Upload
chelsa
View
67
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 9 Strings and Text I/O. Fall 2011. Motivations. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 1
Chapter 9 Strings and Text I/OFall 2011
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 2
Motivations
Often you encounter the problems that involve string processing and file input and output. Suppose you need to write a program to replace all occurrences of a word with a new word in a file. How do you solve this problem? This chapter introduces strings and text files, which will enable you to solve this problem.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 3
Objectives To use the String class to process fixed strings (§9.2). To use the Character class to process a single character (§9.3). To use the StringBuilder/StringBuffer class to process flexible
strings (§9.4). To distinguish among the String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer
classes (§9.2-9.4). To learn how to pass arguments to the main method from the
command line (§9.5). To discover file properties and to delete and rename files using
the File class (§9.6). To write data to a file using the PrintWriter class (§9.7.1). To read data from a file using the Scanner class (§9.7.2). (GUI) To open files using a dialog box (§9.8).
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 4
The String Class Constructing a String:
– String message = "Welcome to Java“;– String message = new String("Welcome to Java“);
– String s = new String(); Obtaining String length and Retrieving Individual Characters in
a string String Concatenation (concat) Substrings (substring(index), substring(start, end)) Comparisons (equals, compareTo) String Conversions Finding a Character or a Substring in a String Conversions between Strings and Arrays Converting Characters and Numeric Values to Strings
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 5
Constructing Strings
String newString = new String(stringLiteral);
String message = new String("Welcome to Java");
Since strings are used frequently, Java provides a shorthand initializer for creating a string:
String message = "Welcome to Java";
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 6
Strings Are ImmutableA String object is immutable; its contents cannot be changed. Does the following code change the contents of the string?
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 7
Trace Code
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";
: String
String object for "Java"
s
After executing String s = "Java";
After executing s = "HTML";
: String
String object for "Java"
: String
String object for "HTML"
Contents cannot be changed
This string object is now unreferenced
s
animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 8
Trace Code
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";
: String
String object for "Java"
s
After executing String s = "Java";
After executing s = "HTML";
: String
String object for "Java"
: String
String object for "HTML"
Contents cannot be changed
This string object is now unreferenced
s
animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 9
Interned StringsSince strings are immutable and are frequently used, to improve efficiency and save memory, the JVM uses a unique instance for string literals with the same character sequence. Such an instance is called interned. For example, the following statements:
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 10
Examples
display
s1 == s2 is false
s1 == s3 is true
A new object is created if you use the new operator. If you use the string initializer, no new object is created if the interned object is already created.
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); String s3 = "Welcome to Java"; System.out.println("s1 == s2 is " + (s1 == s2)); System.out.println("s1 == s3 is " + (s1 == s3));
: String
Interned string object for "Welcome to Java"
: String
A string object for "Welcome to Java"
s1
s2
s3
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 11
Trace Code String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); String s3 = "Welcome to Java";
: String
Interned string object for "Welcome to Java"
s1
animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 12
Trace Code String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); String s3 = "Welcome to Java";
: String
Interned string object for "Welcome to Java"
: String
A string object for "Welcome to Java"
s1
s2
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 13
Trace Code String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); String s3 = "Welcome to Java";
: String
Interned string object for "Welcome to Java"
: String
A string object for "Welcome to Java"
s1
s2
s3
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 14
String Comparisons java.lang.String
+equals(s1: String): boolean
+equalsIgnoreCase(s1: String): boolean
+compareTo(s1: String): int
+compareToIgnoreCase(s1: String): int
+regionMatches(toffset: int, s1: String, offset: int, len: int): boolean
+regionMatches(ignoreCase: boolean, toffset: int, s1: String, offset: int, len: int): boolean
+startsWith(prefix: String): boolean
+endsWith(suffix: String): boolean
Returns true if this string is equal to string s1.
Returns true if this string is equal to string s1 case-insensitive.
Returns an integer greater than 0, equal to 0, or less than 0 to indicate whether this string is greater than, equal to, or less than s1.
Same as compareTo except that the comparison is case-insensitive.
Returns true if the specified subregion of this string exactly matches the specified subregion in string s1.
Same as the preceding method except that you can specify whether the match is case-sensitive.
Returns true if this string starts with the specified prefix.
