CHAPTER 7 - Other Materials

8/12/2019 CHAPTER 7 - Other Materials

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OTHER MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTI

9.1 Bitumen

9.2Rubber

9.3 Plastic

9.4 Polymer

9.5 Gypsum

9.6 Glass

9.7 Fiber Reinforced Polymer


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ASPHALT

Also known as bitumen Dark brown to black

Highly viscous

Hydrocarbon produced from petroleum distillationresidue.

At least 80% carbon, which explains its deep blackcolor.

The Paving Grades of bitumen are 30/40, 60/70and 80/100.

Sulphur is another ingredient.

Primarily used as a sealant for rooftops and adurable surface for roads, airport runways,playgrounds and parking lots.


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ASPHALT

Asphalt can be separated from the othercomponents in crude oil

By the process of fractional distillation,usually under vacuum conditions.

http://www.cranedigital.com/case_studies/oil_and_gas/fractional_di


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TYPES OF ASPHALT

The major types of asphalt used inconstruction are ;

a. Rolled asphalt

b. Mastic asphalt.

http://www.highwaysmaintenance.com/JPEGsurf/sm

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A. ROLLED ASPHALT

Made of aggregate, or solid materials such as sand, gravel,concrete, with an asphalt binder.

Used to make roads and other surfaces, such as parking lots,applied in layers and compacted.

Different types of rolled asphalt are distinguished according

process used to bind the aggregate with the asphalt.


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TYPES OF ROLLED ASPHALT

Hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) Produced at 160 degrees Celsius.

This high temperature serves todecrease viscosity and moistureduring the manufacturing process,resulting in a very durable material.

HMAC is most commonly used forhigh-traffic areas, such as busyhighways and airports.

http://www.crossroadspaving.com/images/asphalt-paving-rep


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A. ROLLED ASPHALT

Warm mix asphalt concrete (WAM or WMA)

Reduces the temperature requiredfor manufacture by adding asphaltemulsions, waxes, or zeolites.

Benefits both the environment and theworkers, as it results in less fossil fuelconsumption and reduced emission offumes.

http://www.wispave.org/images/iStock_0000070646


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ROLLED ASPHALT Cold mix asphalt concrete,

Emulsified in soapy water before mixing it

with the aggregate, eliminating the need

for high temperatures altogether.

The asphalt produced is not nearly as

durable as HMAC or WAM

Typically used for low traffic areas or to

patch damaged HMAC.

http://www.dykespaving.com/wp-content/them


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A. ROLLED ASPHALT

Cut-back asphalt concrete

Illegal in the United states since the 1970s, but many otharound the world still use it.

The least environmentally friendly option, resulting in sig

more air pollution than the other forms. Made by dissolving the asphalt binder in kerosene befo

with the aggregate, reducing viscosity while the concreteand compacted.


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B. MASTIC ASPHALT

Also called sheet asphalt.

Lower bitumen content than therolled asphalt.

Used for some roads and footpaths.

Used also in roofing and flooring

. http://www.e-470.com/images/newsSMAfullsized.


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B. MASTIC ASPHALT

Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), is another variety.

Becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to rolled asp

Benefits include

-Anti-skid property

-The absence of air pocketsBut if laid improperly

-May cause slippery road conditions.


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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT Durability

A measure of how asphalt binder physical properties change

Sometimes called age hardening

In general, as an asphalt binder ages, its viscosity increases abecomes more stiff and brittle.

Rheology

The study of deformation and flow of matter.

Deformation and flow of the asphalt binder in HMA is importperformance.

HMA pavements that deform and flow too much may be suscrutting and bleeding, while those that are too stiff may be sufatigue cracking.


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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT Safety

Asphalt cement like most other materials, volatilizes (gives off vheated.

Flash point.

For safety reasons, the flash point of asphalt cement is tested acontrolled.

Purity.

Asphalt cement, as used in HMA paving, should consist of almosbitumen.

Impurities are not active cementing constituents and may be harasphalt performance.


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ALTERNATIVE ASPHALT

renewable resources of Asphalt - molasses and rice, corpotato starches.

Made from waste material - fractional distillation of usedoils.

Nonpetroleum based bitumen binders can be made light-colored

less heat from solar radiation, and less hot than darker surfaces

their contribution to the urban heat island effect.

