Upload
augustine-franklin
View
221
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Consciousness: All the sensations, perceptions, memories and feelings you are aware of in any instant Waking Consciousness: Normal, alert awareness
Altered State of Consciousness: Awareness that is distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness
Some Early Definitions
Microsleep: Brief shift in brain wave patterns similar to those during sleep
Sleep Deprivation: Sleep loss; being deprived of needed amounts of sleep
Sleep-Deprivation Psychosis: Confusion, disorientation, delusions and hallucinations occur because of sleep loss
Sleep
Figure 8.3 Development of sleep patterns. Short cycles of sleep and waking gradually become the night-day cycle of an adult. Although most adults don’t take naps, midafternoon sleepiness is a natural part of the sleep cycle. (After Williams et al., 1964.)
Electroencephalograph (EEG): Brain wave machine; amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain
Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated with alertness and awakeness
Alpha Waves: Large, slow waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep
Measuring States of Consciousness
Figure 8.5Changes in brain wave patterns associated with various stages of sleep. Actually, most wave types are present at all times, but they occur more or less frequently in various sleep stages.
Sleep Onset: some control over thought. Winding down. Vision cut off. Short dreams. Seem to hear things before they occur.
Stage 1: Small, irregular waves produced in light sleep. People may or may not say they were asleep
Stage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (bursts of distinctive brain wave activity) appear
Stage 3: Deeper sleep. Delta waves appear; very large and slow
Stage 4: Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely delta waves
Stages of Sleep
Figure 8.2 Sleep rhythms. Bars show periods of sleep during the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks of an experiment with a human subject. During unscheduled periods, the subject was allowed to select times of sleep and lighting. The result was a sleep rhythm of about 25 hours. Notice how this free-running rhythm began to advance around the clock. When periods of darkness were scheduled (colored area), the rhythm quickly resynchronized with 24-hour days. (Adapted from Czeisler, 1981.)
Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated with dreaming. Sleep is very light here
Non-REM (NREM) Sleep: Occurs during stages 2, 3 and 4; no rapid eye movement occurs Seems to help us recover from daily fatigue
Body is very still during REM sleep Lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep is called REM
Behavioral Disorder
States of Sleep
Faraday - Dreams reflect immediate experiences of everyday life - Helps us find solutions to our wakeful problems -Tonight concentrate on a problem
Jouvet
Dreams and REM sleep are a Substitute for real life experiences.
Children have more REM than adults
Freud Dreams are an emotional release of repressed thoughts Safety valve for emotional state
Iceberg Theory of Consciousness (not conscience)
Conscious- everything we are aware of and can recall easily
- our reality as we see it
Subconscious –includes images, ideas, wishes, or memories that have been repressed because they may arouse anxiety
- can be recalled by outlets…
Subconscious Outlets 1. Dreams 2. Fantasies 3. Slips of the tongue 4. Neurotic symptoms 5. Daily mistakes 6. Hypnosis
REM Rebound: Extra rapid eye movement sleep following REM Sleep deprivation
Psychodynamic (Freudian) Theory: Emphasizes internal conflicts, motives and unconscious forces
Wish Fulfillment: Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires Much evidence to refute this
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis: Dream content may be affected by motor commands in the brain that are not carried out (page 246)
Dreams
Allan Hobson & Robert McCarley
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis: Dream content may be affected by motor commands in the brain that are not carried out when asleep. (page 246)
Several parts of the brain are “turned on” (activated) during REM sleep
This triggers sensations, motor commands, and memories. Frontal area mostly shut down during REM Thus???
Figure 8.6 (a) Average proportion of time adults spend daily in REM sleep and NREM sleep. REM periods add up to about 20 percent of total sleep time. (b) Typical changes in stages of sleep during the night. Notice that dreams mostly coincide with REM periods.