Returns true if this string ends with the specified suffix.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 15
String Comparisons equals
String s1 = new String("Welcome“);String s2 = "welcome";
if (s1.equals(s2)){ // s1 and s2 have the same contents }
if (s1 == s2) { // s1 and s2 have the same reference }
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 16
String Comparisons, cont. compareTo(Object object)
String s1 = new String("Welcome“);String s2 = "welcome";
if (s1.compareTo(s2) > 0) { // s1 is greater than s2 } else if (s1.compareTo(s2) == 0) { // s1 and s2 have the same contents } else // s1 is less than s2
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 17
String Length, Characters, and Combining Strings
java.lang.String
+length(): int
+charAt(index: int): char
+concat(s1: String): String
Returns the number of characters in this string.
Returns the character at the specified index from this string.
Returns a new string that concatenate this string with string s1. string.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 18
Finding String Length
Finding string length using the length() method:
message = "Welcome";
message.length() (returns 7)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 19
Retrieving Individual Characters in a String
Do not use message[0]
Use message.charAt(index)
Index starts from 0
W e l c o m e t o J a v a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
message
Indices
message.charAt(0) message.charAt(14) message.length() is 15
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 20
String Concatenation
String s3 = s1.concat(s2);
String s3 = s1 + s2;
s1 + s2 + s3 + s4 + s5 same as
(((s1.concat(s2)).concat(s3)).concat(s4)).concat(s5);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 21
Extracting Substrings java.lang.String
+subString(beginIndex: int): String
+subString(beginIndex: int, endIndex: int): String
Returns this string’s substring that begins with the character at the specified beginIndex and extends to the end of the string, as shown in Figure 8.6.
Returns this string’s substring that begins at the specified beginIndex and extends to the character at index endIndex – 1, as shown in Figure 8.6. Note that the character at endIndex is not part of the substring.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 22
Extracting Substrings
You can extract a single character from a string using the charAt method. You can also extract a substring from a string using the substring method in the String class.
String s1 = "Welcome to Java";String s2 = s1.substring(0, 11) + "HTML";
W e l c o m e t o J a v a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
message
Indices
message.substring(0, 11) message.substring(11)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 23
Converting, Replacing, and Splitting Strings
java.lang.String
+toLowerCase(): String
+toUpperCase(): String
+trim(): String
+replace(oldChar: char, newChar: char): String
+replaceFirst(oldString: String, newString: String): String
+replaceAll(oldString: String, newString: String): String
+split(delimiter: String): String[]
Returns a new string with all characters converted to lowercase.
Returns a new string with all characters converted to uppercase.
Returns a new string with blank characters trimmed on both sides.
Returns a new string that replaces all matching character in this string with the new character.
Returns a new string that replaces the first matching substring in this string with the new substring.
Returns a new string that replace all matching substrings in this string with the new substring.
Returns an array of strings consisting of the substrings split by the delimiter.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 24
Examples"Welcome".toLowerCase() returns a new string, welcome.
"Welcome".toUpperCase() returns a new string, WELCOME.
" Welcome ".trim() returns a new string, Welcome.
"Welcome".replace('e', 'A') returns a new string, WAlcomA.
"Welcome".replaceFirst("e", "AB") returns a new string, WABlcome.
"Welcome".replace("e", "AB") returns a new string, WABlcomAB.
"Welcome".replace("el", "AB") returns a new string, WABlcome.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 25
Splitting a StringString[] tokens = "Java#HTML#Perl".split("#", 0);
for (int i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++)
System.out.print(tokens[i] + " ");
Java HTML Perldisplays
The string "boo:and:foo", for example, yields the following results with these parameters: Regex Limit Result : 2 { "boo", "and:foo" } : 5 { "boo", "and", "foo" } : -2 { "boo", "and", "foo" } o 5 { "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" } o -2 { "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" } o 0 { "b", "", ":and:f" }
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 26
Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns You can match, replace, or split a string by specifying a pattern. This is an extremely useful and powerful feature, commonly known as regular expression. Regular expression is complex to beginning students. For this reason, two simple patterns are used in this section. Please refer to Supplement III.F, “Regular Expressions,” for further studies.
"Java".matches("Java");
"Java".equals("Java");matches and equals in the above statements both evaluate to true, but matches is more powerful
"Java is fun".matches("Java.*");
"Java is cool".matches("Java.*");Both evaluate to true, because “Java.*” is a regular expression
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807
Regular Expressions Describe a set of strings based on common characteristics Used to search, edit, or manipulate text and data You must learn a specific syntax to create regular expressions Metacharacters have special meaning
– ([{\^-$|]})?*+.
There are two ways to force a metacharacter to be treated as an ordinary character: – precede the metacharacter with a backslash, or
– enclose it within \Q (which starts the quote) and \E (which ends it).
