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Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire,
400-1300
Transforming the Roman World
Feudalism
The Growth of European Kingdoms
The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades
Chapter Objectives:
1. Describe the rise of the Germanic and Frankish kingdoms, the influences of Christianity, and Charlemagne2. Explain Invasions and the forces contributing to growth of feudalism3. Explain the Norman Conquest, Magna Carta, French kingdoms, and the growth of Slavic states4. Describe the Byzantine Empire and the effects of the Crusades
Transforming the Roman World
Objectives:
1. Characterize the New European civilization formed by the Germanic peoples, the legacy of the Romans, and the Church2. Discuss how Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom and created the Carolingian Empire
The New Germanic Kingdoms
Germanic migrations spread through Roman
land by the third century
*Visigoths occupied Spain
Ostrogoths occupied Italy
*Ango-Saxons in Britain
The Germanic rulers retained the Roman
structure of government
By 500, the Western Roman Empire had been replaced by a number of states ruled by German
kings
The Kingdoms of the Franks
The only Germanic kingdom which would remain standing is the
Frankish Kingdom
*Clovis, a strong military leader, established the
kingdom
c. 500, Clovis converted to Christianity—the first Germanic ruler to do so
Conversion through battle
The Catholic Church was eager to obtain the friendship with a major
Germanic state
The Frankish Kingdom extended from the *Pyrenees in the
southwest to the east
Germanic Society
Germans and Romans intermarried and began to create a new society
Blood feuds and the breaking of the law
New system of government: the
establishment of a fine called a *wergild
—”money for a man”
Ordeal—the means of determining
guilt in Germanic law
fire and water were tools of judgement
Divine forces would not allow an innocent person to
he harmed
The Role of the Church
As the official Roman state fell
apart, the Church played an
increasingly important role in the growth of the
new European civilization
Organization of the Church
Parishes — local Christian
communities
A group of parishes headed by a Bishop
*Bishopric—diocese
Roman provinces under an archbishop
*Popes—”papa”
The head of the Roman Catholic Church
*Gregory I—Gregory the Great (590-604),
strengthened the power of the papacy
He was especially active in converting non-Christian
peoples of Germanic Europe to Christianity
The Monks and Their Missions
*Monk—a man who separates himself himself from ordinary
human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God
*monasticism—the practice of living the life of a monk
*Saint Benedict—founded a community of monks for which
he wrote a set of rules
He placed an emphasis on prayer and manual labor—regulation of sleep, work,
eating, and praying
An abbot (“father”) ran each monastery
The monastic community came to be seen as the ideal Christian society that could provide a moral example to
the wider society
English and Irish monks, for example,
were especially enthusiastic
missionaries, attempting to spread
the gospel to the “pagan” lands
Women also ran monastic communities—*an Abbesses ran a
monastery
Charlemagne and the Carolingians
During the 600s and 700s, the kings of the Frankish kingdom
gradually lost their power to the *mayors of the palace
*Pepin, the son of Charles Martel, took control of the Frankish state
*Charlemagne—Charles the Great, reestablished and
expanded the territory of the Frankish kingdom
The Carolingian EmpireCharlemagne’s
empire which covered much of western and
central Europe
Missi Dominici (“messengers of the
lord king”)—two men who were sent out to
local districts to ensure that the lords were carrying out the
king’s wishes
Charlemagne as Roman EmperorCreated what is
known as the “kingdom of
Europe”
In 800, Charlemagne was crowned
Roman emperor
The idea of an enduring Roman
Empire
An Intellectual Renewal
Charlemagne encouraged the
education of the clergy and literate officials for
the government
Carolingian Renaissance—a
renewal of Latin and classical works
By the 800s, the Benedictine monks
began copying manuscripts in
*scriptoria—writing rooms
Most of the ancient Roman works we have
today exist because they were copied by
Carolingian monks
Feudalism
Objectives:
1. Discuss the Viking, Magyar, and Muslim invasions of Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries
2. Summarize how the collapse of central authority in the European world led to a new political system known as feudalism
The InvadersThe Carolingian Empire fell apart at the death of
Charlemagne in 814
His grandsons divided the empire into three
sections: the west, east, and middle
Local nobles gained power in what was once a centralized kingdom
In the ninth and tenth centuries, waves of
invaders disintegrated the european political
structures
Muslims attacked from the south,
sweeping into Spain, conquering various
Mediterranean islands, and parts of
southern Italy
*The Magyars, a people from western