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ASPHALT CHARACTERIZATION TES

1. Specific Gravity (ASTM D70)

use of a pycnometer can be expressed as the ratio of the wegiven volume of the material at 250C or at 15.60C to that ofvolume of water at the same temperature

2. Sampling Bituminous (ASTM D140)

cover the method used to sample bituminous material at pointmanufacture, storage or delivery is to determine the true natucondition of the material

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ASPHALT AND BITUMINOUS TESTICAPABILITIES

3. Ductility (ASTM D113) (kemuluran)

is measured by the distance to which it will elongate before breakiends of specimen are pulled apart at a specified speed and tempmeasure the adhesive and elasticity of the asphalt.

4. Viscosity (kelikatan)

ASTM D2170 : Kinematic Viscosity of asphalt (Bitumen) Covers detthe kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalt (bitumen), road oils and disresidue of liquid asphalt (bitumen), all at 600C and for asphalt ce1350C in the range of 6 to 100,000 centistokes. Measure the resisof a liquid under gravity. ASTM D2171 : Viscosity of asphalt by VaCapillary Viscometer Determination of viscosity of asphalt (bitumencapillary viscometer at 600C. It is applicable to material having vithe range from 0.036 to over 200,000 poiss (P).

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ASPHALT AND BITUMINOUS TESTICAPABILITIES

5. Penetration of Bituminous (penusukan)

Materials (ASTM D5) measure the hardness and softness of ttest are taken at least 3 determination on the surface of the spoints not less than 10 mm from the side of the container andthan 10 mm apart. However, the test is empirical and many ewould like to replace it with ASTM D2171 (Viscosity of Aspha

Vacuum Capillary Viscometer)

6. Float Test (ASTM D139)

is a consistency test used for material that are too soft to undstandard penetration test and too hard for use with viscosity

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9.1 Bitumen

9.2 Rubber

9.3 Plastic

9.4 Polymer

9.5 Gypsum

9.6 Glass



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RUBBER

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RUBBER

This is a substance in which the arrangement of the polymer mallows considerable reversible extension to take place at normtemperatures.

Elastomer exists as long chain molecules which are irregularlybent and generally entangled when in the unstressed state.

RUBBER Used as such as a lining material for the construction Classifieds of rubber :

1. Natural Rubber

2. Soft rubber.

3. Hard Rubber

4. Synthetic Rubber.21


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CLASSIFIEDS OF RUBBER :


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CLASSIFIEDS OF RUBBER :

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RUBBER PROPERTIES

Elastomer is used in Civil Engineeringfor some good reason such as:

Long lasting

Good in impact absorption

Good bonding with metal

Good resistance to ageing

Good tearing properties

Good physical properties

Good resistance to oil and chemicals

Suitable for hot and cool temperature.

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TYPES OF ELASTOMER RUBBER US

i. Natural rubber

ii. Neoprene

iii. High Damping Rubber (HDRB)

iv. Styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR)

v. Acrylonitrile-butadiene Rubber (NBR) or Nitrile Rubber

vi. Ethylene-propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), as for liquidcan be used for roof coating

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PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER


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RUBBER AS A CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALi. Rubber Dampens

ii. Rubber Seals

iii. Rubber Protects Corrosion Effects

iv. Rubber Gives Thermal Insulation

v. Rubber Gives Passive Fire Protection

vi. Rubber is Ablativevii. Rubber Wears

viii. Rubber Bonds with Metal

ix. Rubber is Impermeable


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RUBBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERi. Rubber Dampens

Rubber dampens by transforming kinetic energy into static energy. This basiproperty is utilized in protection against explosion and impact and effective

eliminates noise, vibration and water hammer in pipelines and reaction tankagitators.

ii. Rubber Seals

Rubber has very good sealing properties due to its pliable and elastic beha

the best choice to make oil, water and gas tight seals in the most demanding

in the chemical and other engineering industries.iii. Rubber Protects Corrosion Effects

Rubber is chemically resistant to most corrosive liquids, gas, salt water, oz

light. This corrosive agents commonly encountered in the process industry

offshore sectors. If the steel is exposed to erosion, it should be covered w

rubber, it is very good protection for steel and other materials to protect a

abrasion and suspended solid particles.