When using this technique, the \Q and \E can be placed at any location within the expression, provided that the \Q comes first.
27
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807
Regular ExpressionsCharacter Classes
Regular Expression Description[abc] a, b, or c (simple class)
[^abc] Any character except a, b, or c (negation)
[a-zA-Z] a through z, or A through Z, inclusive (range)
[a-d[m-p]] a through d, or m through p: [a-dm-p] (union)
[a-z&&[def]] d, e, or f (intersection)
[a-z&&[^bc]] a through z, except for b and c: [ad-z] (subtraction)
[a-z&&[^m-p]] a through z, and not m through p: [a-lq-z] (subtraction)
28
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807
Regular ExpressionsPredefined Character Classes
. Any character (may or may not match line terminators)
\d A digit: [0-9]
\D A non-digit: [^0-9]
\s A whitespace character: [ \t\n\x0B\f\r]
\S A non-whitespace character: [^\s]
\w A word character: [a-zA-Z_0-9]
\W A non-word character: [^\w]
29
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807
Regular Expressions
Quantifiers Meaning
Greedy Reluctant Possessive
X? X?? X?+ X, once or not at all
X* X*? X*+ X, zero or more times
X+ X+? X++ X, one or more times
X{n} X{n}? X{n}+ X, exactly n times
X{n,} X{n,}? X{n,}+ X, at least n times
X{n,m} X{n,m}? X{n,m}+ X, at least n but not more than m times
30
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 31
Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns The replaceAll, replaceFirst, and split methods can be used with a regular expression. For example, the following statement returns a new string that replaces $, +, or # in "a+b$#c" by the string NNN.
String s = "a+b$#c".replaceAll("[$+#]", "NNN");
System.out.println(s);
Here the regular expression [$+#] specifies a pattern that matches $, +, or #. So, the output is aNNNbNNNNNNc.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 32
Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns The following statement splits the string into an array of strings delimited by some punctuation marks.
String[] tokens = "Java,C?C#,C++".split("[.,:;?]"); for (int i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++) System.out.println(tokens[i]);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 33
Finding a Character or a Substring in a String
java.lang.String
+indexOf(ch: char): int
+indexOf(ch: char, fromIndex: int): int
+indexOf(s: String): int
+indexOf(s: String, fromIndex: int): int
+lastIndexOf(ch: int): int
+lastIndexOf(ch: int,
fromIndex: int): int
+lastIndexOf(s: String): int
+lastIndexOf(s: String,
fromIndex: int): int
Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch in the string. Returns -1 if not matched.
Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch after fromIndex in the string. Returns -1 if not matched.
Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string. Returns -1 if not matched.
Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string after fromIndex. Returns -1 if not matched.
Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch in the string. Returns -1 if not matched.
Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch before fromIndex in this string. Returns -1 if not matched.
Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s. Returns -1 if not matched.
Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s before fromIndex. Returns -1 if not matched.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 34
Finding a Character or a Substring in a String
"Welcome to Java".indexOf('W') returns 0.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf('x') returns -1.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf('o', 5) returns 9.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf("come") returns 3.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf("Java", 5) returns 11.
"Welcome to Java".indexOf("java", 5) returns -1.
"Welcome to Java".lastIndexOf('a') returns 14.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 35
Convert Character and Numbers to Strings
The String class provides several static valueOf methods for converting a character, an array of characters, and numeric values to strings. These methods have the same name valueOf with different argument types char, char[], double, long, int, and float. For example, to convert a double value to a string, use String.valueOf(5.44). The return value is string consists of characters ‘5’, ‘.’, ‘4’, and ‘4’.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 36
Problem: Finding Palindromes
Objective: Checking whether a string is a palindrome: a string that reads the same forward and backward.
CheckPalindromeCheckPalindrome RunRun
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 37
The Character Class
java.lang.Character
+Character(value: char)
+charValue(): char
+compareTo(anotherCharacter: Character): int
+equals(anotherCharacter: Character): boolean
+isDigit(ch: char): boolean
+isLetter(ch: char): boolean
+isLetterOrDigit(ch: char): boolean
+isLowerCase(ch: char): boolean
+isUpperCase(ch: char): boolean
+toLowerCase(ch: char): char
+toUpperCase(ch: char): char
Constructs a character object with char value
Returns the char value from this object
Compares this character with another
Returns true if this character equals to another
Returns true if the specified character is a digit
Returns true if the specified character is a letter
Returns true if the character is a letter or a digit
Returns true if the character is a lowercase letter
Returns true if the character is an uppercase letter
Returns the lowercase of the specified character
Returns the uppercase of the specified character
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 38
Examples
Character charObject = new Character('b');
charObject.compareTo(new Character('a')) returns 1charObject.compareTo(new Character('b')) returns 0charObject.compareTo(new Character('c')) returns -1charObject.compareTo(new Character('d') returns –2charObject.equals(new Character('b')) returns truecharObject.equals(new Character('d')) returns false
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 39
Problem: Counting Each Letter in a String
This example gives a program that counts the number of occurrence of each letter in a string. Assume the letters are not case-sensitive.