Asia, moved into central Europe at the
end of the ninth century and pressured
western Europe
Massive decentralization in the
Eastern Frankish Kingdom
The most devastating invasions were by the
Norsemen of Scandinavia, called
*Vikings
Throughout the century Vikings sacked villages and towns, destroyed churches, and easily
destroyed small armies
Population explosion and exploration
The Vikings were master
shipbuilders and sailors—fashioning
long and narrow ships with arched
prows which could sail in shallow
waters and was sea worthy in the
rough seas of the Atlantic
The Vikings attacked into the deep interior of
Europe, including France, Germany, Eastern Europe to
the Black Sea, Russia, and too the Caspian sea
encountering Muslims in the North of their
Empire
*EXTRA CREDIT
(100 Points)Watch and write a
review that connects the film to
this chapter
The Thirteenth Warrior
The Development of Feudalism
The invasions and attacks led to
centralization of power in some areas and a breakdown in others
For some, the attacks produced a new
political and social system called *Feudalism
Knights and Vassals
At the heart of feudalism is the idea of vassalage
Oath of loyalty
*Vassal: A man who served a lord
in a military capacity
Frankish Arms
For 500 years, warfare in Europe
would be dominated by heavily armored cavalry, or *knights
Horses, armor, and weapons could only be purchased by the
wealthy
Land was given to those vassals that
would fight for a lord
The Feudal Contract
The relationship between lord and vassal was made
official by public ceremony
Often a grant of land was given called a *fief
A lord, who himself was made a vassal of the King,
in turn made his own vassals, and they in turn made their own vassals
An obligation toward military
service
Multiple vassals and multiple
lords
Familial contracts
The Nobility of the Middle Ages
Like Japan, Middle Ages Europe was dominated by men whose
chief concern was warfare
Training gave way to tests of knightly strength
*Tournaments—contests where knights could show their
fighting skills—appeared in the 12th century
The Catholic Church encouraged the notion
of *chivalry, that nobility conducted
themselves in a civilized and “noble”
way
The Growth of European Kingdoms
Objectives:
1. Describe how European monarchs began to extend their power and build strong states during the High Middle Ages
2. Identify the three distinct groups formed by the Slavic peoples and locate where they settled in eastern Europe
England in the High Middle Ages
Following the invasions of the Vikings, the
Anglo-Saxons unified under “kings” who led
the banded tribes against the Norsman
King Alfred the Great
The Norman Conquest
In 1066, an army of heavily armed knights
under *William of Normandy landed in England and defeated
the English King at *Battle of Hastings
French speaking
Intermarriage merged the cultures
Existing Anglo-Saxon institutions:
Shire reeve
Domesday Book: a census which included
people, manors, and farm animals
system of taxation
feudalism
Henry II
The power of the English Monarchy was
enlarged during the reign of Henry II
(1154-1189)
Created a body of *common law—law
that was common to the whole kingdom
He imposed royal control over the Church
in England
Right to punish clergymen
However, his friend and appointee *Thomas á Becket, archbishop of
Canterbury claimed that only Roman Catholic
courts could try clerics
“Who will free me of this priest?”
Canterbury Cathedral
The Main Tower
Exterior near Abby
Abby Chambers
Interior Glass
Thomas á Becket’s Martyrdom
The Magna Carta and the First Parliament
Many resented the ongoing growth of the
king’s power
Rebellion was inevitable
1215, the nobles kidnapped King John and
forced him to sign the *Magna Carta (“the Great
Charter”)
The belief that the feudal custom and obligation is
mutual
Led to a limitation of absolute power
In the 13th century *Edward I created the English Parliament, 2
knights from every county and 2 from towns along with all nobles and
bishops
The French Kingdom
In 843, the Carolingian Empire was divided into
three major sections
The west Frankish nobles chose Hugh Capet as the
new king, thus establishing the Capetian dynasty of French kings
The royal domain centered around *Paris
The reign of King *Philip II Augustus (r. 1180-1223)
Waged war against the rulers of England, who
also ruled French territories of Normandy,
Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine
Philip took most of these lands
Philip IV, called Philip the Fair, (r. 1285-1314)
Strengthened the French monarchy and expanded
the royal bureaucracy
Formed a French parliament based on the three *estates, or classes,
clergy, nobles, and peasants
The Holy Roman Empire
In the tenth century, the dukes of the Saxons became kings of the
eastern Frankish kingdom
“Germany”
Otto I, crowned emperor of the Romans in 962
Struggles in Italy
Frederick I planned to get his chief revenue from
Italy
As the “Roman” Emperor, he believed he should rule
Italy as the Romans had
He attempted to conquer the Italian states but was held back by the Papal States and his alliance
