Chapter 9
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Chapter 9. Reporting and Analyzing Current Liabilities. Conceptual Learning Objectives. C1: Describe current and long-term liabilities and their characteristics C2: Identify and describe known current liabilities C3: Explain how to account for contingent liabilities. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Wild Chapter 9McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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In chapter eleven, we will discuss current liabilities in detail
and look at the basics of payroll accounting. We will spend much of
our time discussing new coverage of current liabilities. We think
you will find much of the information in this presentation
interesting and useful in your career.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
9-*
C2: Identify and describe known current liabilities
C3: Explain how to account for contingent liabilities
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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A1: Compute the times interest earned ratio and use it to analyze
liabilities
Analytical Learning Objectives
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P1: Prepare entries to account for short-term notes payable
P2: Compute and record employee payroll deductions and
liabilities
P3: Compute and record employer payroll expenses and
liabilities
P4: Account for estimated liabilities, including warranties and
bonuses
P5: Appendix 11A: Identify and describe the details of payroll
reports, records, and procedures
Procedural Learning Objectives
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Past
Present
Future
2
2
A liability is a present obligation that grew out of a past event
and will require a future sacrifice to extinguish the
obligation.
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Classifying Liabilities
Current Liabilities
C 1
Expected to be paid within one year or the company’s operating
cycle, whichever is longer.
Expected not to be paid within one year or the company’s operating
cycle, whichever is longer.
Long-Term Liabilities
Part One
Current liabilities are expected to be paid within one year or the
normal operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer. Current
liabilities are usually extinguished by payment of current
assets.
Part Two
Long-term liabilities are not expected to be paid or extinguished
within one year. In this chapter, we will concentrate on current
liabilities.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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2
2
The relationship between total liabilities and current liabilities
depends upon the nature of business operations. Cannondale, a
manufacturer and distributor of linen products, has a relatively
low level of current liabilities when compared to Apple Computer or
Rawlings Sporting Goods.
Chart1
Cannondale
0.48
0.54
0.73
0.94
Sheet1
Cannondale
48%
Sheet2
Sheet3
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Uncertainty in How Much to Pay
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2
2
Before we can determine the nature of a liability and properly
classify it, we must examine three major uncertainties.
First, we must determine whether we know who will be paid to
extinguish the liability. Second, we must know when the amount must
be paid, and third, we must know exactly how much must be paid to
extinguish the liability.
If we don’t know all three, we do not have a determinable
liability.
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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2
2
For the accounts shown, we have been able to determine all three
variables discussed on the previous screen, so these are known, or
determinable, liabilities.
Let’s begin our discussion of current liabilities by looking at
sales tax accounting.
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On May 15, 2007, Max Hardware sold building materials for $7,500
that are subject to a 6% sales tax.
Sales Taxes Payable
Part One
On May fifteenth, 2007, Max Hardware sold building materials to a
customer for seventy-five hundred dollars. The amount of the sale
is subject to a six percent sales tax and Max Hardware is
responsible for collecting and paying the tax to the state
government. Let’s make the journal entry to record this sale.
Part Two
We begin with a debit to the cash account for seven thousand, nine
hundred fifty dollars, the amount of the sale and the tax
collected. We credit the sales account for seventy-five hundred
dollars and credit the current liability account, sales taxes
payable, for four hundred fifty dollars. The sales tax is six
percent of the total sale of seventy-five hundred dollars.
Max Hardware will extinguish the sales taxes payable account when
payment is made to the taxing authority.
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Anheuser-Busch
0.97
0.95
0.97
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3,000
$ 275,000
Inventory
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On May 1, 2007, A-1 Catering received $3,000 in advance for
catering a wedding party to take place on July 12, 2007.
Unearned Revenues
C 2
Part One
We previously studied unearned revenues in the chapter on adjusting
entries. Unearned revenues are usually current liabilities. In our
example, A One Catering received three thousand dollars as an
advance payment for catering a wedding party scheduled for July
twelfth.
Part Two
On May first, when the cash is received, the company would debit,
or increase, its cash account, and credit unearned revenue, a
current liability, for three thousand dollars. The three thousand
dollars will not be recognized as revenue until the company
completes its obligation to provide catering for a wedding
party.