CountEachLetterCountEachLetter RunRun
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 40
StringBuilder and StringBuffer
The StringBuilder/StringBuffer class is an alternative to the String class. In general, a StringBuilder/StringBuffer can be used wherever a string is used. StringBuilder/StringBuffer is more flexible than String. You can add, insert, or append new contents into a string buffer, whereas the value of a String object is fixed once the string is created.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 41
StringBuilder Constructors
java.lang.StringBuilder
+StringBuilder()
+StringBuilder(capacity: int)
+StringBuilder(s: String)
Constructs an empty string builder with capacity 16.
Constructs a string builder with the specified capacity.
Constructs a string builder with the specified string.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 42
Modifying Strings in the Builder
java.lang.StringBuilder
+append(data: char[]): StringBuilder
+append(data: char[], offset: int, len: int): StringBuilder
+append(v: aPrimitiveType): StringBuilder
+append(s: String): StringBuilder
+delete(startIndex: int, endIndex: int): StringBuilder
+deleteCharAt(index: int): StringBuilder
+insert(index: int, data: char[], offset: int, len: int): StringBuilder
+insert(offset: int, data: char[]): StringBuilder
+insert(offset: int, b: aPrimitiveType): StringBuilder
+insert(offset: int, s: String): StringBuilder
+replace(startIndex: int, endIndex: int, s: String): StringBuilder
+reverse(): StringBuilder
+setCharAt(index: int, ch: char): void
Appends a char array into this string builder.
Appends a subarray in data into this string builder.
Appends a primitive type value as a string to this
builder.
Appends a string to this string builder.
Deletes characters from startIndex to endIndex.
Deletes a character at the specified index.
Inserts a subarray of the data in the array to the builder at the specified index.
Inserts data into this builder at the position offset.
Inserts a value converted to a string into this builder.
Inserts a string into this builder at the position offset.
Replaces the characters in this builder from startIndex to endIndex with the specified string.
Reverses the characters in the builder.
Sets a new character at the specified index in this builder.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 43
ExamplesstringBuilder.append("Java");stringBuilder.insert(11, "HTML and ");stringBuilder.delete(8, 11) changes the builder to Welcome Java.stringBuilder.deleteCharAt(8) changes the builder to Welcome o Java.stringBuilder.reverse() changes the builder to avaJ ot emocleW.stringBuilder.replace(11, 15, "HTML") changes the builder to Welcome to HTML.stringBuilder.setCharAt(0, 'w') sets the builder to welcome to Java.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 44
Examples
stringBuilder is “Welcome TML and Java”stringBuilder.reverse(); changes the builder to “avaJ dna LMT emocleW”stringBuilder.replace(11, 15, "HTML") changes the builder to “avaJ dna LMHTMLocleW”stringBuilder.setCharAt(0, 'w'); sets the builder to “wvaJ dna LMHTMLocleW”
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 45
The toString, capacity, length, setLength, and charAt Methods
java.lang.StringBuilder
+toString(): String
+capacity(): int
+charAt(index: int): char
+length(): int
+setLength(newLength: int): void
+substring(startIndex: int): String
+substring(startIndex: int, endIndex: int): String
+trimToSize(): void
Returns a string object from the string builder.
Returns the capacity of this string builder.
Returns the character at the specified index.
Returns the number of characters in this builder.
Sets a new length in this builder.
Returns a substring starting at startIndex.
Returns a substring from startIndex to endIndex-1.
Reduces the storage size used for the string builder.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 46
Problem: Checking Palindromes Ignoring Non-alphanumeric Characters
This example gives a program that counts the number of occurrence of each letter in a string. Assume the letters are not case-sensitive.