Insomnia: Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep Sleeping pills exacerbate insomnia; cause decrease in
REM and Stage 4 sleep and may cause dependency Drug-Dependency Insomnia: Insomnia that follows
withdrawal from sleeping pills Tryptophan: Amino acid (chemical) that produces sleep Sleep Walking (Somnambulism): Occurs during NREM Sleep Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM Sleep
Sleep Disturbances
Nightmares: Bad dreams Occur during REM sleep. May occur once or twice a month; brief and easily
(unfortunately) remembered Imagery Rehearsal: Mentally rehearse the changed
dream before you go to sleep again; may help to eliminate nightmares
Night Terrors: Total panic and hallucinations may occur Occurs during Stage 4 sleep Most common in childhood; may occur in adults
Sleep Disturbances Continued
Narcolepsy: Sudden irresistible sleep attack Rare; runs in families Lapse immediately into REM sleep
Physiological Sleep Problems
Sleep Apnea: Interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring Hypersomnia: Extreme daytime sleepiness Apnea can be treated by
SurgeryWeight lossBreathing mask
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS; Crib Death): Sudden, unexplained death of healthy infant. Infants should sleep on back or on side to try to prevent
Other Physiological Sleep Problems
Altered state of consciousness characterized by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion Mesmer: Believed he could cure diseases by passing
magnets over body; true “animal magnetism.” Mesmerize means to hypnotize
Must cooperate to become hypnotized Hypnotic Susceptibility: How easily a person can be
hypnotized Basic Suggestion Effect: Tendency of hypnotized people to
carry out suggested actions as though they were involuntary Hidden Observer: Detached part of the hypnotized subject’s
awareness that silently observes events
Hypnosis
Hypnosis CAN: Help people relax Reduce pain Get people to make better progress in therapy
Hypnosis CANNOT: Produce acts of superhuman strength Produce age regression Force you to do things against your will
Hypnosis Can’s and Cannot’s
Power of Hypnosis Memory enhancement
Hypnotic amnesia
Hallucination
Age regression can not become an earlier age… but remember the past
Any major reduction in amount or variety of sensory stimulation
Benefits include: Sensory enhancement Relaxation Changing habits
Hypnogogic Images: Images similar to those that occur just before sleep
Sensory Deprivation
Figure 8.10 A sensory isolation chamber. Small flotation tanks like the one pictured have been used by psychologists to study the effects of mild sensory deprivation. Subjects float in darkness and silence. The shallow, body-temperature water contains hundreds of pounds of Epsom salts, so that subjects float near the surface. Mild sensory deprivation produces deep relaxation.
Psychoactive Substance: Substance capable of altering attention, judgment, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception
Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system
Depressant: Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system
Physical Dependence: Physical addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of
the drug Psychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on
psychological or emotional needs
Drugs and Altered States of Consciousness
Figure 8.11 Spectrum and continuum of drug action. Many drugs can be rated on a stimulation-depression scale according to their effects on the central nervous system. Although LSD, mescaline, and marijuana are listed here, the stimulation-depression scale is less relevant to these drugs. The principal characteristic of such hallucinogens is their mind-altering quality.
LaunchVideo
Amphetamine: Synthetic stimulants that stimulate nervous system Dexedrine and Methamphetamine are two types of
stimulants Amphetamine Psychosis: Loss of contact with reality
because of amphetamine use; user tends to be paranoid
Stimulants
Central Nervous System stimulant derived from leaves of coca plant; also used as local anesthetic From 1886-1906, Coca-Cola did indeed have cocaine in it! Highly addictive drug Anhedonia (Loss of pleasure): Common after short-term
cocaine use
Cocaine
Most frequently used psychoactive drug in North America; present in colas, chocolate, coffee, tea
Causes tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness May be hazardous to pregnant women if used
excessively
Caffeine
Natural stimulant mainly found in tobacco; known carcinogen May cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion,
tremors Nicotine is addictive Responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in
women Sum: DON’T SMOKE; SMOKING KILLS (SO DOES
CHEWING TOBACCO)
Nicotine
Barbiturates: Sedative drugs that depress brain activity Seconal and Amytal are two types
Tranquilizers: Lower anxiety and reduce tension Valium, Xanax and Librium are some types Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers inhibitions and
produces relaxation. In larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleep
Date rape drug because it’s odorless and tasteless Drug Interaction: Combined effect of two drugs that exceeds
the addition of one drug’s effects to the other
Sedatives
Ethyl Alcohol is the intoxicating element in fermented and distilled liquors Alcohol is NOT a stimulant but it DOES lower inhibitions
Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled. This is oftentimes necessary before long-term treatment begins
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Worldwide self-help organization comprised of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to try to recover. Has a spiritual component Free; around for over 70 years!
Alcohol
Figure 8.12 The behavioral effects of alcohol are related to blood alcohol content and the resulting suppression of higher mental function. Arrows indicate the typical threshold for legal intoxication in the United States. (From Jozef Cohen, Eyewitness Series in Psychology, p. 44. Copyright © by Rand McNally and Company. Reprinted by permission.)
Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory perceptions
Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana; pot): Leaves and flowers of the hemp plant Active chemical is THC
Effects include relaxation, time distortion, perceptual distortions
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD): Hallucinogen that can produce hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms
Hashish: Resinous material scraped from leaves of the hemp plant; has higher concentration of THC
Marijuana (Pot) and Other Hallucinogens
Freud identified four dream processes (mental filters) that hide true purposes of dreams Condensation: Combining several people, objects, or
events into a single dream image Displacement: Directing emotions or actions toward safe
or unimportant dream images Symbolization: When feelings or ideas are expressed
symbolically in dreams; not literal expression Secondary Elaboration: Making a dream more logical and
adding details while remembering it Perls: Most dreams are a special message about what is
missing in our lives, what we avoid doing when awake, or feelings that we need to re-own
Dream Interpretation