CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9

MANIFEST MANIFEST DESTINYDESTINY

CHAPTER 9, Sec 1CHAPTER 9, Sec 1I. Americans Head West 1800 – 387,000 white settlers lived west of the Appalachian Mtns 1820 – 2.4 million lived there

MANIFEST DESTINY – the idea that God had given the continent to Americans and wanted them to

settle western lands. John Louis O’Sullivan, 1845

Chapter 9, Sec 1Chapter 9, Sec 1 A. Farming the New Lands. 1. Squatters – pioneers that settled on lands they did not own

2. Preemption Act of 1830 – protected Squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed and the right to buy up to 160 acres for the government’s minimum price of $1.25 per acre.

Chapter 9, Sec 1Chapter 9, Sec 13. Plows & Reapers – Jethro Wood – patented an iron-blade plow in 1819 John Deere – engineered a plow with sharp-edged steel blades that cut cleanly through sod. Cyrus McCormick – Patented the mechanical reaper in 1834

Chapter 9, Sec 1Chapter 9, Sec 1II. II. SETTLING THE PACIFIC COASTSETTLING THE PACIFIC COAST Latecomers went to CA and Oregon.Latecomers went to CA and Oregon. A. A. Dividing OregonDividing Oregon. . Missionaries Missionaries

spread the word about Oregonspread the word about Oregon. . B. B. Populating California. Populating California. John Sutter (German immigrant) was

granted 50,000 acres by the Spanish Governor of CA to help settle the area. He built a trading post that was the first stop for Americans coming to CA.

CHAPTER 9, Sec 1CHAPTER 9, Sec 1 C. The Trails West – Trailblazers

Kit Carson Jim Bridger

Mountain men made their living trapping beaver & selling the furs to traders; alsohelped carve out east-to-west passages.

Chapter 9, Sec 1Chapter 9, Sec 1 D. Wagon Train Life

• Wagon trains assembled at a frontier town.

• Travelers bought supplies, trained oxen, practiced steering wagons. (overlanders)

• Hired mountain men to guide them or used guidebooks.

Chapter 9, Sec 1Chapter 9, Sec 1

Chapter 9, Sec 1Chapter 9, Sec 1 1. 1846 – 1. 1846 – The Donner PartyThe Donner Party – –

trapped trapped

by winter snows in the Sierra by winter snows in the Sierra Nevada. Nevada.

After 41 died of starvation, those After 41 died of starvation, those leftleft

resorted to cannibalism to survive.resorted to cannibalism to survive.

2. Typical trip took 5-6 months 2. Typical trip took 5-6 months

(15 miles per day).(15 miles per day).

Chapter 9, Sec 1Chapter 9, Sec 1 E.E. Native Americans.Native Americans.

1. Only 362 emigrants died due to1. Only 362 emigrants died due to Native American attacks Native American attacks

betweenbetween 1840 and 1860.1840 and 1860. 2. Emigrants killed 426 Natives.2. Emigrants killed 426 Natives. 3. 3. In realityIn reality, , Natives often helped Natives often helped

settlers or traded with themsettlers or traded with them.. 4. 4. The Treaty of Fort LaramieThe Treaty of Fort Laramie – –

1851 – gave natives a specific area that 1851 – gave natives a specific area that would belong to the natives forever.would belong to the natives forever.

Chapter 9, Sec 1Chapter 9, Sec 1 III.III. The Mormon MigrationThe Mormon Migration

A. Mormons went west in search of A. Mormons went west in search of religious freedom.religious freedom.

B. In 1844, a mob murdered B. In 1844, a mob murdered

Joseph SmithJoseph Smith

C. C. Brigham YoungBrigham Young took his took his

people on the people on the Mormon TrailMormon Trail to to

the the Great Salt LakeGreat Salt Lake in Utah. in Utah.

Chapter 9, Sec 1Chapter 9, Sec 1

Trails to the West California Trail

Old Spanish Trail

Oregon Trail

Mormon Trail Santa Fe Trail

Butterfield OverlandMail Trail

Pony ExpressTrail

Chapter 9, Sec 2Chapter 9, Sec 2Independence for TEXASIndependence for TEXAS

Opening TEXAS to AmericansOpening TEXAS to Americans

Mexicans (Mexicans (TejanosTejanos) lived in ) lived in San AntonioSan Antonio de Bexar and de Bexar and HidalgoHidalgo in the southern in the southern portion of the region. portion of the region. ApacheApache, , ComancheComanche, , and other native groups lived north of the and other native groups lived north of the Tejanos. They passed Tejanos. They passed colonization lawscolonization laws to to get Americans & others to live there. They get Americans & others to live there. They offered a 10-year exemption from paying offered a 10-year exemption from paying taxes but required that taxes but required that they become they become Mexican citizens, live under MexicanMexican citizens, live under Mexican

law, & convert to Roman Catholicism.law, & convert to Roman Catholicism.