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RUBBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERvi. Rubber is Ablative

Ablation means removal of material from the surface of an object by vapo

chipping, or other erosive processes. In the design of space vehicles, ablat

both cold and protect mechanical parts from being damaged by very high

Low-density EPDM rubber is stop fire and waterproof products that can be

nature.

vii. Rubber Wears

Rubber wear products for the mineral processing, fertilizer and materials

industries, such as scrubber linings, rubber screening panels, wear resista

are well recognized and eminently suitable materials of construction.

viii. Rubber Bonds with Metal

Rubber bonds well with metallic surfaces with suitable adhesives and this pr

utilized in many applications in the chemical industry, such as lining, metal ru

anti corrosive molded components, diaphragms etc.


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9.1 Bitumen9.2Rubber

9.3 Plastic

9.4 Polymer

9.5 Gypsum

9.6 Glass



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PLASTIC

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PLASTIC

A plastic is a polymeric (usually organic) of high molecular weightbe shaped by flow.

Plastic characteristics

lightness in weight (generally half as light as aluminum)

high dielectric strength (electric insulation)

low heat conductivity (heat insulation)

special properties toward lights (colorability)

extremely resistant toward chemical

metal insert may be molded into the plastic (since plastics are inert towmaterials)

many high-quality products can be developed by using a lathe, sawing,drilling.

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HOW PLASTIC PROCESS

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i. Animal and such as casein

cellulose (main

too short for sp

pulp, common

cellulosics.

ii. Petroleum by products obtainedduring the refining the cracking of

crude oil, common products being

polythene, PVC and polystyrene.

This method is responsible for the

bulk of plastics manufacture.


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PLASTIC IN CONSTRUCTION

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Light weight, easy and cheap for transformation

Available in variety of shape and easily fabricated

Used for storing number of materials

In machines, plastic material is preferred wherever moving pa

indicating that it offers less resistant

Plastic are synthetic resins containing long chains of atoms linkor macromolecules (polymer)

They have high molecular weight


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Low thermal and electrical resistance

Excellent resistance to weak mineral ac

Unaffected by inorganic salts. Resistant to small changes to pH

advantages

Low mechanical strength

High expansion ratesdisadvantages

** The strength of plastics materials is generally much lower than th

other constructional material. Nevertheless, plastics are light materia

relative density between 0.9 and 2.0. pls refer to Table 9.2


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TYPE OF PLASTIC

an organic plastic, either natural or synthetic, which remain peelevated temperatures. Upon cooling, they again become hard

can be shaped and reshaped any number of times by repeated cooling. Some of the most familiar natural thermoplastics inclubitumen, pitches and resin.

Vinyl

Thermoplastic:

an organic plastic that were originally soft or soften at once upoharden permanently. Thermosetting plastic are hardened by chdue to heat, catalyst or to both. Thermosetting plastics remain cooling and do not soften appreciably when reheated. The mosthermosetting plastic is polyester.

ThermosettingPlastics:

are those that harden by the addition of a suitable chemical to just before molding or by subsequent chemical treatment follo

ChemicallySetting Plastic:

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THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

Silicones

Water-proof coating fabrics. Anti foaming agents

fluids. Electrical equipment such as switch parts, inequipment, insulation for motors and generator coi

Epoxides

Sold as resins and syrups. Used as adhesive for gpressure laminations, surface coating, casting and

casting.

Polyamide

Bearings, compressor valves, piston rings, diamondbinders

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9.1 Bitumen9.2Rubber

9.3 Plastic

9.4 Polymer

9.5 Gypsum

9.6 Glass



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POLYMER

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Polymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, aand/or modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers asppetrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterizatioproperties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers anmajor polymers, structure property relations and applications

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POLYMER


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POLYMER


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NATURALLY OCCURRING POLYM

Polymers that exist in plants or animals

Types of naturally occurring polymers

protein : muscles

carbohydrates : cellulose natural rubber : latex


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Polymer Classifications

Thermoset: cross-linked polymer that cannot be melted (tirebands)

Thermoplastic: Meltable plastic Elastomers: Polymers that stretch and then return to their or

often thermoset polymers

Thermoplastic elastomers: Elastic polymers that can be meltetennis shoes)

Polymer Families

Polyolefins: made from olefin (alkene) monomers

Polyesters, Amides, Urethanes, etc.: monomers linked by esteurethane or other functional groups

Natural Polymers: Polysaccharides, DNA, proteins


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POLYMERWHY ??

