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Chapter 8
Measuring the Economy’s Performance
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-2
Introduction
Economists and financial news media anticipate the latest measure of total output by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).
How does the BEA attempt to gauge the economy’s performance?
You will find out in this chapter.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-3
Learning Objectives
• Describe the circular flow of income and output
• Define gross domestic product (GDP)
• Understand the limitations of using GDP as a measure of national welfare
2
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-4
Learning Objectives (cont'd)
• Explain the expenditure approach to tabulating GDP
• Explain the income approach to computing GDP
• Distinguish between nominal GDP and real GDP
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-5
Chapter Outline
• The Simple Circular Flow
• National Income Accounting
• Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP
• Other Components of National Income Accounting
• Distinguishing Between Nominal and Real Values
• Comparing GDP Throughout the World
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-6
Did You Know That...
• Decisions on how to categorize business expenses will affect the relative size of an increase or a decrease in economic activity?
• Statisticians measuring our national economic performance strive for consistency in constructing their measures across time?
3
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-7
The Simple Circular Flow
• Two observations
1. In every economic exchange, the seller receives exactly the same amount that the buyer spends.
2. Goods and services flow in one direction and money payments flow in the other.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-8
The Simple Circular Flow (cont'd)
• Profits explained
QuestionWhy is profit a cost of production?
AnswerProfits are the return entrepreneurs receive for the risk they incur when organizing productive activities.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-9
The Simple Circular Flow (cont'd)
• Final Goods and ServicesGoods and services that are at their final stage of production and will not be transformed into yet other goods or services
4
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-10
Figure 8-1 The Circular Flow of Income and Product
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-11
The Simple Circular Flow (cont'd)
• Product MarketsTransactions in which households buy goods
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The Simple Circular Flow (cont'd)
• Factor MarketsTransactions in which businesses buy resources
5
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-13
The Simple Circular Flow (cont'd)
• Total Income Wages, rent, interest, profits
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-14
The Simple Circular Flow (cont'd)
• QuestionWhy must total income be identical to the dollar value of total output?
• AnswerEvery transaction simultaneously involves an expenditure and a receipt.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-15
National Income Accounting
• National Income AccountingA measurement system used to estimate national income and its components
• Total IncomeThe yearly amount earned by the nation’s resources (factors of production)
6
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-16
National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)The total market value of all final goods and services produced by factors of production located within a nation’s borders
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-17
National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• ObservationsGDP measures the dollar value of final output.
GDP measures the dollar value of final goods and services produced per year by factors of production located within a nation’s borders.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-18
National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• Stress on final output
What is a final good?Wheat?Steel?Oil?Bread?Automobile?Gasoline?
7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-19
National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• Intermediate GoodsGoods used up entirely in the production of final goods
• Value AddedThe dollar value of an industry’s sales minus the value of intermediate goods(for example, raw materials and parts) used in production
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-20
Table 8-1 Sales Value and Value Added at Each Stage of Donut Production
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-21
National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• Exclusion of financial transactions, transfer payments, and secondhand goods
Numerous transactions occur that have nothing to do with final goods and services being produced.
8
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-22
National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• Exclusion of financial transactionsSecurities
Stocks and bonds
Government transfer paymentsSocial SecurityUnemployment compensation
Private transfer paymentsIndividual giftsCorporate gifts
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-23
National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• Transfer of secondhand goods excluded
Why not count the sale of a used computer, guitar, or snowboard as part of GDP?
• Other excluded transactionsHousehold productionLegal and illegal underground transactions
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-24
National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• GDP’s limitations
Excludes non-market production
It is not necessarily a good measure of the well-being of a nation.
9
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-25
National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• GDP is a measure of the value of production in terms of market prices, and an indicator of economic activity.