Chapter 9, Sec 2Chapter 9, Sec 2A. Empresarios and Settlers 1. Empresarios (agents) encouraged

settlers to come to Texas. 2. National Colonization Act – 26

empresarios got land grants in Texas. In exchange, they promised to fill it

with a certain number of settlers. 3. STEPHEN AUSTIN – 1st and most successful empresario. He founded the town of Washington-on-the-Brazos.

Chapter 9, Sec 2Chapter 9, Sec 2

B. B. AMERICANIZING TEXAS.AMERICANIZING TEXAS.

B. B. AMERICANIZING TEXAS.AMERICANIZING TEXAS.1. Empresario Hayden Edwards’s brother led a rebellion against Mexican authority & declared the independent nation of Fredonia, but

Austin helped Mexico crush the revolt. 2. Mexico now thinks America is plotting to acquire TX. In 1830 Mexico closed its

borders and placed a tax on imports. The

American

settlers are unhappy.

Chapter 9, Sec 2Chapter 9, Sec 2II. II. TEXAS GOES TO TEXAS GOES TO WARWAR.. Settlers met and chose Stephen Austin as

president of their first convention. Settlers asked Mexico to reopen the border

to immigrants and loosen taxes on imports. 2nd Convention -- recommended separating

Texas and creating a new Mexican state. Austin negotiated with Pres. Antonio Lopez

de Santa Anna in Mexico City. Austin sent a note to San Antonio that Texans

should start their own state government because negotiations stalled.

Mexican officials intercepted the letter and Austin was arrested for treason because of the letter. He stayed in jail for one and one-half years.

Chapter 9, Sec 2Chapter 9, Sec 2 Santa Anna became a dictator and Santa Anna became a dictator and

would not negotiate, would not negotiate, so Texans organized an army. so Texans organized an army. A.A. The Early BattlesThe Early Battles. 1. In 1835 Texans drove Mexicans out of Gonzales. 2. Former Tennessee governor Sam Houston took

command of Texan forces, but Santa Anna was rebuilding his forces.

Chapter 9, Sec 2Chapter 9, Sec 2B. THE ALAMO.B. THE ALAMO. 1. 1. The Alamo was an abandoned

Spanish Catholic mission. In 1836, there were 180 Texan rebels hold up there under the command of Colonel William B. Travis. 2. When the Mexican forces came, he sent for help, but only 32 men came. 3. They held the Alamo for 13 days delay- ing the Mexican army to give Houston’s army more time to prepare.

CHAPTER 9, Sec 2CHAPTER 9, Sec 2C.C. GOLIADGOLIAD. . 300 Texan troops were 300 Texan troops were executed.executed. D.D. The Battle of San JacintoThe Battle of San Jacinto..

The Turning Point!!The Turning Point!! Houston retreated toward LA.Houston retreated toward LA. Santa Anna made a mistake by Santa Anna made a mistake by allowing his men to sleep in the allowing his men to sleep in the afternoon. The battle lasted 20afternoon. The battle lasted 20 minutes, but the Texans continued minutes, but the Texans continued to kill for hours yelling, to kill for hours yelling,

““Remember the Alamo”Remember the Alamo” ANDAND

““Remember Goliad.”Remember Goliad.”

Chapter 9, Sec 2Chapter 9, Sec 2 Houston forced Santa Anna to order his army Houston forced Santa Anna to order his army

out of Texas and sign a treaty recognizing out of Texas and sign a treaty recognizing independence for the Republic of Texas.independence for the Republic of Texas.

E.E. The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

Sam Houston was electedSam Houston was elected

as president & they votedas president & they voted

for annexation to the U.S.,for annexation to the U.S.,

but but JacksonJackson did not act on this fearing did not act on this fearing

more tension between the N. & S.more tension between the N. & S. On his last day in office Jackson officially On his last day in office Jackson officially

recognized Texas as an independent nationrecognized Texas as an independent nation. .

CHAPTER 9, Section 3CHAPTER 9, Section 3THE WAR WITH MEXICOTHE WAR WITH MEXICO

I. I. The Lingering Question of TexasThe Lingering Question of Texas..

In 1803 the U.S. claimed TX as part of In 1803 the U.S. claimed TX as part of the LA Purchase; however, the U.S. the LA Purchase; however, the U.S. renounced that claim in the Adams-Onis renounced that claim in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819.Treaty of 1819.