Part Three
On July twelfth, the party was catered and the company debited, or
reduced, its current liability, unearned revenue, and credited, or
increased, revenue for three thousand dollars.
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$ 275,000
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$ 275,000
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A written promise to pay a specified amount on a definite future
date within one year or the company’s operating cycle, whichever is
longer.
Short-Term Notes Payable
2
2
Let’s spend some time looking at short-term, or current, notes
payable. A note payable is a written promise to pay a specific
amount at a definite future date. Short-term notes normally bear
interest.
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On August 1, 2007, Matrix, Inc. asked Carter, Co. to accept a
90-day, 12% note to replace its existing $5,000 account payable to
Carter. Matrix would make the following entry:
Note Given to Extend Credit Period
P1
Part One
In our first example, Matrix asked Carter Company to accept a
ninety day, twelve percent note to replace its current account
payable of five thousand dollars. If Carter accepts this offer, we
will need to make an entry on the books of Matrix.
Part Two
On August first, Matrix would debit, or reduce, its account payable
to Carter and credit, or increase, its note payable to Carter.
Matrix is exchanging one current liability for another.
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On October 30, 2007, Matrix, Inc. pays the note plus interest to
Carter.
Note Given to Extend Credit Period
P1
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Part One
On October thirtieth, Matrix pays the note and all interest to
Carter. Let’s prepare the journal entry on the books of
Matrix.
Part Two
We debit, or decrease, the notes payable to Carter for five
thousand dollars and debit interest expense for one hundred fifty
dollars. The one hundred fifty dollars is interest at twelve
percent annual rate for ninety days. Finally, we will credit, or
decrease, the cash account for the total of five thousand, one
hundred fifty dollars.
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Anheuser-Busch
0.97
0.95
0.97
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3,000
$ 275,000
Inventory
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P1
American Bank
Nashville, TN
$20,000
2
2
Instead of replacing an account payable with a note payable, let’s
look at a promissory note issued to borrow money from the
bank.
This is a typical promissory note. Notice that we have a definite
payee, American Bank in Nashville, Tennessee, a determinable amount
of the payment, twenty thousand dollars plus interest at six
percent for ninety days. The entire amount is to be paid on
November 30, 2008, the date the note matures.
Let’s look at the accounting involved over the life of this note
payable.
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Face Value Equals Amount Borrowed
On September 1, 2008, Jackson Smith borrows $20,000 from American
Bank. The note bears interest at 6% per year. Principal and
interest are due in 90 days (November 30, 2008).
P1
2
2
On September first, the date the note was signed, Jackson Smith
will debit the cash account for twenty thousand dollars and credit
the current liability, notes payable, for the same amount.
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make the following entry:
P1
*
Part One
Let’s prepare the journal entry at November thirtieth, 2008, when
the note matures and is paid by Jackson Smith.
Part Two
We will debit notes payable for twenty thousand dollars and debit
interest expense for three hundred dollars. The three hundred
dollars of interest expense is calculated by multiplying twenty
thousand dollars times six percent and modifying this amount for
the length of time the note was outstanding during the year (ninety
days divided by three hundred sixty days). To complete the entry,
we need to credit cash for the total amount paid of twenty
thousand, three hundred dollars.
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Anheuser-Busch
0.97
0.95
0.97
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3,000
$ 275,000
Inventory
1
30
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P1
*
2
2
If a short-term note payable is issued in one accounting period but
is not payable until the following accounting period, it is
necessary to make an adjusting entry at year-end to record the
interest expense. Let’s look at a specific example.
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Dec. 16, 2008
Dec. 31, 2008
Feb. 14, 2009
James Burrows borrowed $8,000 on Dec. 16, 2008, by signing a 12%,
60-day note payable.
End-of-Period Adjustment to Notes
2
2
On December sixteenth, 2008, James Burrows borrows eight thousand
dollars and agrees to repay that amount plus interest at twelve
percent annual rate in sixty days. First, let’s prepare the journal
entry to record the issuance of the note.
