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CHAPTER 8 NOTES
Life at the Turn of the 20th Century
Chapter Overview
As the 20th century begins, American culture changes due
to new technological advances, cultural forms, and
mass media. Some Americans, though, protest discrimination
that denies them rights.
Section one: Science & Urban Life
1870, 25 Cities with population of 50,000
1890, 58 Cities with population of 50,000
1900, 40% Americans lived in the cityTechnological advances met the needs
for communication, transportation and space
Section one: Science & Urban Life
Skyscrapers—the best use of limited & expensive spaceElevator & steelLouis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham
Transportation—allowed cities to expand outwardGrowth of Subways, Trolley CarsCommute to work, move around the city
Section one: Science & Urban Life
Need for leisure activities and open space led to URBAN PLANNING
Frederick Law Olmstead—Landscape architect1857, Central Park in New YorkBoating, Tennis, Zoo, Bicycle paths
Daniel BurnhamTransformed the city of Chicago
Section one: Science & Urban Life
By 1890, the literacy rate was 90%Books, Magazines, and Newspapers
were more popular than everMills produced cheaper paperNew printing press—Printed on
BOTH sides of continuous paper, cut, and folded Newspapers sold for one penny!
Section one: Science & Urban Life
Orville & Wilbur Wright Bike Manufacturers from Dayton, Ohio 1st Successful flight in Kitty Hawk, NC (1903)
Section one: Science & Urban Life
George EastmanCreated a new film that did not have to be
developed immediately1888 created the Kodak Camera
Section two: Expanding Public Education
Public schools were1) Training for employment and
citizenship2) A way to assimilate immigrants
Although Education was on the rise, many children were not in school
Section two: Expanding Public Education
Opportunities varied for black and white children1880—62 % of white children
attended school1880—34 % of black children
attended school
Section two: Expanding Public Education
Growth of High SchoolsBy 1900, ½ million students attended
High SchoolCurriculum expanded –
Not just math and readingVocational Courses—drafting, carpentry,
and mechanicsFemale students prepared for office
work
Section two: Expanding Public Education
Immigrants were encouraged to attend school Americanization
Higher EducationRise of Research Universities &
Professional SchoolsBetween 1865-1868—Howard, Atlanta
& Fisk Universities African American colleges
Section two: Expanding Public Education
Booker T. WashingtonRacism would end once African Americans acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to societyFounded Tuskegee Normal &
Industrial Institute (1881) Teaching diplomas, skills in agricultural,
domestic, mechanical work
Section two: Expanding Public Education
W. E. B. Du BoisDisagreed with WashingtonNiagara Movement—seek liberal arts so the
black community could produce well-educated leaders
“Talented Tenth”—achieve inclusion into mainstream life “We are Americans, not only by birth and by
citizenship, but by our political ideals…And the greatest of those ideals is that ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL”
Section three: Segregation and Discrimination
Post Reconstruction (1877) SouthVoting Restrictions
Literacy Tests African American questions more difficult Officials had authority to pass/fail Poll Tax Grandfather Clause
Section three: Segregation and Discrimination
Segregation Laws—separate blacks and whites in public and private facilities “Jim Crow Laws”
Plessy v. Ferguson(1896)—Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th amendment “Separate but equal” Overturned by Brown v. Board60 years later
Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Rise of amusement parks, bicycling, theater, & spectator sports
Playgrounds and playing fields in neighborhoods
Coney Island, 1884
World’s ColumbianExchange—Chicago, 1st Ferris Wheel
Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Bicycling…For males only because lack of safety1885, “Safe Bicycle” mass producedRise in popularity with women—freedom & self-
reliance
Hershey Bar—1900Coca-Cola—Pharmacist formulated as a cure
for headache
Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Baseball & Boxing very popularNew media technology led to motion
picturesJoseph Pulitzer—New York World, comics,
sports, women’s newsWilliam Randolph Hearst—New York
Morning Journal Pulitzer’s competitor Exaggerated tales of personal scandal, cruelty,
and hypnotism Sold over a million copies per day
Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Art Galleries rise in popularity Realism, Thomas Eakins
Popular Fiction “Dime Novels” Glorified adventure tales of the West Mark Twain—American classics such as
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Urban Shopping…Cleveland, Ohio (1890)—first shopping
center Jewelry, leather, stationary
Marshall Fields—opened the first department store “Give the lady
what she wants”