PalindromeIgnoreNonAlphanumeric PalindromeIgnoreNonAlphanumeric RunRun
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 47
Main Method Is Just a Regular Method
public class A { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] strings = {"New York", "Boston", "Atlanta"}; B.main(strings); } }
class B { public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) System.out.println(args[i]); } }
You can call a regular method by passing actual parameters. Can you pass arguments to main? Of course, yes. For example, the main method in class B is invoked by a method in A, as shown below:
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 48
Command-Line Parameters
class TestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
...
}
}
java TestMain arg0 arg1 arg2 ... argn
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 49
ProcessingCommand-Line Parameters
In the main method, get the arguments from args[0], args[1], ..., args[n], which corresponds to arg0, arg1, ..., argn in the command line.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 50
Processing Command-Line Parameters
Java uses * as an argument on the command line to refer to all the files in the current directory. If you want to use the character * not to refer to all the files in a current directory you must use “*” on the command line.
public class ListDir { public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) { System.out.println(args[i]); } }}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 51
Problem: Calculator
Objective: Write a program that will perform binary operations on integers. The program receives three parameters: an operator and two integers.
CalculatorCalculator
java Calculator 2 + 3
java Calculator 2 - 3
RunRun java Calculator 2 / 3
java Calculator 2 “*” 3
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 52
Regular Expressions
A regular expression (abbreviated regex) is a string that describes a pattern for matching a set of strings. Regular expression is a powerful tool for string manipulations. You can use regular expressions for matching, replacing, and splitting strings.
Companion Website
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 53
Matching Strings
"Java".matches("Java");
"Java".equals("Java");
"Java is fun".matches("Java.*")
"Java is cool".matches("Java.*")
"Java is powerful".matches("Java.*")
Companion Website
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 54
Regular Expression Syntax
Regular Expression Matches Example x a specified character x Java matches Java . any single character Java matches J..a (ab|cd) a, b, or c ten matches t(en|im] [abc] a, b, or c Java matches Ja[uvwx]a [^abc] any character except Java matches Ja[^ars]a
a, b, or c [a-z] a through z Java matches [A-M]av[a-d] [^a-z] any character except Java matches Jav[^b-d] a through z [a-e[m-p]] a through e or Java matches m through p [A-G[I-M]]av[a-d] [a-e&&[c-p]] intersection of a-e Java matches with c-p [A-P&&[I-M]]av[a-d] \d a digit, same as [1-9] Java2 matches "Java[\\d]" \D a non-digit $Java matches "[\\D][\\D]ava" \w a word character Java matches "[\\w]ava" \W a non-word character $Java matches "[\\W][\\w]ava" \s a whitespace character "Java 2" matches "Java\\s2" \S a non-whitespace char Java matches "[\\S]ava" p* zero or more Java matches "[\\w]*" occurrences of pattern p p+ one or more Java matches "[\\w]+" occurrences of pattern p p? zero or one Java matches "[\\w]?Java" occurrence of pattern p Java matches "[\\w]?ava" p{n} exactly n Java matches "[\\w]{4}" occurrences of pattern p p{n,} at least n Java matches "[\\w]{3,}" occurrences of pattern p p{n,m} between n and m Java matches "[\\w]{1,9}" occurrences (inclusive)
Companion Website
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 55
Replacing and Splitting Strings
java.lang.String
+matches(regex: String): boolean
+replaceAll(regex: String, replacement: String): String
+replaceFirst(regex: String, replacement: String): String
+split(regex: String): String[]
Returns true if this string matches the pattern.
Returns a new string that replaces all matching substrings with the replacement.
Returns a new string that replaces the first matching substring with the replacement.
Returns an array of strings consisting of the substrings split by the matches.
Companion Website
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 56
ExamplesString s = "Java Java Java".replaceAll("v\\w", "wi") ;
String s = "Java Java Java".replaceFirst("v\\w", "wi") ;
String[] s = "Java1HTML2Perl".split("\\d");
Companion Website
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 57
The File ClassThe File class is intended to provide an abstraction that deals with most of the machine-dependent complexities of files and path names in a machine-independent fashion. The filename is a string. The File class is a wrapper class for the file name and its directory path.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 58
java.io.File
+File(pathname: String)
+File(parent: String, child: String)
+File(parent: File, child: String)
+exists(): boolean
+canRead(): boolean
+canWrite(): boolean
+isDirectory(): boolean
+isFile(): boolean
+isAbsolute(): boolean
+isHidden(): boolean
+getAbsolutePath(): String
+getCanonicalPath(): String
+getName(): String
+getPath(): String
+getParent(): String
+lastModified(): long
+delete(): boolean
+renameTo(dest: File): boolean
Creates a File object for the specified pathname. The pathname may be a directory or a file.