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On December 16, 2008, James Burrows would make the following
entry:
End-of-Period Adjustment to Notes
$8,000 × 12% × (15 ÷ 360) = $40
P1
Part One
On December sixteenth, we will debit the cash account for eight
thousand dollars and credit the current liability account, notes
payable, for the same amount.
Part Two
See if you can prepare the adjusting journal entry on December
thirty first, 2008, before going to the next screen.
Part Three
How did you do? We need to accrue forty dollars in interest expense
for 2008. The entry is to debit the interest expense account and
credit a liability account, interest payable, for forty
dollars.
We calculate the forty dollars by multiplying eight thousand
dollars times twelve percent annual interest and multiply that
amount by fifteen days divided by three hundred sixty days. It is
necessary to adjust the annual interest or the number of days from
the date the note was issued until the end of the year, fifteen
days.
Now let’s complete our example by making the entry to record the
payment of the note and interest. Be careful, many students miss
this entry.
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$ 275,000
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On February 14, 2009, James Burrows would make the following
entry.
End-of-Period Adjustment to Notes
*
2
2
The note falls due, and is paid in full on February fourteenth,
2009. James owes eight thousand, one hundred sixty dollars for the
principal and interest. The total interest is calculated by
multiplying eight thousand dollars by twelve percent and adjusting
this amount for the sixty-day life of the note. The total interest
of one hundred sixty dollars is divided between the amount incurred
in 2008, and the amount to be recorded in 2009.
The journal entry is to debit notes payable for eight thousand
dollars, eliminate the interest payable amount of forty dollars,
debit the interest expense account for one hundred twenty dollars,
and credit cash for the total amount due of eight thousand, one
hundred sixty dollars.
We think it will be a good idea to go over this example when you
study for the next exam.
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$ 275,000
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Payroll Liabilities
2
2
Most of you have probably worked at some time in your life. You
know that amounts are withheld from your paycheck, and you may have
wondered how this money is handled by your employer. You may not
know that your employer pays payroll tax expenses in connection
with having you on the payroll. These are not amounts withheld from
your paycheck but are costs to your employer.
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Voluntary Deductions
Gross Pay
2
2
Gross pay is the amount you actually earn during a pay period. Out
of your gross pay, amounts are withheld for social security (FICA)
taxes, Medicare taxes, and federal income taxes. If you live in a
state or locality that has an income tax, additional amounts will
be withheld. In addition to this mandatory withholding, you may
elect to have amounts withheld from your gross pay. For example,
you may be eligible to participate in a contributory retirement
plan or a medical reimbursement plan.
Your gross pay less all withholdings, mandatory and voluntary, is
your net pay. This is the amount of cash you can put in the
bank.
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FICA Taxes — Medicare
2006: 6.2% of the first $94,200 earned in the year ( Max =
$5,840).
2006: 1.45% of all wages earned in the year.
Employers must pay withheld taxes to the Internal Revenue Service
(IRS).
Employee FICA Taxes
P2
2
2
The rate of withholding for FICA taxes and Medicare taxes varies
from year to year, but in 2005, the FICA rate was six point two
percent on the first ninety thousand dollars of gross pay. The
Medicare rate of one point forty-five percent was applied on all of
your gross pay in 2005, as well.
Your employer is required to match the amounts withheld for FICA
and Medicare on a dollar for dollar basis. For every ten dollars
withheld from your paycheck, your employer must pay ten dollars on
your behalf to the Internal Revenue Service.
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Amounts withheld depend on the employee’s earnings, tax rates, and
number of withholding allowances.
Employers must pay the taxes withheld from employees’ gross pay to
the appropriate government agency.
Federal Income Tax
Employee Income Tax
2
2
The amount of income taxes withheld from your gross pay usually
depends on how much you earn during the pay period and the number
of withholding allowances you claimed on the W4 form you completed
when you first went to work.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Amounts withheld depend on the employee’s request.
Employers owe voluntary amounts withheld from employees’ gross pay
to the designated agency.
Voluntary Deductions
Employee Voluntary Deductions
2
2
The amount withheld from gross pay for voluntary deductions depends
upon which plans you participate in at your place of employment.