Effect on the Empire
By spending their time fighting in Italy, the German empire
left the nobles to gather strength and create independent
kingdoms
No real power in either Germany or
Italy
Central and Eastern Europe
*Slavic people settled to the north of Constantinople
They were divided into three groups: west, south, and east
The *Czechs in the West converted to Christianity
The *Hungarians in the North all accepted western
Christianity
The Southern *Slavs converted to Orthodox
Christianity by two Byzantine missionary
brothers, Cyril and Methodius
The Slavs, Croats, Serbs, Czechs, Hungarians,and
Bulgarians all formed different types of
Christian communities in Eastern Europe
The Development of Russia
In the late eighth century, Swedish
Viking moved into the lands of north lands to
trade and plunder
The natives called them Rus from which is where “Russia” is
derived
Kievan Rus
Oleg, a tenth century viking
leader, settled the principality of *Kiev
They gradually expanded their territory to the
Baltic, Black Sea, the Danube, and the
Volga River
Intermarriage between Slavs
They eventually converted to Eastern
Orthodox Christianity through their wives
and missionaries
Civil wars and new invasions brought an
end to the first Russian state in 1169
Mongol Rule
In the thirteenth century, Mongols conquered Russia
They required Russian princes to
pay tribute to them
*Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod, defeated a German invading army in
Russia in 1242
As a reward, he was given the title
“prince” from the Mongols who later became the leaders
of Russia
The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades
Objectives:
1. Examine the unique civilization of the Byzantine Empire in the eastern Mediterranean
2. Discuss how the Crusades affected medieval society in both the East and the West
The Reign of Justinian
fifth century, Germanic invasion led to the
collapse of the western Roman Empire
The East survived and was stable
*Justinian, Eastern Roman Emperor
(crowned in 527), sought to reconquer the West
Through several military campaigns, he conquered Italy, parts of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, *Palestine,
and *Syria
After his death, however, the Lombards
took back Italy
He codified many Roman laws, creating
the *Body of Civil Law
From Eastern Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire
Trouble emerged; too much territory to protect far from *Constantinople
plague
An Empty Treasury
The Rise of Islam
Many enemies to the North, South, and East
pressed into their lands
By the eighth century, all that remained was the eastern *Balkans
and Asia Minor
This marked as the transition from Rome to Byzantine Empire
Art, church buildings, ceremonies, and decoration were
important features of Byzantine faith
The emperor was seen as chosen by God whose power was absolute
The emperor appointed the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the
*patriarch
Life in Constantinople
Riots in Constantinople in 532 caused
widespread destruction
Afterward, Justinian rebuilt the city
Constantinople became the largest city in Europe during the Middle Ages
TradeConstantinople was a
medieval center of trade
Products from the east: silk from China, spices
from SE Asia, wheat and furs from Russia, and flax
and honey from the Balkans
Monks eventually smuggled silkworms out
of China
Building
Immense palace complex,
hundreds of churches,
Hippodrome
Hagia Sophia—the Church of Holy Wisdom
New Heights and New Problems
A new dynasty emerged known as the *Macedonians
who ruled from 867-1081
They helped expand the shrinking empire
The Byzantine Empire was troubled by the *Great
Schism between the Latin and Greek Church
Threats also came from the new
military threats from the East
*Seljuk Turks helped expand Islamic
territory into Byzantine lands
Emperor Alexius I turned to the West for
aid
The Crusades
From the 11th to 13th century, European
Christians carried out a series of military
campaigns to regain the Holy Land called
*Crusades
Pope Urban II declared a war of the *infidels who were “defiling” Christ
“All who die...whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans,
shall have immediate remission of sins”
Motives: religious fervor, adventure,
fighting, riches, title, trading opportunities
The Early Crusades
Three organized bands of warriors, most of them
French, captured Antioch in 1098
The sacking of Jerusalem
Latin Crusader States
Trade made Italian merchant cities wealthy
By 1140, Muslim forces struck back
*Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, a monastic
leader, called for renewed efforts
leading to another crusade
*In 1187, Saladin sacked Jerusalem
The Third Crusade: European kings band
together to retake Jerusalem
Fourth Crusade: the sacking of
Constantinople
“Children’s Crusade”
Albeginsian Crusade
The Later Crusades
Consequences in Europe
Crusader states brought wealth and trade to Italian
port cities
The return of Greek and Roman Knowledge
The breakdown of Feudalism
The development of stronger, centralized states
THE END