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Muckrakers Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices Term coined by Theodore Roosevelt Magazines like this one often published muckraking articles
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Chapter 9
The Progressive Movement
Section 1
Roots of Progressivism
The era in American history from about 1890-1920 is known as the Progressive Era Progressivism: a collection of different
ideas and activities about how to fix the problems within American society it was a reaction against laissez-faire
economics they believed that industrialism and
urbanization had created many social problems
Muckrakers Journalists who exposed
corruption and social injustices Term coined by Theodore
Roosevelt
Magazines like this one often published muckraking articles
1. Jacob Riis Photographed and wrote
about conditions in tenements and factories, and on the streets
How the Other Half Lives
Riis: Photographs
“Dens of Death” “Five Cents Lodging, Bayard Street”
2. Lincoln Steffens
Muckraker who exposed government corruption
The Shame of the Cities (1904)
Uncovered direct evidence of graft
3. Ida M. Tarbell The History of the Standard Oil
Company (1904) Exposed monopolistic business
practices Contributed to public outrage and
support for antitrust legislation
4 Ways Progressives Planned to Reform Society: Government Efficiency, Social Problems,
Extending Democracy, Big Business
- They thought that managing a city required experts, not elected politicians.
- Established commission plan, a city’s government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner.
1. Government Efficiency
2. Social Problems
- Women’s Suffrage - Child Labor
- Workmen’s Compensation- Prohibition
Women’s Suffrage NAWSA formed in 1890 More women served as
progressive leaders Anthony, Catt, and Paul 19th Amendment passed
in 1919
Suffragists celebrate the ratification of the 19th Amendment
Child Labor 1.75 million under 16
had jobs in 1900 (not including farms)
Progressives campaigned against child labor and for higher adult wages
Child coal miners
Child Labor (continued)
Famous photograph by Lewis Hine of a girl working in a textile factory
Factory Conditions: Workers Growing employment
insecurity Fear of injury or death
at work Assembly line workers
generally paid by the task Women and children
paid less Very few African Americans Workers began to organize
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Locked doors, highly
flammable materials, no extinguishers, few exits
March 25, 1911 146 people died, mainly
young immigrant women Led to public outcry,
increased legislation for safety measures
The interior of the factory after the fire
Worked for Prohibition temperance- movement called for the
moderation of alcohol. Prohibition: laws banning the manufacture,
sale, and consumption of alcohol.
The Temperance Movement ” Supported curtailing or
banning alcohol WCTU and Anti-Saloon
League Targeted immigrants and
corrupt politicians 18th Amendment (1919)
3. Extending Democracy
- Direct Primary- Initiative- Referendum- Recall- 17th amendment
Direct Primaries Allow voters—not party
leaders or bosses—to directly choose candidates
Robert La Follette of Wisconsin
Initiative, Referendum, and Recall Initiative: citizens vote on a proposed state law
Referendum: citizens vote on an existing law
Recall: allowed citizens to demand a special election to remove an elected official
The 17th Amendment Bribery, corruption, deadlocks in state
legislatures Directly vote for senators
4. Big Business- Pushed for the break up of big corporations
to restore competition- Socialism: the idea that the government
should own and operate industry for the community as a whole party
•Eugene Debs ran on the American Socialist ticket for president in 1912 and received a great deal of votes.
African Americans in the Progressive Era
Reforms focused on poor whites and European immigrants
Jim Crow laws in the SouthPlessy vs. Ferguson
A black sharecropper
African Americans in the Progressive Era (continued)
Ida B. Wells: Led a crusade against lynching
Booker T. Washington: founded the Tuskegee Institute and promoted educational opportunities
W.E.B. Du Bois: challenged blacks to fight for their rights… voting
Ida B. Wells
The Niagara Movement The Niagara Movement
In 1905 DuBois and other African American leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand full political rights and responsibilities.
This led to the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Believed the vote was essential to bring about an end to lynching and racial discrimination