organs Organs Organs Organs Organs Organs Organs Organs -------- provide specific functions for the provide specific functions for the provide specific functions for the provide specific functions for the
organismorganismorganismorganism•• TissuesTissuesTissuesTissuesTissuesTissuesTissuesTissues -------- made of groups of similar cellsmade of groups of similar cellsmade of groups of similar cellsmade of groups of similar cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level
� Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower tier, which is composed oftier, which is composed oftier, which is composed oftier, which is composed of•• MoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMolecules ---- clusters of atomsclusters of atomsclusters of atomsclusters of atoms•• OrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganelles - membranemembranemembranemembrane----bound structures bound structures bound structures bound structures
with specific functionswith specific functionswith specific functionswith specific functions•• CellsCellsCellsCellsCellsCellsCellsCells ---- living entities distinguished from living entities distinguished from living entities distinguished from living entities distinguished from
their environment by a membrane their environment by a membrane their environment by a membrane their environment by a membrane
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level
Atoms are organized into molecules ⇒⇒⇒⇒organells ⇒⇒⇒⇒ cells ⇒⇒⇒⇒ tissues ⇒⇒⇒⇒organs ⇒⇒⇒⇒ systems ⇒⇒⇒⇒organism ⇒⇒⇒⇒ population ⇒⇒⇒⇒
community ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ecosystem ⇒⇒⇒⇒ biosphere
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒
⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒
community ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ecosystem ⇒⇒⇒⇒ biosphere
1.2 Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy
� Life requires interactions between living and Life requires interactions between living and Life requires interactions between living and Life requires interactions between living and nonliving components.nonliving components.nonliving components.nonliving components.� The The The The nonliving components nonliving components nonliving components nonliving components are chemical and are chemical and are chemical and are chemical and
nutrients required for life.nutrients required for life.nutrients required for life.nutrients required for life.� to be living, a thing must be capable of growth, reproduction and metabolism....– Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are called called called called producersproducersproducersproducersproducersproducersproducersproducers– Others eat plants (or animals that profit from Others eat plants (or animals that profit from Others eat plants (or animals that profit from Others eat plants (or animals that profit from plants) and are called plants) and are called plants) and are called plants) and are called consumersconsumersconsumersconsumersconsumersconsumersconsumersconsumers
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ecosystem
Producers(such as plants)
Sunlight
Cyclingof
chemicalNutrients
Chemical energy
Heat
Consumers(such as animals)
( Heat
The cycling of nutrients and flow of energy
in an ecosystem
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
� Form generally fits functionForm generally fits functionForm generally fits functionForm generally fits function 1.1.1.1. By studying a By studying a By studying a By studying a biological structurebiological structurebiological structurebiological structure, you , you , you , you determine what it does and how it worksdetermine what it does and how it worksdetermine what it does and how it worksdetermine what it does and how it works2.2.2.2. Life emerges from Life emerges from Life emerges from Life emerges from interactions of interactions of interactions of interactions of 2.2.2.2. Life emerges from Life emerges from Life emerges from Life emerges from interactions of interactions of interactions of interactions of structures structures structures structures 3.3.3.3. Combinations of structures (components) Combinations of structures (components) Combinations of structures (components) Combinations of structures (components) provide organization called a provide organization called a provide organization called a provide organization called a systemsystemsystemsystemsystemsystemsystemsystem
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
� Two distinct groups of cells existTwo distinct groups of cells existTwo distinct groups of cells existTwo distinct groups of cells exist
� Prokaryotic cellsProkaryotic cellsProkaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells1.1.1.1. Genetic material is not surroundedGenetic material is not surroundedGenetic material is not surroundedGenetic material is not surrounded 2.2.2.2. by a nuclear membraneby a nuclear membraneby a nuclear membraneby a nuclear membrane3.3.3.3. Simple and smallSimple and smallSimple and smallSimple and small 3.3.3.3. Simple and smallSimple and smallSimple and smallSimple and small 4.4.4.4. Bacteria are prokaryoticBacteria are prokaryoticBacteria are prokaryoticBacteria are prokaryotic
� Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells1.1.1.1. Genetic material is surrounded by a Genetic material is surrounded by a Genetic material is surrounded by a Genetic material is surrounded by a 2.2.2.2. a nuclear membranea nuclear membranea nuclear membranea nuclear membrane 3.3.3.3. Possess organelles separated by membranesPossess organelles separated by membranesPossess organelles separated by membranesPossess organelles separated by membranes4.4.4.4. Plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryoticPlants, animals, and fungi are eukaryoticPlants, animals, and fungi are eukaryoticPlants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