Strong Inert to chemical attacks

Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured

Cheap

Able to resist corrosion

Special properties can be made according to specificneeds


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9.1 Bitumen

9.2Rubber

9.3 Plastic

9.4 Polymer

9.5 Gypsum

9.6 Glass



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GYPSUM

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In nature : Gypsum Rock

Pure gypsum rock : CaSO4.2H2Ocalcium sulfate

Impurities : MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3,SiO2, CaCO3, MgCO3...

Manufacture :

Excavating

Crushing (~25 mm diameter)

Grinding

Heating (calcining)

Cooling and Pulverizing

Marketing in Bags49

GYPSUM

CALCINATION


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Gypsum rock wahen heated to 100-190C looses of its w

CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.H2O + 3/2 H2O

Plaster of Paris

This is low burning process and named as INCOMPLETE CALC

When calcination is carried out at temperatures above 190removed.

CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4 + 2H2O

gypsum anhydrite

This is high-burning process & COMPLETE CALCINATION.

Both of these products form gypsum rock by recombining wi

CaSO4.H2O + 3/2H2O CaSO4.2H2O

CaSO4 + 2H2O

CaSO4.2H2O


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Regular white board, from 1/4" to 3/4" thickness

Greenboard, the drywall that contains an oil-based additive in colored paper covering that provides moisture resistance. It is in washrooms and other areas expected to experience elevatehumidity.

Blueboard, blue face paper forms a strong bond with a skim co

plaster finish providing both water and mould resistance.

Cement board, which is more water-resistant than greenboardshowers or sauna rooms, and as a base for ceramic tile

Soundboard is made from wood fibers to increase the sound ra51

BOARDS APPLICATION


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PLASTERS APPLICATION

Plaster of Paris

Plaster of paris is made from carefully selected white rock

Mixed with water to form a plaster

Sets in 15 to 20 minutes

Used to do small patch jobs, making molds

Keenes Cement

If gypsum is subjected to temperatures of 400 c it is completely dehy

This material is ground and has a additive of alum added to it

Mixed with water to form a plaster

Highly resistant to moisture penetration and is used where sanitary excessive moisture make it necessary to specify a hard impervious s


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Cement bond plaster

Intended for application to concrete surfaces

Requires the addition only of water

Finish plaster

Mixed with hydrated lime putty and water

Used a finish coat

Prepared finish plaster Requires only water

Contains no lime

So the surface can be decorated as soon as it dries

Has a off white color



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Texture Plaster

Similar to manufacture prepared finish plaster

A texture is added most likely sand.

Texture spray

Is a dry gypsum based material designed to cover minor imperfections auniform, durable white surface.

Acoustical Plaster Calcined gypsum is mixed with lightweight mineral aggregate to make a

plaster that has a high rate of sound absorption

Joint Filler

Is used to make the paste for filling nail holes and covering joints in gypsu



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9.1 Bitumen

9.2Rubber

9.3 Plastic

9.4 Polymer

9.5 Gypsum

9.6 Glass



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GLASS

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INTRODUCTION TO GLASS :

It is a mixture of number of mettalic silicate, one of which is ualkali metal. Most important fact about glass is it is amorphou

translucent.

The glass has been used as an engineering material sin

But because of the rapid progress made in the glass industry in

glass has come out as the most versatile engineering materiatimes. With the help of techniques developed in the glass indu

any type and quality can be produced to suit the requirem

industries


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FACT FILE :

The fibre glass reinforced with plastics can be used in the cons

lampshades, bathroom fittings, navy boats, aeroplanes, cars, tr

The glass is the only transparent material strong enough to go

ocean. It is therefore used in the construction of noses of deep-

The glass linings are applied on equipments likely to be affect

corrosion such as valves, pumps, pipes, etc.

In the construction of modern homes, the walls and ceilings of hcan be made which controls the glare and heat considerably w

light.


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CHARACTERSTICS OF GLASS :

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It absorbs, reflects or transmits light.