• GDP is not a measure of a nation’s overall welfare.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-26
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP
• Expenditure Approach
Computing GDP by adding up the dollar value at current market prices of all final goods and services
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-27
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
Expenditure Approach
10
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-28
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Income Approach
Measuring GDP by adding up all components of national income, including wages, interest, rent, and profits
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-29
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
Income Approach
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-30
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Deriving GDP by the expenditure approach
Consumption Expenditure (C)Durable Consumer Goods
Life span of more than three years
Nondurable Consumer GoodsGoods that are used up in three years
ServicesMental or physical help
11
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-31
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Deriving GDP by the expenditure approach
Gross Private Domestic Investment (I)The creation of capital goods, such as factories and machines, that can yield production and hence consumption in the future
Also included: changes in business inventories and repairs made to machines, buildings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-32
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Deriving GDP by the expenditure approach
Gross Private Domestic Investment (I) Producer Durables or Capital Goods
Life span of more than three years
Fixed InvestmentPurchases by business of newly produced producer durables or capital goods
Inventory InvestmentChanges in stocks of finished goods and goods in process, as well as changes in raw materials
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-33
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Deriving GDP by the expenditure approach
Government Expenditures (G)State, local, and federal
Valued at cost
12
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-34
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Deriving GDP by the expenditure approach
Net Exports (Foreign Expenditures)
Net exports (X) = Total exports – Total imports
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-35
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Presenting the expenditure approachWhere
C = consumption expendituresI = investment expendituresG = government expendituresX = net exports
GDP = C + I + G + X
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Figure 8-2 GDP and Its Components
13
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-37
NDP = GDP – Depreciation
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Depreciation and net domestic product
Deducting for depreciation (capital consumption allowance)
Reduction in the value of capital goods over a one-year period due to physical wear and tear, and also to obsolescence
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-38
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• NDP = GDP – Depreciation• GDP = C + I + G + X• NDP = C + I + G + X – Depreciation• Net Investment = I – Depreciation
Domestic investment minus an estimate of the wear and tear on the existing capital stock
• NDP = C + Net I + G + X
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-39
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Deriving GDP by the income approach
14
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-40
Deriving GDP by the Income Approach
• Gross Domestic Income (GDI)
The sum of all income—wages, interest, rent, and profits—paid to the four factors of production
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-41
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Gross Domestic Income (GDI)
Wages: salaries and labor income
Rent: farms, houses, stores
Interest: savings accounts
Profits: sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-42
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Gross domestic product equals gross domestic income plus indirect business taxes and depreciation
• These last items are called nonincome expense items
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-43
Two Main Methods of Measuring GDP (cont'd)
• Indirect business taxes
All business taxes except the tax on corporate profits
Include sales and business property taxes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-44
Figure 8-3 Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Income, 2007 (in billions of 2007 dollars per year)
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. First quarter preliminary data annualized.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-45
Figure 8-3 Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Income, 2007 (in billions of 2007 dollars per year)
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-46
Other Components of National Income Accounting
• National Income (NI)The total of all factor payments to resource owners
• Personal Income (PI)The amount of income that households actually receive before they pay personal income taxes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-47
Other Components of National Income Accounting (cont'd)
• Disposable Personal Income (DPI)
Personal income after personal income taxes have been paid
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Table 8-2 Going from GDP to Disposable Income, 2007
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Distinguishing Between Nominal and Real Values
• Nominal Values
Measurements in terms of the actual market prices at which goods are sold; expressed in current dollars, also called money values
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-50
Distinguishing Between Nominal and Real Values (cont'd)
• Real ValuesMeasurements after adjustments have been made for changes in the average of prices between years; expressed in constant dollars
• Constant DollarsDollars expressed in terms of real purchasing power
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-51
*Price level: measured by the GDP deflator
Real GDP = x 100Nominal GDPPrice level*
Example: Correcting GDP for Price Index Changes
• Correcting GDP for price index changesNominal (current) dollars GDP
Real (constant) dollars GDP
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Table 8-3 Correcting GDP for Price Index Changes
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Per capita real GDP =Real GDPPopulation
Distinguishing Between Nominal and Real Values (cont'd)
• Per capita GDP
Adjusting for population growth
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-54
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce
Figure 8-4 Nominal and Real GDP
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-55
Comparing GDPThroughout the World
• Foreign Exchange Rate
The price of one currency in terms of another
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-56
Comparing GDPThroughout the World (cont'd)
• Foreign exchange rate$1.25 = 1 euro, or $1 = 0.80 euros
French per capita income = 23,168.80 euros
French per capita income in terms of dollars equals 23,168.80 euros x $1.25 = $28,961
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-57
Comparing GDPThroughout the World (cont'd)
• Purchasing Power Parity
Adjustments in exchange rate conversions that takes into account differences in the true cost of living across countries
20
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-58
Table 8-4 Comparing GDP Internationally
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-59
Issues and Applications: The Art of Estimating GDP Often Requires Touch-Ups• The Bureau of Economic Analysis gives an
advance estimate of quarterly GDP.
• The estimate receives considerable attention from the news media.
• Nevertheless, the estimate is updated at least two times.
• How different is the final result?
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-60
Figure 8-5 Effects of Revisions in GDP Estimates on Measured GDP Growth Rates
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-61
Summary Discussion of Learning Objectives
• The circular flow of income and outputIn every economic transaction, receipts exactly equal expendituresGoods and services flow in one direction and money payments flow in the other
• Gross domestic product (GDP)The total market value of a nation’s final output of goods and services produced in a year using factors of production located within its borders
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-62
Summary Discussion of Learning Objectives (cont'd)
• The limitations of using GDP as a measure of national welfare
Excludes non-market transactions
Does not measure national well-being
• The expenditure approach to tabulating GDP
GDP = C + I + G + X
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved. 8-63
Summary Discussion of Learning Objectives (cont'd)
• The income approach to computing GDP The sum of wages, rent, interest, profits
• Distinguishing between nominal GDP and real GDP
Nominal GDP is the value of newly produced final output measured in current market prices.
Real GDP adjusts nominal GDP into constant dollars by correcting for price level changes.
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End of Chapter 8Measuring the Economy’s Performance