DNA دنا(no nuclear envelop)
Prokaryotic cell
Membrane
Eukaryotic cell
Contrasting the size and
Nucleus (contains DNA surrounded
by nuclear membrane)
Organelles
Contrasting the size andcomplexity of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells
1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features
� All living things share common propertiesAll living things share common propertiesAll living things share common propertiesAll living things share common properties•• OrderOrderOrderOrderOrderOrderOrderOrder ---- he complex organization of living thingshe complex organization of living thingshe complex organization of living thingshe complex organization of living things•• RegulationRegulationRegulationRegulationRegulationRegulationRegulationRegulation ---- an ability to maintain an internal an ability to maintain an internal an ability to maintain an internal an ability to maintain an internal
environment consistent with lifeenvironment consistent with lifeenvironment consistent with lifeenvironment consistent with life•• Growth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and development ---- consistent growth and consistent growth and consistent growth and consistent growth and •• Growth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and development ---- consistent growth and consistent growth and consistent growth and consistent growth and
development controlled by DNAdevelopment controlled by DNAdevelopment controlled by DNAdevelopment controlled by DNA•• EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy processingprocessingprocessingprocessingprocessingprocessingprocessingprocessing ---- acquiring energy and transforming it acquiring energy and transforming it acquiring energy and transforming it acquiring energy and transforming it
to a form useful for the organism through metabolism to a form useful for the organism through metabolism to a form useful for the organism through metabolism to a form useful for the organism through metabolism
1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features
� Common properties continuedCommon properties continuedCommon properties continuedCommon properties continued�� Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment ---- an ability to an ability to an ability to an ability to
respond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimuli respond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimuli �� ReproductionReproductionReproductionReproductionReproductionReproductionReproductionReproduction ---- the ability to perpetuate the the ability to perpetuate the the ability to perpetuate the the ability to perpetuate the
speciesspeciesspeciesspecies�� Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation ---- acquisition of traits acquisition of traits acquisition of traits acquisition of traits
that best suit the organism to its environmentthat best suit the organism to its environmentthat best suit the organism to its environmentthat best suit the organism to its environment
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
(3) Growth and development
(4) Energy processing(2) Regulation
(1) Order
Some important properties of life
(5) Response to the environment (6) Reproduction ((77) Evolutionary adaptation) Evolutionary adaptation
pro
per
ties
of
life All living things
exhibitcomplex but
orderedOrganization, as
seen
(1) OrderSom
e im
po
rtan
t seenin the highly
orderedStructure of a
sunflower
Some important properties of life
For example, a jackrabbit
can adjust its bodytemperature by
regulating
(2) Regulation
regulatingThe amount of blood
flowing through its ears....when the rabbit’’’’s body
temperature rises, moreblood flows through the
vessel in its ears, allowing
excess heat to be releasedto the air.
Some important properties of life
Information carried by genesInformation carried by genesInformation carried by genesInformation carried by genesthe units of inheritance thatthe units of inheritance thatthe units of inheritance thatthe units of inheritance that
transmit information from parentstransmit information from parentstransmit information from parentstransmit information from parentsTo offspring To offspring To offspring To offspring –––– controls the controls the controls the controls the
patternpatternpatternpattern
(3) Growth and development
patternpatternpatternpatternof growth and development in allof growth and development in allof growth and development in allof growth and development in all
organisms, including theorganisms, including theorganisms, including theorganisms, including theNile crocodileNile crocodileNile crocodileNile crocodile
Some important properties of life
Fro example, when thisFro example, when thisFro example, when thisFro example, when thisbear eats the fish, it willbear eats the fish, it willbear eats the fish, it willbear eats the fish, it willuse the chemical energyuse the chemical energyuse the chemical energyuse the chemical energy
stored in the fishstored in the fishstored in the fishstored in the fishto power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesto power its own activities
(4) Energy processingMetabolism
to power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesand chemical reactionsand chemical reactionsand chemical reactionsand chemical reactions
(metabolism)(metabolism)(metabolism)(metabolism)
Some important properties of life
All organisms respondto environmental stimuli
Fro example, a Venus flytrap
closes its trap in response
(5) Response to the environment
closes its trap in responseto the environmental
stimulusof an insect landing on it
Some important properties of life
Organisms reproduce theirown kind, by producing offsprings. This emperorPenguins is protecting its
(6) Reproduction
Penguins is protecting its baby.