Creates a File object for the child under the directory parent. child may be a filename or a subdirectory.
Creates a File object for the child under the directory parent. parent is a File object. In the preceding constructor, the parent is a string.
Returns true if the file or the directory represented by the File object exists.
Returns true if the file represented by the File object exists and can be read.
Returns true if the file represented by the File object exists and can be written.
Returns true if the File object represents a directory.
Returns true if the File object represents a file.
Returns true if the File object is created using an absolute path name.
Returns true if the file represented in the File object is hidden. The exact definition of hidden is system-dependent. On Windows, you can mark a file hidden in the File Properties dialog box. On Unix systems, a file is hidden if its name begins with a period character '.'.
Returns the complete absolute file or directory name represented by the File object.
Returns the same as getAbsolutePath() except that it removes redundant names, such as "." and "..", from the pathname, resolves symbolic links (on Unix platforms), and converts drive letters to standard uppercase (on Win32 platforms).
Returns the last name of the complete directory and file name represented by the File object. For example, new File("c:\\book\\test.dat").getName() returns test.dat.
Returns the complete directory and file name represented by the File object. For example, new File("c:\\book\\test.dat").getPath() returns c:\book\test.dat.
Returns the complete parent directory of the current directory or the file represented by the File object. For example, new File("c:\\book\\test.dat").getParent() returns c:\book.
Returns the time that the file was last modified.
Deletes this file. The method returns true if the deletion succeeds.
Renames this file. The method returns true if the operation succeeds.
Obtaining file properties and manipulating file
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 59
Problem: Explore File Properties
TestFileClassTestFileClass RunRun
Objective: Write a program that demonstrates how to create files in a platform-independent way and use the methods in the File class to obtain their properties. Figure 16.1 shows a sample run of the program on Windows, and Figure 16.2 a sample run on Unix.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 60
Text I/O
A File object encapsulates the properties of a file or a path, but does not contain the methods for reading/writing data from/to a file. In order to perform I/O, you need to create objects using appropriate Java I/O classes. The objects contain the methods for reading/writing data from/to a file. This section introduces how to read/write strings and numeric values from/to a text file using the Scanner and PrintWriter classes.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 61
Writing Data Using PrintWriter
WriteDataWriteData RunRun
java.io.PrintWriter
+PrintWriter(filename: String)
+print(s: String): void
+print(c: char): void
+print(cArray: char[]): void
+print(i: int): void
+print(l: long): void
+print(f: float): void
+print(d: double): void
+print(b: boolean): void
Also contains the overloaded println methods.
Also contains the overloaded printf methods.
.
Creates a PrintWriter for the specified file.
Writes a string.
Writes a character.
Writes an array of character.
Writes an int value.
Writes a long value.
Writes a float value.
Writes a double value.
Writes a boolean value.
A println method acts like a print method; additionally it prints a line separator. The line separator string is defined by the system. It is \r\n on Windows and \n on Unix.
The printf method was introduced in §3.6, “Formatting Console Output and Strings.”
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 62
Reading Data Using Scanner
java.util.Scanner
+Scanner(source: File)
+Scanner(source: String)
+close()
+hasNext(): boolean
+next(): String
+nextByte(): byte
+nextShort(): short
+nextInt(): int
+nextLong(): long
+nextFloat(): float
+nextDouble(): double
+useDelimiter(pattern: String): Scanner
Creates a Scanner that produces values scanned from the specified file.
Creates a Scanner that produces values scanned from the specified string.
Closes this scanner.
Returns true if this scanner has another token in its input.
Returns next token as a string.
Returns next token as a byte.
Returns next token as a short.
Returns next token as an int.
Returns next token as a long.
Returns next token as a float.
Returns next token as a double.
Sets this scanner’s delimiting pattern.
ReadDataReadData RunRun
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 63
Problem: Replacing Text
Write a class named ReplaceText that replaces a string in a text file with a new string. The filename and strings are passed as command-line arguments as follows:
java ReplaceText sourceFile targetFile oldString newString
For example, invokingjava ReplaceText FormatString.java t.txt StringBuilder StringBuffer
replaces all the occurrences of StringBuilder by StringBuffer in FormatString.java and saves the new file in t.txt.
ReplaceTextReplaceText RunRun
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807 64
(GUI) File Dialogs
ReadFileUsingJFileChooserReadFileUsingJFileChooser RunRun