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Chapter 8: Photosynthesis8.1 Energy and Life, Pages 226-2298.2 Photosynthesis: An Overview, Pages 230-2348.3 The Process of Photosynthesis, Pages 235-241

http://www.kideos.com/video/photosynthesis-song Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeChapter Vocabulary8.1Adenosine triphosphateHeterotrophAutotrophPhotosynthesis

8.2PigmentChlorophyllThylakoidStromaNADP+Light-dependent reactionsLight-independent reactions

8.3PhotosystemElectron transport chainATP synthaseCalvin Cycle Lesson OverviewEnergy and Life

8.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Pages 226-229Energy is the ability to do work.

Your cells are busy using energy to build new molecules, contract muscles, and carry out active transport.

Without the ability to obtain and use energy, life would cease to exist. Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeChemical Energy and ATPOne of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release

energy is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

ATP consists of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeStoring EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) looks almost like ATP, except that it has two phosphate groups instead of three. ADP contains some energy, but not as much as ATP.When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of it by adding phosphate groups to ADP, producing ATP.

ADP is like a rechargeable battery that powers the machinery of the cell.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Elr8GOHI9A&feature=related Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeReleasing EnergyCells can release the energy stored in ATP by breaking the bonds between the second and third phosphate groups.

Because a cell can add or subtract these phosphate groups, it has an efficient way of storing and releasing energy as needed.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeUsing Biochemical EnergyATP is not a good molecule for storing large amounts of energy over the long term.

It is more efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand.

Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeHeterotrophsSome heterotrophs get their food by eating plants.

Other heterotrophs, such as this cheetah, obtain food from plants indirectly by feeding on plant-eating animals.

Still other heterotrophs, such as mushrooms, obtain food by decomposing other organisms.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeAutotrophsPlants, algae, and some bacteria are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.

The process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates that can be used for food is known as photosynthesis.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeLightEnergy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of light.

Sunlight is a mixture of different wavelengths, many of which are visible to our eyes and make up the visible spectrum.

Our eyes see the different wavelengths of the visible spectrum as different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifePigmentsPlants gather the suns energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments.

The plants principal pigment is chlorophyll.

The two types of chlorophyll found in plants, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, absorb light very well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum, but not in the green region.

* Leaves reflect green light, which is why plants look green. Lesson OverviewEnergy and Life

Photosynthesis happens here: Lesson OverviewEnergy and Life

8.2Photosynthesis-An Overview Pages 230-234http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgYPeeABoUshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gLa5EWn9OI&feature=related Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeLight-Dependent ReactionsThe light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH.

These reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

Water is required as a source of electrons and hydrogen ions. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeLight-Dependent Reactions

When chlorophyll is hit by light, electrons become excited. They will move around in the thylakoid until they reach a special carrier called NADP which becomes NADPH.

Oxygen is given off and ATP is also made.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeLight-Independent Reactions- The Calvin CycleATP and NADPH molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide.

No light is required to power the light-independent reactions.

The light-independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids, in the stroma.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifePhotosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen.

In symbols:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

In words:

Carbon dioxide + Water Sugars + Oxygen Lesson OverviewEnergy and Life8.3The Process of Photosynthesis, Pages 235-241Plants use the sugars generated by photosynthesis to produce complex carbohydrates such as starches, and to provide energy for the synthesis of other compounds, including proteins and lipids.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and Life

The Light-Dependent Reactions: Generating ATP and NADPHThe light-dependent reactions directly involve sunlight and occur in the thylakoids of chloroplasts.

The products are oxygen, ATP and NADPH.

ATP and NADPH provide the energy for the Light-Independent Reactions.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeThe Light-Independent Reactions: Producing SugarsDuring the light-independent reactions, commonly referred to as the Calvin cycle, plants use the energy that ATP and NADPH contains to build stable high-energy carbohydrate compounds that can be stored for a long time.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and LifeThe End ResultsThe two sets of photosynthetic reactions work togetherthe light-dependent reactions trap the energy of sunlight in chemical form, and the light-independent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water.

In the process, animals, including humans, get food and an atmosphere filled with oxygen.

Lesson OverviewEnergy and Life