It has no sharp melting point.

It is an excellent electrical insulator at high temperatures due

that glass can be considered as an ionic liquid.

It is extremely brittle.

It is not usually affected by air or water.

It is not easily attacked by ordinary chemical reagents.

It is possible to obtain glasses with diversified properties as th

may be clear, colourless, diffused and stained.

PROPERTIES AND TYPICAL USE OF GL


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PROPERTIES AND TYPICAL USE OF GL

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Type of glass Properties and uses

Soda glass Window panes, plate glass, bottle, jar etc.

Lead glass High refractive index and dispersive power.

prism and other optics. Crystal glass table-

Boro-silicate glass

(Pyrex)

Low coefficient of expansion and good resischemical. Used for heat-resistance kitchen-w

laboratory apparatus.

Alumino-silicate glass

(ceramic glass)

High softening temperature (Tg up to 8000C

A glass-ceramic for cooking ware, heat exch

High silicon glass Vycor-low coefficient of expansion. Missile

window for space vehicles

Silicon-free glass Sodium vapour discharge lamp


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SPECIAL VARITIES OF GLASS:

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BULLET PROOF GLASS

FIBRE GLASS

FLOAT GLASS

FOAM GLASS

GLASS BLOCKS

HEAT EXCLUDING GLASS

OBSCURED GLASS

SAFETY GLASS

PERFORATED GLASS

SHIELDING GLASS

SOLUBLE GLASS

STRUCTURAL GLASS

ULTRA VOILET RAY

GLASS

WIRED GLASS


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9.1 Bitumen

9.2Rubber

9.3 Plastic

9.4 Polymer

9.5 Gypsum

9.6 Glass



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ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITESCONTAINING NATURAL VEGETABLE F


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CONTAINING NATURAL VEGETABLE F

They are environmentally friendly materials at the stage of p

processing and waste.Environmentally friendly production of natural vegetable fibe

reliability and lower energy inputs in production per unit.

Commonly known processing methods.

Properties comparable to those of materials reinforced with g

Better elasticity of polymer composites reinforced with naturaespecially when modified with crushed fibers, embroidered aweaved fibers.

They display acoustic insulation and absorb vibrations and laquantities of energy when subjected to destruction.

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ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITESCONTAINING NATURAL VEGETABLE F


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CONTAINING NATURAL VEGETABLE F

The lower density of polymer composites reinforced with natu

than those reinforced with glass fiber.

The price of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibertwo to three times lower than that of polymers reinforced with

Natural vegetable fibers can be applied to the reinforcemennatural polymers such as starch, lignin, hemicellulose and India

and the material obtained in this way is 100% biodegradab

Reaction to fire of composites based on lignocellulosic fibers beneficial comparing to polymerssignificant reduction of herate

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APPLICATIONS OF FRP


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FRPs can be used in concrete in three basic forms:

Internal reinforcement for reinforced concrete structureReinforcement bars for Concrete

External reinforcement for strengthening or repairing exideficient structures; FRP sheets can be used to increase fstrength in weakened or underdesigned members

FRP structural elements (e.g. beams, girder, and column)concreteFRP composite structures.

Prestressing Tendons for Concrete Members

MANUFACTURE OF FRP RODS


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Pultrusion

+ Enables a high percentage of fibers to be included in the cross section

Braiding+ Creates surface deformations which enhance the FRP to concrete bond

Hybrid Rods

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF FRP High Tensile Strength

On average, the tensile strength of FRP is 10% to 500% greater than st

Low Moduli of Elasticity

With the exception of Carbon rods, FRP has only 1/10 to 1/2 the modul

Linear Stress-Strain Relationship


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ADVANTAGES OF FRP


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Will Not Corrode In Field Conditions

Lightweight

Strong in Tension

Methods of Construction Same as Steel Reinforcement

DISADVANTAGES OF FRP Low Moduli of Elasticity

Cannot be Shaped in the Field

More Expensive than Steel

Coefficients of Thermal Expansion are Different than Those of Stee


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CONCLUSION


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FRP Reinforcement is an Engineered Material t

Great Promise In the Future of Civil Engineeri

CONCLUSION


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Documents

CHAPTER 7 - Other Materials