Your employer makes payments to the proper designated agencies for
amounts you have withheld as voluntary deductions.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
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The entry to record payroll expenses and deductions for an employee
might look like this.
Recording Employee Payroll Deductions
2
2
Here is an example of a typical payroll entry to record the
employees’ withholdings and net pay. The amount of net pay is
credited to accrued salaries payable when the payroll is prepared.
When the paychecks are written, the journal entry is to debit, or
eliminate, accrued salaries payable for three thousand, one hundred
twenty-six dollars and credit cash for the same amount.
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Date
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Debit
Credit
Balance
Total
420
216
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3,000
$ 275,000
Matrix, Inc.
$ 174,000
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Employee's Medical Insurance Payable48
Employee's Pension Contribution Payable100
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Employer Payroll Taxes
P3
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2
2
Your employer must match your contributions for FICA and Medicare
taxes.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
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P3
2006: 6.2% on the first $7,000 of wages paid to each employee (A
credit up to 5.4% is given for SUTA paid, therefore the net rate is
.8%.)
Federal Unemployment Tax (FUTA)
2006: Basic rate of 5.4% on the first $7,000 of wages paid to each
employee (Merit ratings may lower SUTA rates.)
State Unemployment Tax (SUTA)
2
2
In addition to matching your contributions for FICA and Medicare,
your employer must pay all federal and state unemployment
taxes.
The federal and state unemployment tax rates are subject to change.
In 2006, the federal rate was a maximum of six point two percent on
the first seven thousand dollars of earnings for each employee. The
federal tax can be reduced by as much as five point four percent if
your employer has a very good employment record. Therefore the
resulting net rate used for most FUTA calculations is point eight
percent.
The state portion of the rate is five point four percent on the
first seven thousand dollars of earnings by each employee. Most
states reduce this rate to employers with excellent employment
records.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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The entry to record the employer payroll taxes for January might
look like this:
SUTA: $4,000 ´ 5.4% = $216
FUTA: $4,000 ´ (6.2% - 5.4%) = $32
FICA amounts are the same as that withheld from the employee’s
gross pay.
Recording Employer Payroll Taxes
2
2
Here is a typical entry to record the payroll tax expenses paid by
employers. Notice that we debit payroll tax expense for the total
amount involved. We record current liabilities for the FICA and
Medicare taxes payable, and for the federal and state unemployment
taxes payable.
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Date
PR
Debit
Credit
Balance
Total
216
44
61
111
3,000
$ 275,000
Balance, June 30, 2002
$ 174,000
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Often include unearned revenues and notes payable.
Unearned revenues from magazine subscriptions often cover more than
one accounting period. A portion of the earned revenue is
recognized each period and the unearned revenue account is
reduced.
P3
*
2
2
When a liability crosses several accounting periods, a portion will
be classified as current and a portion as a long-term liability. We
must make adjusting entries at the end of each accounting period
for these multi-period liabilities. Two common multi-period
liabilities include subscriptions and long-term notes payable that
have a portion maturing each year.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
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An estimated liability is a known obligation of an uncertain
amount, but one that can be reasonably estimated.
Estimated Liabilities
5
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In addition to our known liabilities, we also have to estimate
certain liabilities. To estimate a liability, we must know that we
have an obligation, but we are uncertain as to exactly how much
will have to be paid or when it will be paid. The amounts involved
must be subject to reasonable estimation before we may actually
record an estimated liability.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Employer expenses for pensions or medical, dental, life and
disability insurance
Health and Pension Benefits
Assume an employer agrees to pay an amount for medical insurance
equal to $8,000, and contribute an additional 10% of the employees’
$120,000 gross salary to a retirement program.
P4
Part One
An employer may agree to pay a portion of your medical, dental,
life, or disability insurance. In this case, the employer agrees to
pay eight thousand dollars toward employee medical insurance
coverage and ten percent of gross salaries for a pension program.
The employee may have to make contributions to each of these plans,
but at this time, we are interested in the employer costs. Let’s
look at the journal entry we make in connection with the employer’s
payments.
Part Two
We debit, or increase, the employee benefits expenses for twenty
thousand dollars, credit medical insurance payable for eight
thousand dollars, and the retirement program payable for twelve
thousand dollars. Contributions made by the employer are an
additional cost of having you as an employee.
