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Chapter 9Uniprocessor Scheduling
Operating Systems:Internals and Design Principles, 6/E
William Stallings
Patricia RoyManatee Community College, Venice, FL
©2008, Prentice Hall
Aim of Scheduling
• Assign processes to be executed by the processor(s)
• Response time• Throughput• Processor efficiency
Processor Scheduling
• Known as the dispatcher• Invoked when an event occurs
– Clock interrupts– I/O interrupts– Operating system calls– Signals
Processor Scheduling Criteria
• User-oriented– Response Time
• Elapsed time between the submission of a request until there is an output
– Turnaround Time• The time between the submission and the
completion of a process
• System-oriented– Effective and efficient utilization of the
processor
Decision Mode
• Nonpreemptive– Once a process is in the running state, it will
continue until it terminates or blocks itself for I/O
Decision Mode
• Preemptive– Currently running process may be interrupted
and moved to the Ready state by the operating system
– Allows for better service since any one process cannot monopolize the processor for very long
Priorities
• Scheduler will always choose a process of higher priority over one of lower priority
• Have multiple ready queues to represent each level of priority
Priority Queuing
Priorities
• Lower-priority may suffer starvation– Allow a process to change its priority based
on its age or execution history
First-Come-First-Served
• Each process joins the Ready queue
• When the current process ceases to execute, the process that waits the longest in the Ready queue is selected
Process Scheduling Example
First-Come-First-Served
• A short process may have to wait a very long time before it can execute
• Favors CPU-bound processes– I/O processes have to wait until CPU-bound
process completes– Low utilization for I/O devices– Possibly low utilization for processor
Round Robin
• Clock interrupt is generated at periodic intervals
• When an interrupt occurs, the currently running process is placed in the ready queue– Next ready job is selected
• Known as time slicing
Round Robin• Uses preemption based on a clock
Round Robin
• Time quantum is– The time interval between two clock interrupts– The maximum time allocated to a process’s
execution in each turn
Round Robin
• Which type of processes are favored by round robin scheduling?– CPU or I/O bound processes?
Round Robin
Example: A, C, D, E: CPU bound processes;
B: I/O bound process.
What should we do to treat
them fairly in terms of CPU allocation?
A
B
C
D
E
Round Robin
• Which type of processes are favored by round robin scheduling?– CPU or I/O bound processes?
• Favors CPU-bound processes– CPU-bound process gets more CPU time– I/O process has to wait for CPU-bound
processes to consume their quanta before its turn of executing on the CPU
Queuing Diagram
Virtual round robin
Use an auxiliary queue to hold processes that have I/O requests serviced
Process in auxiliary queue gets preference over those in the main ready queue
Process from the auxiliary queue runs for remaining time from last time-slice
Shortest Process Next
• Process with shortest expected processing time is selected next
• Short process jumps ahead of longer processes
• Nonpreemptive policy
Shortest Process Next
Shortest Process Next
• Possibility of starvation for longer processes• If estimated time for process not correct, the
operating system may abort it• How to estimate a process execution time?• Average of history?
• Simple average: Sn+1 = 1/n Ti
• Exponential average: Sn+1 = Tn + (1-)Sn
– Greater weights to more recent instances
Shortest Remaining Time• Preemptive version of shortest process next
policy
Highest Response Ratio Next
• Choose next process with the greatest ratio
– shorter processes are favored– aging without service increases the ratio so that
a longer process will eventually be served
Highest Response Ratio Next
• Choose next process with the greatest ratio
Feedback Scheduling• Don’t know remaining time process needs
to execute• Penalize jobs that have been running
longer: putting them into lower priority ready queues
Feedback Scheduling
Feedback Scheduling
Fair-Share Scheduling
• User’s application runs as a collection of processes (threads)
• User is concerned about the performance of the application
• Need to make scheduling decisions based on process sets
Fair-Share Scheduling
• CPUj(i) = CPUj(i-1)/2
• GCPUk(i) = GCPUk(i-1)/2
• Pj(i) = Basej + CPUj(i)/2 + GCPUk(i)/(4Wk)
Fair-Share Scheduler
In-Class Exercise
• Prob. 9.2 Consider the following set of processes:
Perform FCFS, RR (q=4), SPN, SRT, HRRN, Feedback (q=2i) on them and get the Finish Time and Turnaround Time for each process.
Process Name Arrival Time Processing Time
ABCDE
013912
35255
Appendix
Exponential Smoothing Coefficients
Use Of Exponential Averaging
Use Of Exponential Averaging
Effect of Size of Preemption Time Quantum
Effect of Size of Preemption Time Quantum