Southerners had taken slaves into TX; so Southerners had taken slaves into TX; so the area would probably support slavery the area would probably support slavery as a state. Anti-slavery members of as a state. Anti-slavery members of Congress would oppose them as a state.Congress would oppose them as a state.

Mexico still had not recognized TX Mexico still had not recognized TX independence.independence.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3II. II. Texas and Oregon Enter the UnionTexas and Oregon Enter the Union..

1844 – Pres. Tyler wanted to annex 1844 – Pres. Tyler wanted to annex TX & brought it to the SenateTX & brought it to the Senate..

Calhoun included a statement in Calhoun included a statement in defense of TX as a slavery statedefense of TX as a slavery state..

Congress voted against it and this Congress voted against it and this cost Tyler his chances of another cost Tyler his chances of another term.term.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3A. A. The Election of 1844The Election of 1844..

TX Annexation was an issue. TX Annexation was an issue.

1. 1. Henry ClayHenry Clay – Whig – Whig

2. 2. Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren – Democrat, – Democrat,

lost the nomination to lost the nomination to James K. PolkJames K. Polk because Polk promised to annex TX and because Polk promised to annex TX and the Oregon Territory; in addition, he said the Oregon Territory; in addition, he said that he would buy CA from Mexico.that he would buy CA from Mexico.

3. The 3. The LIBERTY PARTYLIBERTY PARTY split the vote and split the vote and caused Polk to win.caused Polk to win.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3B. The OREGON Question. The British claimed the region. Polk said the U.S. had a right to it. Supporters cried “Fifty-four Forty or

Fight.” They wanted all of Oregon. Polk agreed to split the territory with G.B.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3C. THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS

1. Texas joined the Union in 1845, but there was a dispute over the southwestern border.

2. 1845 – Polk sent John Slidell as special ENVOY to Mexico City to buy CA territory; the new President Herrera refused to meet with him.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3III. WAR WITH MEXICO

POLK ordered troops to invade Mexican territory – General Zachary

Taylor May 13, 1846 – The Senate voted to

go to war with Mexico.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3A. Calling ALL VolunteersA. Calling ALL Volunteers 1. 1. Polk’s three-pronged strategyPolk’s three-pronged strategy:: Taylor’s troops move southTaylor’s troops move south Separate force would capture Santa Separate force would capture Santa

Fe & march west to take CAFe & march west to take CA U.S. forces advanced to Mexico City U.S. forces advanced to Mexico City

and force Mexico to surrender.and force Mexico to surrender. 2. Congress called for 2. Congress called for volunteers, but they were volunteers, but they were not disciplined & unruly. not disciplined & unruly.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3

B. B. THE FIGHTING BEGINSTHE FIGHTING BEGINS!!!!

John C. FremontJohn C. Fremont led northern CA led northern CA settlers to overtake the Mexican settlers to overtake the Mexican forces and declared CA independent forces and declared CA independent of Mexico. They named it the of Mexico. They named it the Bear Bear Flag RepublicFlag Republic, but it only lasted a , but it only lasted a few weeks. U.S. Naval forces took few weeks. U.S. Naval forces took posession of the land for the U.S. posession of the land for the U.S.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3

C. To C. To Mexico City..

1. Mexico would not surrender so 1. Mexico would not surrender so Polk sent soldiers on ships to take Polk sent soldiers on ships to take Mexico City. Mexico City.

2. Polk saw Taylor as a rival for 2. Polk saw Taylor as a rival for president, so he sent president, so he sent General General Winfield ScottWinfield Scott instead of Taylor. instead of Taylor.

3. Mexico City was captured on 3. Mexico City was captured on September 14, 1847.September 14, 1847.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3D. D. The Peace TreatyThe Peace Treaty..

February 2, 1848, Mexico signed the February 2, 1848, Mexico signed the Treaty Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgoof Guadalupe Hidalgo..

Mexico gave up more than 500,000 Mexico gave up more than 500,000 square miles to the U.S. (square miles to the U.S. (CACA, , UtahUtah, and , and NevadaNevada, along with , along with partsparts of of New MexicoNew Mexico, , ArizonaArizona, , ColoradoColorado, & , & WyomingWyoming).).

The The Rio GrandeRio Grande was the southern border was the southern border of TX.of TX.

The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million & agreed The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million & agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed U.S. citizens.owed U.S. citizens.

Chapter 9, Sec 3Chapter 9, Sec 3MANIFEST DESTINY