Chapter 8 NotesSocials 9 – Ms. LaFrance

Explorers • The Vikings were the first Europeans to travel

to North America in approx 1000CE• Christopher Columbus lands in North America

in 1492• Many European Explorers hoped to find a

North West Passage to Asia• The French land in E. Canada and establish

trade with First Nations People around the St. Lawrence River

• French get wealth from furs and fish in North America

Explorers: Cabot• John Cabot

▫Sailed in 1497 and landed in “New Found Land” – for England

▫Fish was very popular in Europe because of Catholic Religion

▫Cabot inspired many others to sail to North American coast for fish

Explorers: Cartier• Jacques Cartier

▫Sailed up the St. Lawrence and claimed land for France

▫Not able to colonize the land

▫Furs from St. Lawrence inspired others to travel to North America

French Interest in North America•French limit activities in N.A. to trading

for furs and shore parties fishing for cod▫Europeans traded goods such as knives,

hatchets, pots and beads for animal pelts.

▫Europeans and Native people happy with arrangement

Explorers: English and Dutch• English and Dutch

▫English travelling north looking for Northwest passage – They claim the land around Hudson’s Bay and in the arctic circle

▫Dutch colonies did not last long – taken over by the English

Explorers: Champlain• Samuel de Champlain and Sieur De

Monts

▫ De Monts given a trading monopoly by the King of France – must also crate a colony

▫ Champlain was made De Monts’ assistant in 1604

▫ 1605 “Port Royale” established in Nova Scotia

▫ It was unsuccessful – poor fur trade. Colony was abandoned in 1607, but some people stayed on – would eventually become the “Acadians”

Explorers: Champlain (pt 2)•1608 Champlain goes to Quebec City

▫Good location because it is a natural fort – high cliffs = hard to attack

•Champlain establishes a fort and makes alliances with the natives ▫Algonquians and Montagnais

•Champlain helps the A & M fight the Iroquois

•Champlain forms an alliance with the Huron▫Makes the Algonquians and Montagnais nervous

because the Huron are wealthy/powerful

Explorers: Champlain (pt 3)• Beaver pelt hats become high fashion in Europe

– lots of money to be made in fur trade!• Quebec fort at risk b/c France and the trading

companies not focused on establishing a colony.• Native peoples become annoyed with French

after missionaries try to convert them to Christianity

• Montagnias & Algonkian turn on the French because of their Huron alliance.

• Champlain sets up many posts on the St. Lawrence for the Company of 100 Associates.

Beaver Pelt Hats

Settlement and Colonization

•Colonize: to settle and control new lands

•Imperialism: the policy of extending control of a region or regions by one nation. Usually involves both economic and political control

Rules of Colonization: do you have a flag?•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYeFcS

q7Mxg

Settlement and Colonization

•Dutch and English colonize Atlantic coast of North America

•Threatens French control over furs/resources

•13 Colonies (English) growing rapidly•Company of 100 Associates required to

bring in settlers!▫They are not into settling – focused on

fur trade, eventually loose their monopoly (1660) and go bankrupt

Settlement and Colonization

•Missionaries▫Jesuits were partners of the Company of

100 Associates▫Their goal was to convert Native peoples to

Christianity▫Previous missionaries failed, but Jesuits

successful because they adapted to native cultures.

Settlement and Colonization• Coureur de Bois

▫ Independent traders▫Travelled into the continent for furs and the

Northwest Passage!• Two coureur de bois, Pierre Radisson and Medart

de Groseilliers, discovered many furs around Hudson’s bay▫France was not interested, so they went to the

English▫English establish the Hudson’s Bay Company

and claim land surrounding the bay – they become New France’s greatest enemy!

Activity

•Mind Map!

