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Chapter 7Chapter 7Metabolism: Transformations and Metabolism: Transformations and
InteractionsInteractions
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
Anabolic Processes (build up)
Examples:
glucose + glucose +...... glycogen
amino acid + amino acid +...... protein
Catabolic Processes (break down)
Examples:
glycogen glucose + glucose +......
protein amino acid + amino acid +......
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
O
N
N
N
N O P O P O P
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
OH OH
NH2
Adenosine
3 Phosphates
Transfer of Energy Utilizing ATP
How Efficient is this Process?
From the food we ingest, we only capture about 50% of the energy in the bonds in the form of ATP.
When we utilize the ATP to “fuel” other anabolic processes, we only utilize about 50% of the ATP’s energy.
Where does the “LOST ENERGY” go?
Overview of energy
metabolism.
TCACycle
Protein(amino acids)
Lipids
Carbs
Energy Production
Lets Start with Carbs: Glycolysis (anaerobic)
Release of Small Amount
of Energy
A Simplified Eukaryote Cell
CytoplasmCell Membrane
Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ribosomes)
Pyruvate-to-Acetyl CoA (aerobic)
Irreversible Step
Cofactor
The Breakdown of Acetyl CoA
ToEnergy
(aerobic)
TCACycle
Electron Transport Chain
SUMMARY:
Glucose-to-energy pathway
Fatty Acid Oxidation
Fats-to-energy
pathway
Transamination:
Making Nonessential Amino Acid
Deamination to give Keto Acids
Amino Acids-to-energy pathway
Urea synthesis
What happens to the NH3?
Urea excretion Amino Acids
bloodstream
Liver
Kidney
bloodstream
Electron Transport Chain
Why does Fat Produce more Energy than Glucose?
Mol. Weight = 256.42Acetyl CoA produced = 8
ATP’s produced = 129ATP’s per gram = 0.50
Mol. Weight = 180.16Acetyl CoA produced = 2
ATP’s produced = 38ATP’s per gram = 0.21
During Feasting - High Dietary Intake
During Fasting - Low Dietary Intact
If Fasting Continues - Still Low Dietary Intact
Ketosis: Ketone Body formation
Alcohol metabolism
Alternate routefor Acetyl CoA
FatNADH
blocks entry
