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8/7/2019 Chapter 7 Lecture 1 Global Culture
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GLOBAL CULTUREGLOBAL CULTURE
Chapter 7
Lecture 1
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ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEADALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD
THE MAJOR ADVANCES IN
CIVILIZATION ARE
PROCESSES THAT ALL
BUT WRECK THESOCIETIES IN WHICH
THEY OCCUR.
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CULTURE DEFINEDCULTURE DEFINED
The learned, shared, interrelated set of
symbols and patterns of basic assumptions
That are invented, discovered, or developedby a given group (nation, affiliative group,
business or other organization)
To help the group cope with problems it faces
external adaptation
internal integration
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MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDSMASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
People face needs
in their lives
According toMaslow, lower level
needs generally
must be satisfied
before higher ones
Self-
actualization
Physical
Safety
Social
Esteem
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HOW DOES CULTUREHOW DOES CULTURE
EM
ERGE?EM
ERGE? People have common needs and face
similar challenges, and form societies to
address these challengesorganizing as families and extended families then as
communities and extended communities then as
rural and urban groups
national societies or nation-states
global society?
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NATIONAL CULTURE ANSWERSNATIONAL CULTURE ANSWERS
IINTERNAL CHALLENGESIINTERNAL CHALLENGES Division of labor
Social controls
Motivate groupmembers
Legitimize and
distribute power
Create sense of
belonging
Us
Them
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NATIONAL CULTURE ANSWERSNATIONAL CULTURE ANSWERS
IINTERNAL CHALLENGESIINTERNAL CHALLENGES Protect the group
from outsiders and
natural forces Protect resources
Present an image to
others
Attract (or repel)
new members
Us
Them
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NATIONAL CULTURENATIONAL CULTURE
Forms a boundary to define the group
geographic and psychological
Makes us different from everyone else all other people; all other nations
Defines us as different from them
they tend to be those least like us Survival value (for the nation and
person)
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When describing national culture, mostWhen describing national culture, most
people are talking about dominant culturepeople are talking about dominant culture
But bear in mind:
there will be variations
there are subcultures within every nation
almost everyone knows the norms of the
dominant culture
typically only members of subculturesknow the norms of their own group
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THE NINE NATIONS OF NORTHTHE NINE NATIONS OF NORTH
AM
ERICAAM
ERICA EcotopiaNorthwest
Corridor
MexAmerica, Texas,Southern Calif., Arizona
Dixiesouthern states
The Islands, S. Florida
and the Caribbean
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NATIONS TRADITIONALLYNATIONS TRADITIONALLY
SHAPE ORGANIZATIONSSHAPE ORGANIZATIONS
HOW DOE U TUR E
AFFECT FIRMS?
Traditionally: national culture shapes business
INDIVIDUA SINDIVIDUA S
FAMI IESFAMI IES
NATIONA CU TUR ENATIONA CU TUR E
BUSINESS ACTIVITIESBUSINESS ACTIVITIES
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BUT INFLUENCES COMEBUT INFLUENCES COME
FROM
M
ULTIPLE SOURCESFROM
M
ULTIPLE SOURCES Professional training/groups
Family
Subgroups, e.g., R&D or accounting
Individuals
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INCREASINGLY WE ALSO SEEINCREASINGLY WE ALSO SEE
Business influences come not from
domestic influences alone but also from
international and global businessactivities, e.g.,
subsidiaries
joint ventures and other strategic alliances
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OFTEN CREATING CULTUREOFTEN CREATING CULTURE
CLASHCLASH between parent and subsidiary
among managers
in practices considered unnatural to
the subsidiary
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CULTURAL QUESTIONS YOUCULTURAL QUESTIONS YOU
M
IGHT CONSIDER ANSWERINGM
IGHT CONSIDER ANSWERING1. What cultural norms do you see in yourself In thepeople who surround you on a daily basis
2. Give an example of when you have experienced adifferent culture. What was it like
3. What is it that other cultures have to offer to the globalenvironment
4. What is the public opinion about foreign cultures andinternational business operations How might these
opinions be skewed5. Is it possible to see different cultures close to home (i.e.
in the same city, state, country)
6. What are the benefits and/or consequences ofintegrating/not integrating global cultures
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HOW IS CULTUE EMBEDDED INHOW IS CULTUE EMBEDDED IN
PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS?PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS?
