Chapter 8 Cold War (1945-1958) Section A – Resumption of Civil Aviation Section B – Commercial Aviation Section C – Hot Spots Section D – Rockets, Missiles,

Chapter 8Chapter 8Cold War (1945-1958)Cold War (1945-1958)

Section A – Resumption of Civil AviationSection A – Resumption of Civil AviationSection B – Commercial AviationSection B – Commercial AviationSection C – Hot SpotsSection C – Hot SpotsSection D – Rockets, Missiles, and SatellitesSection D – Rockets, Missiles, and Satellites

Cold WarCold War

““From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent of Europe”across the continent of Europe”

- Winston Churchill- Winston ChurchillThe Cold War was a rivalry of two superpowersThe Cold War was a rivalry of two superpowers

US vs. USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)US vs. USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Dropping the A-bombs on Japan was a demonstration of the Dropping the A-bombs on Japan was a demonstration of the

new weapon and a warning to Stalin.new weapon and a warning to Stalin. A Cold War is a conflict short of combat, whose chief weapons A Cold War is a conflict short of combat, whose chief weapons

were words compiled as porpaganda.were words compiled as porpaganda.

Section ASection AResumption of Civil AviationResumption of Civil Aviation

Surplus aircraft flooded the market worldwide at the Surplus aircraft flooded the market worldwide at the end of WW II. Military transports became available end of WW II. Military transports became available

from the various combatant nations as soon as the war from the various combatant nations as soon as the war ended, because many nations demobilized – except ended, because many nations demobilized – except

the Soviet Union. Airlines in government service the Soviet Union. Airlines in government service during the war, either through nationalization or during the war, either through nationalization or

contractual arrangements, returned to commercial contractual arrangements, returned to commercial ventures. Customers worldwide bought war-surplus ventures. Customers worldwide bought war-surplus equipment, while others bought the old equipment equipment, while others bought the old equipment

being replaced by military and commercial operations. being replaced by military and commercial operations. Civil aviation boomed.Civil aviation boomed.

International AviationInternational Aviation

Companies were planning the conversion Companies were planning the conversion from wartime to peacetime aviation.from wartime to peacetime aviation.

Internationally, companies and gov’ts Internationally, companies and gov’ts discussed a wide range of options for discussed a wide range of options for postwar civil aviation.postwar civil aviation.

Americanization vs. internationalizationAmericanization vs. internationalization

Many conferences followed…Many conferences followed…

Chicago ConferenceChicago Conference

In Nov/Dec 1944, the US hosted the In Nov/Dec 1944, the US hosted the International Conference on Civil Aviation.International Conference on Civil Aviation.Issues includedIssues included Rights of transit and landing, air routes, Rights of transit and landing, air routes,

frequencies, safety, technical matters, and frequencies, safety, technical matters, and navigation.navigation.

Of the nations that attended, the Soviet Union Of the nations that attended, the Soviet Union did not.did not.


The participants reached agreement on The participants reached agreement on technical matters.technical matters.

Accepting US standards for Accepting US standards for rulesrules traffic controltraffic control communication practicescommunication practices meteorological servicesmeteorological services


Two “Freedoms” was readily agreed upon:Two “Freedoms” was readily agreed upon:

Right of TransitRight of Transit – allowed a plane to fly across – allowed a plane to fly across the territory of a foreign country.the territory of a foreign country.

Technical StopTechnical Stop – the right to land for – the right to land for technical, non-traffic, non-commercial technical, non-traffic, non-commercial reasons, such as refueling or repairsreasons, such as refueling or repairs


Britain disagreed with the US’s final three Britain disagreed with the US’s final three “freedoms” of the air:“freedoms” of the air: The right to load passengers, mail, and cargo The right to load passengers, mail, and cargo

in the airline’s country of origin and transport in the airline’s country of origin and transport the same to a foreign country.the same to a foreign country.

The right to load a plane in a foreign country The right to load a plane in a foreign country and fly to the airline’s country of origin.and fly to the airline’s country of origin.

The right to transport passengers, mail, or The right to transport passengers, mail, or cargo from one foreign country to another cargo from one foreign country to another foreign country beyond the carrier’s country.foreign country beyond the carrier’s country.


The British feared that Americans could The British feared that Americans could dominate international routes because of dominate international routes because of our large number of planes and pilots.our large number of planes and pilots.

The US did have plenty of a/c, but lacked The US did have plenty of a/c, but lacked international network of air bases.international network of air bases.

