Chapter 8Greece, Turkey and CyprusNathalie Tocci

Greece, Turkey and Cyprus

From Ottoman Empire to Independence and ConflictTurkeys Rocky Road to DemocracyDomestic Politics and InstitutionsForeign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean

Introduction

Greece, Turkey and Cyprus born out of the Ottoman EmpireRough paths to democracyRelations between the three, and with EU, are crucial to their external affairs

From Ottoman Empire to Independence and ConflictGreece establishes independence 1829Greek military campaign 1920-2Turkey emerged in 1923 out of the Greek-Turkish WarCyprus divides between Greece and Turkey1944-9 Greek Civil War1960 Cyprus becomes independent bi-communal Republic (collapses 1963)1967-74 Greek dictatorship1974 Greek junta targets Cyprus, prompting own downfall1975 Hellenic Republic created

Turkeys Rocky Road to Democracy Turkey created 1923 by Atatrk Kemalist vision:western, stable, homogenous nation-stateBlend of westernization, secularism, nationalism, statism, populismChallenges to Turkish state:Kurdish separatismPolitical Islam

Domestic Politics and Institutions: post-1974 GreeceParliamentary democracyParty system centred around New Democracy and PASOKTradition of strong state, clientelism and weak civil societyReforms since late 1980s have created stable 2-party system, civil society and sub-state level government

Domestic Politics and Institutions: Republic of TurkeyOne-party system (Republican Peoples Party (CHP)) until 1946Democrat Party (DP) legalised in 1946Both Kemalist moderate partiesTurbulent development of party system, due to periodic military rule and outlawing of partiesPost-1961: Justice Party (ex-DP) vs. CHPPost-1983: dominance of Motherland Party (neo-liberal) emerges2002: AKP (Justice and Development Party) (moderate Islam) vs. CHP

Domestic Politics and Institutions: Greek Cyprus

Presidential executiveAll parties committed to reunification, repatriation and Turkish withdrawalDivide between Greek Cypriot nationalists and Cypriot nationalists

Domestic Politics and Institutions: Turkish CyprusSemi-presidential executivePolitical unity around call for political equality with Greek Cypriots, autonomy for Turkish Cypriots, continued role for TurkeyDivide between nationalists and centre-left/liberals

Foreign Policy in the Eastern Mediterranean

Since 1975 Greek foreign policy has changed dramaticallyTurkey has close, but problematic, ties with West and EuropeNorth-South conflict is key factor in Cypriot foreign policy in both communities