The Royal Province of New France• 1636 – Few French live in New France

▫ Iroquois take fur trade from the Hurons and set higher prices so French making less profits from trade

• 1661 – New France gets help!▫King Louis XIV and Jan Baptiste Colbert want New

France to be profitable▫Mercantilism: Need New France to be a part of

France’s Empire Read pg 237 for more info on Mercantilism and Colonialism)

• Raw materials from New France shipped to France where they become finished products. France sells these products to other European countries for profits

Government in New France• New France became a French province in 1663. • Louis XIV appointed a sovereign council to carry out orders from

France in the new province. (France was an Absolute Monarchy at this time)

• Communication between New France and France was limited by travel time

• Therefore the Council had much more direct influence than the King in New France

• This system of government was efficient and inexpensive to run• The Royal Government remained in place until 1763 when the

British replaced it with their own form of government

• Absolute power and authority• Appoints the advisorsKing of

France

• Had influence over the king, but he didn't always listen• Passed on the king's decisions to the government in

New France• Appoints Sovereign Council

Advisors in the French Governme

nt • Intendant, Governor General and Bishop were senior members of the council

• made and enforced laws based on what the king of France wanted

• came from France and were trained to carry out the wishes of the King of France

• very few men who were born in New France were appointed to the Sovereign Council

• 5 Councillors, Clerk, and Attorney General (legal matters)

Soverign Council/Superior

Council

• Majority of the people of New France never questioned government decisions; dispite this, people influenced government since French government was far away

• Women in New France were not involved in government

The People of New France

The Bishop• Job Description:

▫ Represented the Catholic church in New France

▫ Ruled over parish priests and nuns of New France in the king’s name

▫ Member of the French nobility and appointed by the king

• Responsibilities:▫ In charge of missionaries,

churches, hospitals and schools ▫ Reported to the king on colonial

activities and ensured harmony among his parishes

• François de Laval▫ (1623-1708) ▫ Jesuit priest▫ Arrives in NF in 1659▫ Appointed bishop on 1674▫ Major concern was converting

Native people to Christianity▫ Strong political influence▫ Organized the parish system of

New France▫ Founded a seminary (school for

training priests) at Quebec which becomes Laval University in 1852

▫ Fought against using alcohol in the fur trade

Intendant• Job Description:

▫ Appointed from the nobility▫ Acted as master of New France in

the king’s Name

• Responsibilities▫ Informed the king of colonial

activities and ensured harmony among the colonists

▫ Supervised the day-today running of the colony, law and order, and matters relating to finance (money)

• Jean Talon▫ (1625-1694)▫ First Intendant of New France,

from 1655-1668.▫ Conducted a census of the

population▫ Tried to change the colony from

fur trade based, to agricultural and industrial based

▫ His goal could not be met without larger population

▫ Arranged for more settlers to come from France

▫ Brought over 1000 women, the filles du roi

▫ Gave marriage grants and baby bonuses to encourage population growth

▫ Introduced new crops, started a shipyard and lumber industry and encouraged mining

Governor General• Job Description:

▫ Represented the king; Figurehead

▫ Highest ranking official in New France

▫ Appointed by the nobility in France

▫ Military officer

• Responsibilities:▫ Military planning▫ Relations with Native Peoples▫ Ensured other officials did

their jobs

• Comte de Frontenac▫ (1622-1698)▫ The first Governor of New

France - 1672▫ Disagreed with the bishop and

Intendant and was therefore called back to France in 1682

▫ Returns to NF in 1689 and aided in suppressing Iroquois attacks, attacking English settlements, and expanding France’s fur trade

▫ Major concern was expansion of New France’s territory

Life in New France• Seignurial System –

similar to feudal manors• Filles du roi – women

sent to New France to find husbands

Life in New France• Seignures: lords who owned land• Habitants: peasant farmers – paid for access to land• Seignurers and Habitants both become prosperous

because they could work part time in the fur trade• Seignuries (the land) were located along the St.

Lawrence river – laid out in strips• Seignurer had to build structures (mills, manor

house, etc.), attract settlers, defend the land, and settle disputes.

• Habitant had to pay rent, provide service, keep land productive, grind grain into flour, and serve in the militia army

New France

•Towns in New France: Quebec, Montreal, Tois Rivieres, and Tadoussac.▫Had more to offer

then other settlements (schools, hospitals, industries, etc.)

Women in New France

Not very many!▫Most women who came were Nuns ▫Women had few legal rights▫Often worked in the family business

Mind Map Time!

•Please continue working on your mind map activity