The war damaged Britain economy put the The war damaged Britain economy put the US in better position for production and US in better position for production and contractscontracts


The Chicago Conference failed to reach The Chicago Conference failed to reach multilateral agreements on all Five multilateral agreements on all Five Freedoms.Freedoms. 1 & 2 freedoms – The Air Transit Agreement1 & 2 freedoms – The Air Transit Agreement 3-5 freedoms – The Air Transport Agreement3-5 freedoms – The Air Transport Agreement

Only 12 agreed to all five, stating fear of Only 12 agreed to all five, stating fear of US or British dominance.US or British dominance.

41 countries accepted the first two.41 countries accepted the first two.


The Chicago Conference reached an Interim The Chicago Conference reached an Interim Agreement on International Civil Aviation.Agreement on International Civil Aviation. Created PICAO (Provisional International Civil Created PICAO (Provisional International Civil

Aviation Organization) in 1945.Aviation Organization) in 1945.

In 1946, the PICAO adopted the US radio and In 1946, the PICAO adopted the US radio and navigational aid system as the world navigational aid system as the world standard, good for US electronics industry, standard, good for US electronics industry, but disappointed the Brits.but disappointed the Brits.

ICAOICAO

Headquartered in MontrealHeadquartered in Montreal

Purposes:Purposes: To ensure safety.To ensure safety. Encourage civil aircraft design.Encourage civil aircraft design. Encourage the development of airways, airports, and Encourage the development of airways, airports, and

air navigation facilities.air navigation facilities. Promote fair, safe, efficient, and economic operation Promote fair, safe, efficient, and economic operation

of international airlines.of international airlines.

ICAO saw the need to standardization to achieve these ICAO saw the need to standardization to achieve these purposes.purposes.

IATAIATA

April 1945, after the Chicago Conference, April 1945, after the Chicago Conference, reps from 44 airlines in 25 countries met in reps from 44 airlines in 25 countries met in Havana and created the International Air Havana and created the International Air Transport Association (IATA).Transport Association (IATA).

Focused on air traffic operationsFocused on air traffic operations

Conferences to set fares.Conferences to set fares.

Bermuda AgreementBermuda Agreement

Britain and the US resolved differences at the Britain and the US resolved differences at the Chicago Conference.Chicago Conference. Britain yielded on the frequency of service US airlines Britain yielded on the frequency of service US airlines

could offercould offer US yielded on the price of faresUS yielded on the price of fares

Britain conceded more than the US because:Britain conceded more than the US because: Britain needed a loanBritain needed a loan Britain need planesBritain need planes Britain realized the importance of good relations with Britain realized the importance of good relations with

US.US.

InfrastructureInfrastructure

The Civil Aeronautics Administration The Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) (CAA) began its first airport construction program in began its first airport construction program in

1940 1940 took over airport traffic control in 1941 took over airport traffic control in 1941 and expanded air traffic to airways in 1942and expanded air traffic to airways in 1942


Aviation was the number one industry in the Aviation was the number one industry in the US during WW II, but dropped to 12US during WW II, but dropped to 12thth after after the war.the war.

The industry needed government help, but The industry needed government help, but funding was being cut.funding was being cut. CAA used the designee program to designate CAA used the designee program to designate

factory employees, aircraft inspectors, and factory employees, aircraft inspectors, and flight instructors.flight instructors.

Introduced the Technical Standard Order Introduced the Technical Standard Order (TSO) that allowed manufacturers to certify (TSO) that allowed manufacturers to certify their own parts.their own parts.


The US agreed to change the existing The US agreed to change the existing phonetic alphabet in exchange for the phonetic alphabet in exchange for the ICAO designating English as the ICAO designating English as the international language of aviation.international language of aviation.

WW II yielded two main landing systemsWW II yielded two main landing systems GCA (Guided controlled approach)GCA (Guided controlled approach) ILS (Instrument landing system)ILS (Instrument landing system)


VOR (Very high frequency Omnidirectional VOR (Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range system.Range system. Replaced the four-course radio ranges, Replaced the four-course radio ranges,

opposed by AOPA.opposed by AOPA.

The Navy, Air Force, and CAA developed:The Navy, Air Force, and CAA developed: DMEDME Approach/Runway lightingApproach/Runway lighting

General AviationGeneral Aviation

In 1945 alone, the US awarded licenses to In 1945 alone, the US awarded licenses to over 250,000 private pilotsover 250,000 private pilots

AOPA tried to argue for more GA airport AOPA tried to argue for more GA airport stating that the ratio of airliner to small stating that the ratio of airliner to small plane was 1:100. That didn’t work and plane was 1:100. That didn’t work and allocation of airport funds were set to a allocation of airport funds were set to a ratio of 29 small fields for every 1 airliner.ratio of 29 small fields for every 1 airliner.