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$ 174,000
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Vacation Benefits
Assume an employee earns $62,400 per year and earns two weeks of
paid vacation each year.
P4
Part One
Most employers have an expense for amounts paid to employees who
are on vacation. Assume you make sixty-two thousand, four hundred
dollars per year, and earn two weeks paid vacation each year.
Part Two
If you work the full fifty-two weeks of the year, your weekly gross
pay is twelve hundred dollars. However, you only work fifty weeks
per year and get the other two weeks off. If we spread your salary
over the fifty weeks you work, the effective cost to the company is
twelve hundred forty-eight dollars per week. So, your weekly
vacation benefits are forty-eight dollars. Let’s look at the entry
your employer will make each week.
Part Three
We debit the vacation benefits expense account for forty-eight
dollars per week and credit the vacation benefits payable for the
same amount. When you take your vacation, your employer will reduce
the vacation benefits payable liability and credit cash for the
payment made to you.
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Many bonuses paid to employees are based on reported net
income.
Bonus Plans
Assume the annual yearly bonus to the store manager is equal to 10%
of the company’s annual net income minus the bonus. The store
earned $100,000 net income this year.
P4
Part One
Many managers are paid a fixed salary and an additional bonus based
on reported net income. Let’s assume you are a manager at a store
and receive an annual bonus equal to ten percent of the store’s
annual net income minus the bonus paid to you. In the last year,
your store earned one hundred thousand dollars. What will be your
bonus?
Part Two
We can set up the basic bonus equation which states that your bonus
(B) is equal to ten percent times net income minus the bonus.
Part Three
The equation may be simplified to state that the bonus is equal to
ten thousand dollars minus point one times the bonus. Now let’s
solve for the bonus amount.
Part Four
As you can see, your bonus is equal to nine thousand, ninety-one
dollars rounded to the nearest whole dollar.
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Many bonuses paid to employees are based on reported net
income.
Bonus Plans
Assume the annual yearly bonus to the store manager is equal to 10%
of the company’s annual net income minus the bonus. The store
earned $100,000 net income this year.
P4
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Once the bonus has been calculated, the company will debit the
employee bonus expense account, and credit the liability account,
bonus payable, for nine thousand, ninety-one dollars. When the
bonus is paid to you, the company will debit, or eliminate, the
bonus payable balance, and credit cash.
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Warranty Liabilities
Seller’s obligation to replace or correct a product (or service)
that fails to perform as expected within a specified period. To
conform with the matching principle, the seller reports expected
warranty expense in the period when revenue from the sale is
reported.
A dealer sells a car for $32,000, on December 1, 2007, with a
warranty for parts and labor for 12 months, or 12,000 miles. The
dealership experiences an average warranty cost of 3% of the
selling price of each car.
P4
Part One
Many products sold are covered by a warranty. The seller is liable
for replacing or repairing the product while it is under warranty.
To make sure we follow the matching principle, we must report the
estimated warranty liability in the year in which the sale is made.
In this way, we are matching expense with revenues.
Part Two
A dealer sells a car for thirty-two thousand dollars on December
first, 2007. The car is covered by a twelve-month or
twelve-thousand mile warranty. Based upon past experience, the
dealership estimates average warranty costs at three percent of the
selling price of each car.
Let’s look at the proper accounting for the estimated warranty
expense.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Warranty Liabilities
A dealer sells a car for $32,000, on December 1, 2007, with a
warranty for parts and labor for 12 months, or 12,000 miles. The
dealership experiences an average warranty cost of 3% of the
selling price of each car.
On February 15, 2008, parts of $200 and labor of $250 covered under
warranty were incurred.
P4
Part One
On the date of sale, December first, the dealership will debit
warranty expense and credit the current liability account,
estimated warranty liability, for nine hundred sixty dollars. The
amount of the estimated liability is determined by multiplying the
thirty-two thousand dollar cost of the car times the three percent
historical warranty cost percent.