THINK OF CULTURE AS AN ICEBERG:
you see it, but perhaps not the important
partsSymbols; language
Behaviors
Practices
Customs
ormsbeliefs, traditions,
priorities,
assumptions, values
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CULTURECULTURE
Values
Deep seated, lasting, dont change much
Stable over time Norms
Social rules and guidelines
Moresthings central to the smoothoperation of society
Folkwaysroutine patterns
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NATIONAL CULTURE SHAPESNATIONAL CULTURE SHAPES
VALUESVALUES
Cultural contrasts:
Tradition versus change
Past versus future
Purpose of life
Nurture the human spirit versus create wealth
Modesty versus boasting Doing versus being
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NATIONAL CULTURE HASNATIONAL CULTURE HAS
DIMENSIONSDIMENSIONS
Hofstedes view of national culture
reflected in organizations
POWER DI Eextent to which society accepts that power isdistributed unequally in institutions and organizations
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCElikes formal rules; absolute truths
MASCULINITY/FEMININITYmasculine is assertive, acquisitive, values
money and things and not caring for others, quality of life or people;
whereas, femininity is nurturing and valuing quality of life
INDIVIDUALISM/COLLECTIVISMindividual takes care of self andfamily and is low on organizational loyalty; collectivism is in-group or
clan responsibility loyalty is owed to the group
LO G TE vs SHO T TE O IE T TIO
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FONS TROMPENAARS (1994)FONS TROMPENAARS (1994)
Universalismbelief that ideas and conceptscan be applied anywhere versusparticularismbelief that circumstancesdictate rules and relationships
Individualism (self) or collectivism (group)
Achievement (made) or ascription (born)
Neutralmask feelings or affectivefeelingsare a normal part of communication
Sequential approach to time or synchronous
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AND NATIONAL CULTUREAND NATIONAL CULTURE
SHAPES BEHAVIORSSHAPES BEHAVIORS
how people look
how people act
how people speak
the symbols that surround them
how people interact
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CULTURE CREATESCULTURE CREATES
EXPECTATIONSEXPECTATIONS
What happens when people
do not behave as youexpect?
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BUT HOW PEOPLE ACTBUT HOW PEOPLE ACT
DOESNT EXPLAIN WHYDOESNT EXPLAIN WHY
Because specific actions, behaviors,
symbols, and meanings are intended to
resolve problems for a specific society And societies
face different challenges
respond to the same challenges withdifferent solutions
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THIS EXERCISETHIS EXERCISE
DEMONSTRATES HOWDEMONSTRATES HOW
Each person in the group should describe their views onattitudes listed on the left hand side according to their owncountry/culture. How are those attitudes reflected in
behaviors at work or example, in the .S., how is anemphasis on wealth/materialism reflected in work rewards You are encouraged to distinguish between whatwe have called the dominant culture and any subculturesin which you live so that people in your group develop a
better understanding of the wide range of culture foundwithin nations as well as between nations.
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NATIONAL CULTURE SHAPESNATIONAL CULTURE SHAPES
VALUESVALUES
ROLE OF WEALTH IN LIFE
IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL SPACE
ATTITUDE TOWARD TIME
ROLE OF FAMILY
ROLE OF WORK
ROLE OF FRIENDS IN LIFE
WHAT ARE LIFES PRIORITIES?
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NATIONAL CULTURESNATIONAL CULTURES
COMPAREDCOMPARED
Describe what you learned about
another culture that you did not know
before talking with others What can we learn from the exercise?
What are the things you value and find
important in terms of work?
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1010 TENTEN FIRSTFIRST LANGUAGESLANGUAGES
1 in 6 people speak Mandarin (1 billion) English: 380 million
Spanish: 266 million
Bengali: 189 million
Hindi: 182 million
Portuguese: 170
Russian: 170
Japanese: 125
German 98
Chinese (Wu): 77