By reproduction survival ofthe specie, not extinction,
is achieved
Some important properties of life
Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations tochange (evolve) over time
Fro example, the appearance
(7) Evolutionary adaptation
Fro example, the appearanceof the pygmy seahorseshas evolved in the way
that camouflage the animalin its environment
THE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCE
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature
��Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural phenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomena–– Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science ---- uses verifiable observations uses verifiable observations uses verifiable observations uses verifiable observations and measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe science–– HypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesis-------- basedbasedbasedbasedbasedbasedbasedbased sciencesciencesciencesciencesciencesciencesciencescience ---- uses the data from uses the data from uses the data from uses the data from discovery science to explain sciencediscovery science to explain sciencediscovery science to explain sciencediscovery science to explain science
– This requires proposing and testing of This requires proposing and testing of This requires proposing and testing of This requires proposing and testing of hypotheseshypotheseshypotheseshypotheses
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1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature
�There is a difference between a There is a difference between a There is a difference between a There is a difference between a theorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheoryand a and a and a and a hypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesis– A A A A hypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesis is is is is a proposed explanation a proposed explanation a proposed explanation a proposed explanation for a set of observationsfor a set of observationsfor a set of observationsfor a set of observations– AAAA theorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheory is supported by a large and is supported by a large and is supported by a large and is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidenceusually growing body of evidenceusually growing body of evidenceusually growing body of evidence
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses
� We solve everyday problems by using We solve everyday problems by using We solve everyday problems by using We solve everyday problems by using hypotheseshypotheseshypotheseshypotheses– An example would be the reasoning we use to answer An example would be the reasoning we use to answer An example would be the reasoning we use to answer An example would be the reasoning we use to answer
the question, “the question, “the question, “the question, “Why doesn’t the flashlight work?”Why doesn’t the flashlight work?”Why doesn’t the flashlight work?”Why doesn’t the flashlight work?”– Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem
is either the (is either the (is either the (is either the (1111) bulb or () bulb or () bulb or () bulb or (2222) batteries.) batteries.) batteries.) batteries.is either the (is either the (is either the (is either the (1111) bulb or () bulb or () bulb or () bulb or (2222) batteries.) batteries.) batteries.) batteries.
– The hypothesis must be testableThe hypothesis must be testableThe hypothesis must be testableThe hypothesis must be testable– The hypothesis must be falsifiableThe hypothesis must be falsifiableThe hypothesis must be falsifiableThe hypothesis must be falsifiable
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Observations
Questionا
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
An
exa
mp
le o
f -b
ased
sci
ence
Test prediction Test predictionا
Test falsifies hypothesisTest does not falsify hypothesis
Prediction:Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Prediction:Replacing batteries
will fix problem
An
exa
mp
le o
f h
ypo
thes
is-
You should now be able to
1.1.1.1. Describe life’s hierarchy of organizationDescribe life’s hierarchy of organizationDescribe life’s hierarchy of organizationDescribe life’s hierarchy of organization2.2.2.2. 2222. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments
3333. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells
4444. Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life . Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life . Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life . Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life 5555. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis----based sciencebased sciencebased sciencebased science