Part Two
On February fifteenth, 2008, the dealership paid two hundred
dollars for parts and two hundred fifty dollars for labor covered
by the warranty. Can you prepare the proper journal entry? It is a
little tough, so take your time.
Part Three
On February fifteenth, the dealership will debit, or reduce, the
estimated warranty liability for total costs incurred of four
hundred fifty dollars. We will credit the auto parts inventory for
two hundred dollars, and salaries payable for two hundred fifty
dollars.
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Contingent Liabilities
Potential obligation that depends on a future event arising out of
a past transaction or event.
C3
Amount . . .
Part One
A contingent liability is a potential liability whose outcome
depends upon the occurrence of some future event. If the future
event occurs, we have a definite liability.
Part Two
We have prepared this table to help you determine the proper
accounting for contingent liabilities. First, we must assess the
probability of a future sacrifice, and then determine if the amount
involved can be estimated. Our assessment of future sacrifice must
be placed in one of three categories: (1) it is probable that we
will have a future sacrifice; (2) it is reasonably possible that we
will have a future sacrifice; and (3) there is only a remote
probability of a future sacrifice.
You can see that if we assess the probability as remote, no action
is required by the accountant. When we assess the probability as
reasonably possible, we must disclose the contingent liability in
the notes to the financial statements. Finally, if the probability
of a future sacrifice is probable, we will record a contingent
liability in the amount of the sacrifice if it can be estimated. If
we cannot estimate the amount involved, we must disclose the
contingent liability in the notes to the financial
statements.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
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*
Accounting for contingent liabilities depends on the likelihood
that a future event will occur and the ability to estimate the
future amount owed if this event occurs. Three possibilities are
identified in the chart shown: A company may be required to record
the liability, disclose it in the notes, or not to disclose it at
all. Take a moment to review the chart. You may want to refer to it
later when you are studying for your exam.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
9-*
Reasonably Possible Contingent Liabilities
Potential Legal Claims – A potential claim is recorded if the
amount can be reasonably estimated and payment for damages is
probable.
Debt Guarantees – The guarantor usually discloses the guarantee in
its financial statement notes. If it is probable that the debtor
will default, the guarantor should record and report the guarantee
as a liability.
C3
5
73
If it is probable that a company will have a future sacrifice as
the result of current litigation, and if the amount of the
sacrifice can be estimated, we will record a liability for
potential loss from litigation. If we cannot estimate the amount
involved, we will disclose the legal claim in the notes to the
financial statements. In these litigious times, many companies are
being sued for a wide variety of reasons.
When a company guarantees the debt of an affiliated company, it may
eventually have to pay the obligation. If the original debtor fails
to pay, the obligation becomes the responsibility of the
guarantor.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
9-*
If income before interest and taxes varies greatly from year to
year, fixed interest charges can increase the risk that an owner
will not earn a positive return and be unable to pay interest
charges.
Times Interest Earned
5
73
Companies that loan money to a business want to be assured that the
principal and interest will be paid when due. One measure that
helps creditors assess the risk of a loan is the Times Interest
Earned ratio.
We calculate the ratio by dividing income before interest and
income taxes by interest expense. Income before interest and income
taxes is sometimes referred to as operating income.
A high Times Interest Earned ratio usually means that the risk of
nonpayment is low.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
9-*
*
Some of you may have borrowed money to attend college, or you may
borrow money soon to finance major purchases like a home or
car.
Investing in yourself is one of the best investments you can ever
make. A solid knowledge about the calculation of interest and the
specific terms of debt obligations will help you in the
future.
We hope you found this chapter on current liabilities and the
basics of payroll accounting interesting and useful.
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Cannondale
DRCR
DRCR
DRCR
Oct 30Notes payable - Carter5,000
interest
DRCR
DRCR
Dec 16Cash8,000
Notes payable8,000
DR CR
DR CR
FICA - Medicare Tax Payable58
Employee Medical Insurance Payable48
Employee Union Dues Payable100
DR CR
FICA - Medicare Tax Payable58
State Unemployment Taxes Payable216
Federal Unemployement Taxes Payable32
DR CR
Jan. 5Vacation Benefits Expense48
employee
DR CR
DR CR
Estimated
financial stmts.financial stmts.
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