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Chapter 9Cell Reproduction
Review:What we know
• Cells have DNA / genetic information
• We pass on our info to our children
• All our cells contain DNA
• Chromosomes are bundles of DNA
What we need know
• How do our cells make new cells?
• What can go wrong?
• Do all cells get made the same?
• Can do bacteria and viruses make new cells?
In the beginning…
• You start life as a single cell
Human Embryo Day 3
Human Embryo 20 Weeks
Until the end of time…
• New cells made throughout entire life
• Called cell reproduction
Cell Reproduction• Goal:
– Replace old or worn out cells
– Growth & Development
• Most cells are less than 100 micrometers
–Smaller than a period . at the end of a sentence!
• Why?
–To ensure that the needs of the cell are met.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/
Cell Size
• Factors that influence cell size are:
–Ratio of surface area to volume
• Surface area is the area covered by the plasma membrane
(nutrients & wastes
must pass through)
SA = L x W x # sides
Cell Size Continued:
• Volume is the space taken by the inner contents of the cell (including organelles and nucleus)
V = L x W x H
Cell Size Continued:
• As cell grows the ratio of surface area to volume will continue to decrease!
• Volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area!
Cell has TROUBLE:
- supplying nutrients
- expelling waste products
Cell Size Continued:
• SMALL cells have a higher ratio & can sustain themselves!
REMEMBER:
How do substances move in a cell?
Cell Size Continued:
• Communication breaks down over long distances!
Cell Size Continued:
Investigate Cell Size:
• Complete the Investigation
of Cell Size by creating a
table on your
handout.
Hypothetical Cells
SA V SA:V
Ratio
0.00002 m
0.001 m
2.5 m
30 cm
15 m
Investigation of Cell Size:
So based on your calculations do cells become large?
Are large organisms large because they contain extra large cells or just more standard – sized cells?
Cell Cycle
AKA A Cell’s
Life
• Once cell reaches a certain size it must:–Stop growing or–Divide
• The cell cycle is a cell’s cycle of growing and dividing.
• One complete cycle produces two cells.
Cell Cycle
• When repeated continuously the result is a continuous production of NEW cells!
Cell Cycle
• Interphase
– Cell grows, carries our cellular functions, & replicates (makes copies) of DNA
• Mitosis
– Cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide
• Cytokinesis
– Cell’s cytoplasm divides creating a new cell
3 Main Phases of Cell Cycle:
• Divided into 3 stages:– G1
• Cell grows, carries out normal cell functions, prepares to replicate DNA.
• Checkpoint for size & nutrients!
Interphase:
–S (aka the synthesis phase)
• Cell copies (replicates)
its DNA to prepare for
cell division
Interphase continued:
–G2
• Cell prepares for the division of its nucleus
• Checkpoint to make sure cell is ready for mitosis!
Interphase continued:
M Phase of Cell Cycle a.k.a. Mitosis
• Result = two identical cells• Forms all human body cells • Ex: skin, blood,
bones, stomach• Slows with age
Different Forms of DNA:
• Remember DNA is found in the nucleus
• DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid• In it’s normal state DNA is
loosely coiled and in the form of chromatin.
Chromatin:
• Looks like loose spaghetti!
• During what phase is DNA replicated? “S” phase of Interphase.
• Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs:–23 from mom–23 from dad
Chromosomes:
• Once copied the DNA will begin to coil tightly around proteins and is now called chromosomes.
Chromosomes:
Chromatid (s):
• The chromosomes 1-23 from mom will then pair up with chromosome 1-23 from dad respectively!
• Once chromosomes are paired they are now called sister chromatids.
• Each half is a chromatid but together they are sister chromatids.
Chromatid (s):
Chromatid
Chromatid
Centromere:
• Each sister chromatid is held together by a centromere!
Remember Before Cells Divide
• DNA replication occurs chromosomes double
• This stage of the cell cycle is called interphase
Interphase
• Longest stage of cell cycle
• Cell is preparing for mitosis
• Cell gets larger & centrioles double
Interphase
Interphase (cont.)
Plant Cells in Interphase
Plant Cell in Interphase (cont.)
Stages of Mitosis
P – M – A – T
PROPHASE• Chromosomes shorten & thicken
(shaped like an X)–Each half = chromatid–Attached by centromere.
• Nuclear membrane breaks down• Centrioles move apart• Spindle fibers form between centrioles
Prophase
Plant Cell in Early Prophase
Plant Cell in Late Prophase
METAPHASE• Centrioles move to opposite
sides of cell
• Spindle fibers stretch between centrioles
• Chromosomes line up in the middle by fibers connected to the centromere
• Sister chromatids are pulled to line up at center of cell
• “Meta-” Prefix meaning middle
METAPHASE (cont.)
Centromere
• Part that holds chromosomes together
Plant Cell in Metaphase
Plant Cell in Metaphase
ANAPHASE• Sister chromatids are
pulled apart• Fibers pull
chromatids toward centrioles
Anaphase
Plant Cell in Anaphase
Plant Cell in Anaphase
TELOPHASE
• Fibers begin to disappear
• Nuclear membrane begins to reform
• Cell membrane pinches in
Plant Cell in Telophase
Cytokinesis• Last stage of cell
cycle • Process of
dividing the cytoplasm
• Starts during anaphase finishes after telophase
In the end…
• Each cell has a complete set of chromosomes
• Two identical daughter cells formed from one parent cell
Mitosis Completed
http://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/a70-mitosis
Changes in Rate of Mitosis
• Cancer: Cells divide at a fast rate out of control
•Malignant: dangerous
•Benign: not dangerous
Abnormal Cell Division
• A tumor is a mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division
Apoptosis:• Not every cell is destined to survive!• Some cells go through programmed
cell death called apoptosis. –Cell shrinks & shrivels
All animal cells have a “death program” that can be activated.
• Discovered in 1998
• Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells under the right conditions.
• Two types:– Embryonic stem cells– Adult stem cells
Stem Cells
How other cells divide
1.Bacteria (Prokaryote)One cell splits into two
Asexual reproduction
Same genes as “parent”
Bacteria Cell Reproduction
How other cells divide (cont.)
2.Viruses – Inject their DNA into other cellsNot considered “living” cells
Viral Cell Reproduction
Step 3
Step 2Step 1
Step 4