6666. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected
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المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح تعريف المصطلــــــــــحBiology Is The Science Of Life In All Its Living Forms, Plants, Animals And Microorganisms Including Man
علم الحياة ھو علم دراسة ظاھرة الحياة ممثلة في النبات والحيوان والكائنات الدقيقة وكذا ا&نسان
Biology Is The Scientific Study Of Life علم ا1حياء ھو الدراسة العلمية للحياةThe Term “Biology” Derived From Bios = Life And Logos = ScienceLogos
: مشتق من كلمتين يونانيتين ”Biology“مصطلح Bios وحياة يعني Logos يعني علـــم
Living Organisms الكائنات الحيةوھي التھيؤ وا9ستعداد الفطري للكائن الحي للعيش التكيف
Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biologyالتعريف بعلم الحياة: مدخل
Adaptationوھي التھيؤ وا9ستعداد الفطري للكائن الحي للعيش التكيف
تحت ظروف بيئته التي يوجد فيھا
Evolutionالتطور ھو عملية التغير المفطور عليھا الكائن التي يكيف
بھا حياته ويحورھا
Organizationتحدد بھاصفة أخرى ھامة للكائنات الحية التعضية
موضوعات الدراسة في علم ا1حياءHierarchy Of Life التنظيم الھرمي للحياةEmergent Properties صفات جديدة تعرف بالصفات الناشئة
Biosphereالداعمة ) ا1نظمة البيئية(كل البيئات –الغMف الجوي
للحياة على ا1رض
Ecosystemكل الجماعات من الكائنات المختلفة التي –النظام البيئي
تعيش في منطقة معينة
Communityالتي ) العشائر المختلفة(كل الكائنات المختلفة –الجماعة
تعيش في نظام بيئي معين
Populationكل أفراد النوع الواحد يتزاوجون فيما بينھم فقط –العشيرة
في منطقة معينةOrgan Systems لھا وظائف محددة وتتألف من أعضاء–ا1جھزة العضوية Organs تؤدي وظائف محددة للكائن–ا1عضاء Tissues مكونة من مجموعة من الخMيا المتشابھة–ا1نسجة Molecules تجمع من الذرات–جزيئات Organelles Organellesتراكيب غشائية ذات وظائف محددة–عضيات تراكيب غشائية ذات وظائف محددة–عضيات Cells كيانات حية تفترق بغشاء عن بيئتھا–خMيا Living And Nonliving Components المكونات الحية والغير الحيةPhotosynthetic Organisms الكائنات القادرة على البناء الضوئيProducersAre Called And Provide Food الُمنتجات توفر الغذاء
Consumersبالُمستھلكات
أو على حيوانات تتغذى على ( كائنات تتغذى على النباتات )النباتات
The Nonliving Componentsالمكونات غير الحية عبارة عن مواد غذائية كيميائية
ضرورية للحياة
Recycle Chemicals إعادة تدوير الكيماوياتNecessary For LifeMove Energy Through The Ecosystem تحريك الطاقة خMل النظام البيئيProkaryotic Cells خMيا أولية النواةGenetic Material Is Not Surrounded By A Nuclear Membrane
المادة الوراثية غير محاطة بغMف نووي
Simple And Small صغيرة وبسيطةBacteriaAre Prokaryotic البكتيريا أولية النواةEukaryotic Cells خMيا حقيقية النواةPossess Organelles Separated By Membranes السيتوبMزممحاطة بأغشية تفصلھا عن عضياتتمتلك Plants, Animals, And Fungi Are Eukaryotic النباتات والحيوانات والفطريات حقيقية النواةNucleus نواةContains DNA Surrounded By Nuclear Membrane
تحتوي على دنا محاط بغMف نووي
Membrane غشاءDNA Is The Genetic (Hereditary) Material Of All Cells
الدنا ھو المادة الوراثية لكل الخMيا
A GeneIs A Discrete Unit Of DNA الدناعبارة عن وحدة مميزة من الجين
Order المعقد للكائنات الحية التعضي–النظام
Regulationالمقدرة على المحافظة على بيئة داخلية متناسقة –التنظيم
مع الحياةGrowth And Development النمو والتطور الجنيني
Energy Processingالطاقة وتحويلھا لصورة نافعة إكتساب–معالجة الطاقة
ا1يضللكائن بممارسة Response To The Environment قدرة ا9ستجابة للمؤثرات البيئي–ا9ستجابة للبيئة Reproduction المقدرة على إكثار النوع–التكاثر
Evolutionary Adaptationاكتساب الصفات ا1كثر تناسباً للكائن –التكيف التطوري
مع بيئتهEvolutionary Adaptation
مع بيئتهDomains عوالـــمThe Three Domains (Groups) Of Life حيوية) مجاميع ( ھناك ثMث عوالم Bacteria - Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic
أولية النواة ، وعادة ما تكون وحيدة الخلية و –البكتيريا مجھرية
Archaea- Like Bacteria, Are Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic
وأولية النواة ، وعادة ما تكون وحيدة الخلية –البدائيات شأنھا شأن البكتيريا مجھرية
Eukarya - Are Eukaryotic And Contain A Nucleus And Organelles
وخMيا حقيقية النواة أي لھا نواة –حقيقيات النواة عضيات
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE الطريقة العلمية
Discovery Scienceيستخدم مشاھدات وقياسات متنوعة –العلم ا9ستقرائي
لوصف العلم
Hypothesis- Based Scienceيستخدم –) ا&ستد9لي–ا&ستنتاجي(العلم ا9فتراضي
البيانات الذي يوفرھا العلم ا9ستقرائي وذلك لوضع )إنه العلم التجريبي(تفسيرات علمية
A Hypothesisالفرضية ھي تفسير مقترح لمجموعة من المشاھدات
A Hypothesisوبمعنى آخر ھي ا&جابة التخمينية لiسئلة التي تثيرھا وبمعنى آخر ھي ا&جابة التخمينية لiسئلة التي تثيرھا المشاھدة
A Theoryعلمي مبني على التجربة مؤيد إستنتاجالنظرية ھي
بعدد كبير ومتزايد من ا1دلة المدعومة بالتجارب