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Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
8.1 Properties of Carbon
8.2 Carbon Compounds
8.3 Polymers and Composites
8.4 Life With Carbon
Table of ContentsChapter Preview
8.1 Properties of Carbon
8.2 Carbon Compounds
8.3 Polymers and Composites
8.4 Life With Carbon
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
1. A chemical bond is
a. a way of organizing elements in the periodic table.
b. the force that holds two atoms together.
c. how elements react with each other.
d. a result of combustion.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
1. A chemical bond is
a. a way of organizing elements in the periodic table.
b. the force that holds two atoms together.
c. how elements react with each other.
d. a result of combustion.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The ways in which an atom can bond with other atoms depends on the atom’s
a. valence electrons.
b. nucleus.
c. atomic number.
d. atomic mass.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The ways in which an atom can bond with other atoms depends on the atom’s
a. valence electrons.
b. nucleus.
c. atomic number.
d. atomic mass.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
3. In a carbon dioxide molecule (CO2), carbon forms a(n)
a. ionic compound with oxygen.
b. atomic number.
c. polyatomic ion.
d. double bond with each of two oxygen atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
3. In a carbon dioxide molecule (CO2), carbon forms a(n)
a. ionic compound with oxygen.
b. atomic number.
c. polyatomic ion.
d. double bond with each of two oxygen atoms.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
4. The most loosely held electrons in an atom are
a. unstable electrons.
b. covalent electrons.
c. valence electrons.
d. low-energy electrons.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter Preview Questions
4. The most loosely held electrons in an atom are
a. unstable electrons.
b. covalent electrons.
c. valence electrons.
d. low-energy electrons.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Natural gas contains mostly
methane (CH4), a compound
made of carbon and hydrogen.
When methane burns, is energy
absorbed or released?
How do you know?
Why does carbon have a central role in the chemistry of living organisms?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Use Clues to Determine Meaning
In 1991, scientists made another form of carbon—the nanotube. A nanotube is a form of carbon in which atoms are arranged in the shape of a long, hollow cylinder or tube. Only a few nanometers wide in diameter, nanotubes are tiny, light, flexible, and extremely strong. They also are good conductors of electricity and heat.
Unfamiliar word
Definition
Aditional Information
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Apply It!
Review the clues to the meaning of nanotube. Then answer thefollowing questions.
1. What is the definition of nanotube?
It is a form of carbon in which atoms are arranged in the shape of a long, hollow cylinder or tube.
2. What additional information helps you understand nanotubes?
Nanotubes are tiny, light, flexible, and extremely strong. They are good conductors of electricity and heat.
As you come across other unfamiliar words in the chapter, look forclues to unlock their meaning.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
End of Chapter Preview
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 1:Properties of Carbon
Why does carbon play a central role in the chemistry of living organisms?
What are four forms of pure carbon?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Carbon atoms and the bonds between them can be modeled in several ways.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Atoms and Bonding
Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms. With four valence electrons, each carbon atom is able to form four bonds. Carbon atoms can form straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
Diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes are four forms of the element carbon.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
Diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes are four forms of the element carbon.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
Diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes are four forms of the element carbon.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forms of Pure Carbon
Diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes are four forms of the element carbon.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Bonding Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about carbon bonding.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
End of Section:Properties of Carbon
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 2:Carbon Compounds
What are some similar properties shared by organic compounds?
What are some properties of hydrocarbons?
What kind of structures and bonding do hydrocarbons have?
What are some of the characteristics of substituted hydrocarbons, esters, and polymers?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbon Everywhere
Carbon is a part of your daily life. Even during a simple shopping trip, you’ll likely encounter many carbon compounds.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Organic Compounds
With some exceptions, compounds that contain carbon are called organic compounds. These three lists represent only a few of the places where organic compounds can be found.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
A structural formula shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
The graph shows the boiling points of several hydrocarbons. (Note: Some points on the y-axis are negative.)
Use the graph to answer the following questions.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Almost in the center of the y-axis
Reading Graphs:
Where is 0ºC on the graph?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
C3H8: about –44ºC;C5H12: about 34ºC;C6H14: about 68ºC
Interpreting Data:
What is the approximate boiling point of C3H8? C5H12? C6H14?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
About 78ºC
Calculating:
What is the temperature difference between the boiling points of C3H8 and C5H12?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
C2H6, C3H8, and C4H10 are gases because their boiling points are below room temperature (about 22ºC). C5H12 and C6H14 may be liquids or solids, depending on their melting points.
Drawing Conclusions:
At room temperature (about 22ºC), which of the hydrocarbons are gases? How can you tell?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas are called isomers. Each isomer is a different substance with its own characteristic properties.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons
In addition to forming a single bond, two carbon atoms can form a double bond or a triple bond.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Substituted Hydrocarbons
A hydroxyl group (–OH) is made of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom. An alcohol is a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one more more hydroxyl groups.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Substituted Hydrocarbons
An organic acid is a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups. A carboxyl group is written as –COOH.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Links on Carbon Compounds
Click the SciLinks button for links on carbon compounds.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Click the Video button to watch a movie about hydrocarbons.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
End of Section:Carbon Compounds
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 3:Polymers and Composites
How do polymers form?
What are composites made of?
How can you help reduce the amount of plastic waste?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Forming Polymers
Polymers form when chemical bonds link large numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers and Composites
The properties of synthetic polymers make them ideal starting materials for many common objects.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
More on Polymers
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activityabout polymers.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Polymers
Click the Video button to watch a movie about polymers.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
End of Section:Polymers and Composites
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Section 4:Life With Carbon
What are four classes of organic compounds required by living things, and how are they used in the body?
Why do organisms need water, vitamins, minerals, and salts?
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Carbohydrates
A carbohydrate is an energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. One of the most important sugars in the body is glucose.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Proteins
Different proteins are made when different sequences of amino acids are linked into long chains. Alanine and serine are two of the 20 amino acids in living things. Each amino acid has a carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino group (–NH2).
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
The Molecules of Life
Complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are all large organic molecules. They are built of smaller molecules linked in different patterns.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
Links on Organic Compounds
Click the SciLinks button for links on organic compounds.
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
End of Section:Life With Carbon
Chapter 8 Carbon Chemistry
QuickTake Quiz
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