General AviationGeneral Aviation

The port war sale of aircraft boomed, but The port war sale of aircraft boomed, but only shortly.only shortly. Owning an airplane was still expensive, AOPA Owning an airplane was still expensive, AOPA

objected to new navigational aids because the objected to new navigational aids because the equipment to be bought by pilots was costly.equipment to be bought by pilots was costly.

One field did boom…One field did boom… agriculture flights or “Crop Dusters”agriculture flights or “Crop Dusters”

End of Section AEnd of Section A

Section BSection BCommercial AviationCommercial Aviation

After WW II, commercial aviation worldwide After WW II, commercial aviation worldwide experienced a substantial boom. Some historians call experienced a substantial boom. Some historians call

the increase in passengers and in mile flown a the increase in passengers and in mile flown a transportation revolution. During the postwar period, transportation revolution. During the postwar period, the US emerged as the clear leader of international the US emerged as the clear leader of international

aviation.aviation.

United States AirlinesUnited States Airlines

““BIG FIVE” AirlinesBIG FIVE” Airlines AmericanAmerican EasternEastern Pan AmPan Am TWATWA UnitedUnited

Smaller AirlinesSmaller Airlines ContinentalContinental DeltaDelta Pennsylvania CentralPennsylvania Central NortheastNortheast

United States AirlinesUnited States Airlines

Bigger and better planes emergedBigger and better planes emerged Airlines competed for speed, distance, and Airlines competed for speed, distance, and

service.service. 25 August 1945, Lockheed first flew the 25 August 1945, Lockheed first flew the

commercial Model 049 Constellationcommercial Model 049 Constellation

As competition heated up, Pan-Am tried to As competition heated up, Pan-Am tried to eliminate competition by cutting fares…eliminate competition by cutting fares…

but it failed.but it failed.

Airways CrisisAirways Crisis

The heavy use of airways by commercial, The heavy use of airways by commercial, private, and military planesprivate, and military planes By 1955 onlyBy 1955 only

353 VORs353 VORs

167 operational DMEs167 operational DMEs

A few ASR systemsA few ASR systems

No enroute RADARNo enroute RADAR

Controllers relied on scribbled notes on vertical Controllers relied on scribbled notes on vertical boardsboards

Airways CrisisAirways Crisis

To promote safety…To promote safety… controllers spaced airplanes how far apart???controllers spaced airplanes how far apart???

10 minutes apart!!!!10 minutes apart!!!!

Margin of safety dropped Margin of safety dropped Boeing 707 set speed records (1Boeing 707 set speed records (1stst passenger jet) passenger jet) Douglas built the DC-8Douglas built the DC-8 De Havilland Comet jet entered service.De Havilland Comet jet entered service.

Federal Aviation AgencyFederal Aviation Agency

19581958 Congress passes and Pres Eisenhower signsCongress passes and Pres Eisenhower signs

Federal Aviation ActFederal Aviation Act Creates the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA)Creates the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA)

Independent department within the Executive Independent department within the Executive Branch of the governmentBranch of the government

TodayToday Federal Aviation ADMINISTRATION (FAA)Federal Aviation ADMINISTRATION (FAA)

Under the DOT within the Executive Branch Under the DOT within the Executive Branch

Great Britain AirlinesGreat Britain Airlines

Great Britain lagged behind the USGreat Britain lagged behind the US They have not produced transport planes They have not produced transport planes

during the war.during the war.

Britain develops the CometBritain develops the Comet 27 January 1949 – 127 January 1949 – 1stst place place 2 May 1952 – became the world’s 12 May 1952 – became the world’s 1stst regular regular

passenger jet service.passenger jet service.

6 Comets crash in 1953-19546 Comets crash in 1953-1954 Britain becomes leader in air accident Britain becomes leader in air accident

investigationinvestigation

Soviet Union AirlinesSoviet Union Airlines

After the Comet, the Soviet Tupolev After the Comet, the Soviet Tupolev became the second jetliner to go into became the second jetliner to go into commercial servicecommercial service The Tu-104, a derivative of a wartime bomberThe Tu-104, a derivative of a wartime bomber 11stst flight – 1955 flight – 1955 Entered service with Aeroflot in 1956Entered service with Aeroflot in 1956

End of Section BEnd of Section B

Documents

Chapter 8 Cold War (1945-1958) Section A – Resumption of Civil Aviation Section B – Commercial Aviation Section C – Hot Spots Section D – Rockets, Missiles,