Chapter 9 Phonology

7/29/2019 Chapter 9 Phonology

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1. Anisa Elianti

2. Ni Luh Ayu S.

3. Savira Sofiana

4. Vivie Mawadahtu A.

5. Ruth Oktavia H.

6. Puput Kartika J.


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STRONG ANDWEAK SYLLABLES


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Strong syllables : vowel is stressed and higher

intensity when its pronounced

Weak syllables : vowel is unstressed, more

shoterand lower intensity when its pronounced.

e.g. : support [sp:t]

mother [ma:]


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Schwa () is always associated with weak

syllable. Its generally described as lax or

means that not articulation with much energy.

The most frequently occuring vowel in

English is , which is always associated

with weak syllables


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Spelt with a ; strong pronunciation would have

attend tend

Spelt with ar ; strong pronunciation would have :

particular ptkjl

Adjectival endings spelt ate ; strong pronunciation

would have e

intimate ntmt


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Spelt with o ; strong pronunciation would have

tomorrow tmr

Spelt with or ; strong pronunciation would have :

forget frget

Spelt with e ; strong pronunciation would have

settlement set|mnt


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Spelt with er ; strong pronunciation would

have :

perhaps phps

Spelt with u ; strong pronunciation would

have

Autumn :tm

Spelt with ous ;

gracious gres


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Two other vowel are commonly found in

weak syllable :

Close front ( i: and )

Close backrounded (u: and )


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The symbols for weak vowel as i without length-

mark.

Usually we can find i occuring :

a) in word-final position ( y or ey ) after consonant

letter.

Example : baby [bbi] , valley [vli]


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Or in morpheme- final position when such word have suffixes

beginning the vowels.

Example : happier [hpi] , easiest [i:zist]

In a prefix (re, pre, de ) if it precedes a vowel and

unstressed.

Example : react [rikt] , deactivate[diktvet]

In the suffixes (iate, ious ) when they have two syllables.

Example : appreciate [pri:iet] ,

hilarious [hleris]


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In the following words when unstressed.

Example : he, she, we, me,be

And the word the when it precedes a vowel.

Example : The actor [i kt(r)]

A close front unrounded vowel can assign the vowel to

the phoneme.

-) in the fisrt syllable : enough [ nf]

-) in the middle syllable : orchestra [:kstr]

-) in the final syllable : swimming [swm]


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The symbol of this weak vowel as u without length-mark,

and it is not commonly found.

u most frequently found in the words when they are

unstressed and are not immediately preceding a consonant,

e.g : you [ju], to [tu]

This weak vowel also found before another vowel within a

word,

e.g: evacuation [vkjuen]


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Syllabic consonants is the consonants that have small

vertical mark. (, , etc.)

l The position of the tongue :

Are raised for the preceding consonant, are lowered to allow

air to escape over them, tip and blade of the tongue do not

move until the articulatory contact for the is released.


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We can find dark l ( ) precedes a close back

rounded vowel instead.

The most obvious case where we have a word ending

with one or more consonant letter followed by le or

plurals/thirds form les.

-) With alveolar consonant preceding

cattle [kt]-) With non alveolar consonant preceding

couple [kp]


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-) Such words usually lose their final letter e when a

suffix beginning with a vowel is attached, but the

usually remains syllabic (ling is diminutive suffix).

Example : bottle-bottling [bt][bti]

-) We also find syllabic in words spelt with, at the end, one

or more consonant letters followed by al or el.

Example : panel [pn]


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n

Of the syllabic nasals, the most frequently found and the mostimportant is .

Syllabic n is most common after alveolar plosives and

fricatives.

In the case oft and d followed by the plosive is nasally

released by lowering the soft palate.

With an before n

tonight [ tnat]

Commonly a syllabic n :

threaten [ret], [ret]


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syllabic n after non-alveolar consonants is not so

widespread. In words where the syllable following avelar consonant is spelt an or on is very rarely heard.

Example :

toboggan its usually pronounce as [tbgn]

wagon its usually pronounce as [wgn]

Usually we can find syllabic in: After bilabial bilabial consonant

After velar consonant


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After f or v

If l is followed by a plosive

If s precedes.

m ,

Equally acceptable happenwhich can be

pronounced[h

pm],though [hpn] and[hpn]

oruppermostwhich could be pronounced as [pmast] though

[pmst] would be more usual.


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Syllabic velar nasals

Example: thicken [k]

( [kn] or [k] are also possible)

The nasal consonant occurs between velar

consonants

Example : Broken key [brk ki:]

( or n could be subtituted for )


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r

Syllabic is less common in RP most cases where it

occurs there are perfectly acceptable alternative

pronounciation without the syllabic consonant.

Where non-syllable t is also acceptable

Example : history [hsti] or [hsti]

(not usually hstri)


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Where ris also acceptable

Example : flattery [flti] or [fltri]

(not usually [fltri] )

It seems that type (a) concerns cases where more

than one consonant precedes the weak syllable in

question, and type (b) where there is only one consonant

preceding.


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There are few pairs of words (minimal pairs) in

which a difference in meaning appears to depend on

whether a particular r is syllabic or not.

Example : hungary [hgi]hungry [hgri]

Syllabic would not possible to subtituted either

non-syllabic r (type a) or r (type b).

Example : hungary [hgri]


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Its not unsual to find two syllabic consonant together.

Example : veteran [vet]

It can be pronounce as a non-syllabic consonant or a

non-syllabic consonant plus .[vetrn] , [vetr] or [vetrn]

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Chapter 9 Phonology