Chapter 7 Human Growth and Development Health Care Science Technology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

Chapter 7Human Growth and Development

Health Care Science Technology

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 72Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

From Conception through the Teenage Years 7-2

Conception to Full Term The Neonate: Birth to One Month The Infant: One Month to One Year The Toddler: One to Three Years of Age The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten Years The Middle School Child: Eleven to Thirteen Ye

ars The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years

CLICK A DEVELOPMENTAL CLICK A DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL TO GO DIRECTLY LEVEL TO GO DIRECTLY

TO THAT SECTION.TO THAT SECTION.


Conception to Full Term

First Trimester– Begins with conception, when 1

sperm penetrates the ovum (egg) in the outer third of the fallopian tube.

– The zygote (fertilized ovum) travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus, dividing along the way.

– At the back of the group of cells, or morula, is a rootlike projection that will eventually become the placenta.


Conception to Full Term (cont.)



– By 21 to 25 days from conception, a rudimentary heart is beating and a nervous system is forming.

– At 4 weeks, the embryo is about ¼ inch long and has arm buds, a head, body, and tail. Eyes can be discerned.

– At 5 weeks, the nose can be seen.



– At 6 weeks, the embryo is a little less than ½ inch long and leg buds can be seen.



– At 7 weeks, the embryo is about ¾ inch long and can move its hands.

– At 8 weeks the embryo is almost 1 inch long, has a large liver, and bones are forming.

– At 10 weeks, the fetus is about 1½ to 2 inches long, the kidneys are making urine, and lower trunk muscles are developing.



Second Trimester– At 12 weeks, the head of the

fetus is about one-third the size of its outstretched length and the ribs can be seen. Soft, downy hair begins to appear.



– At 16 weeks, the fetus is about 4½ inches long and weighs 3 to 4 ounces.

– At 20 to 24 weeks, the fetus is about 12 inches long, major systems continue to develop, and bones continue to form.



Third Trimester– At 26 weeks, the pregnancy

begins the third trimester.– At 28 weeks, the fetus is about

14 inches long and weighs about 2½ pounds. Survival is possible if born at this stage.

– 38 to 40 weeks – labor begins.


The Neonate: Birth to One Month

Physical Development – weight usually 7 to 9 pounds, and length 18 to 22 inches.– The newborn’s head is

large in comparison with rest of body.


The Neonate: Birth to One Month (cont.)

– Bones in skull are not fixed, but can slide over one another. This is called molding.

– Head has 2 soft spots, or fontanels, which are tough cartilage.



The Skin of the Newborn– Loose, wrinkled, and red.– At birth, hands and feet may be bluish, but will

pinken after a few breaths.– Activity, temperature, and circulatory changes

during the first few days can affect skin color.– Peeling during the first week is not unusual or

harmful.– Vernix caseosa, a white waxy substance, may

be found in the folds of the skin.



– Milia, small white bumps on the chin and nose may appear, but go away naturally.

– The remaining part of the umbilical cord is about 1 to 1½ inches long and usually falls off after the 10th day of life.

– Neonatal jaundice, a yellowish color of the skin caused by an accumulation of bilirubin, can occur.



Other Physical Characteristics of the Newborn:– Eyes – may appear swollen, due to the

passage through the birth canal.– Lips – may have blisters from thumb sucking

in the uterus.– Breast tissue and genitalia – may appear

swollen.– Fists – tightly closed.



– Reflexes – blinking, a normal reflex. Some other reflexes are due to an immature nervous system.

– Crying – may be from hunger or other reasons.

– Eating – 7 or 8 times a day for the first few weeks.

– Sight – infants can see objects within 8 inches of their eyes.

– Hearing – seem to prefer high-pitched tones.



Intellectual-Cognitive Development– Newborns will become calm when picked

up and held firmly.– Disturbing stimulation is tuned out by

sleeping.

Social Development– Infants respond to a soft, gentle voice.– Newborns can show excitement and

distress.



Aspects of Care:– Keep warm, especially right after birth.– Vitamin K shot given to prevent bleeding.– Medicated eye drops to prevent infection. – Umbilical cord is “painted” with antibacterial.– Give small amounts of water to ensure

swallowing.– Blood sample checks metabolic disorders.– Tepid water sponge baths until the umbilical

cord has fallen off.



Feeding – by breast, bottle, or both. Parents must be told about the frequency and duration of the feedings.



Treatment of jaundice – make sure the infant is well hydrated with breast or bottle milk. Ultraviolet light may be used, but make sure to protect the infant’s eyes. Blood tests should be done frequently.

Arrange follow-up care.


The Infant: One Month to One Year

Physical Development– Weight triples in the first year.– 3 weeks – the infant can focus on

objects.– 4 weeks – the infant can follow a bright

object with eyes and make eye contact.– 2 months – an infant can follow objects

with eyes, listen to sounds, bat at objects, and respond to sound.


The Infant: One Month to One Year (cont.)

Physical Development (cont.)– 3 months – infants may raise head and

shoulders while on abdomen. – 4 months – infant can roll from stomach to

back, may play with rattle placed in the hand. Teething may begin.

– 5 months – may transfer rattle hand to hand.– 6 months – may roll back to stomach, may be

able to sit momentarily, can transfer objects hand to hand. Can retrieve dropped object. Two bottom teeth are probably visible.


The Infant:One Month to One Year (cont.)

– 9 months – infant can sit well, creep, build tower with 2 blocks. Infant uses pincer grasp, can put consonants with vowels and make repetitive sounds.

– 12 months – child can “cruise” by holding onto the edge of a piece of furniture and moving around. Infant can begin self-feeding.

Physical Development (cont.)



Intellectual-Cognitive Development– 1 month – eye contact.– 4 to 5 months – makes faces.– 6 months – makes babbling sounds.– 9 months – can play peek-a-boo games.– 12 months – can follow simple directions.



Psycho-Emotional Development– 1 month – smiles at another smiling face.– 3 months – smiles spontaneously and

displays pleasure in making sounds.– 4 months – vocalizes moods.– 6 months – abrupt mood changes.– 9 months – displays pleasure playing

simple games.– 12 months – can express many emotions.



Social Development– 1 month – smiles.– 3 months – responds to voices.– 6 months – “babbles” and is interested

in own voice.– 9 months – begins to develop words.



Aspects of Care: One Month to One Year– Regular health check-ups and

immunizations. – Tactile stimulation, such as physical contact

and cuddling, as well as attention to needs, is required for appropriate growth and development.

– Food – breast milk or formula is sufficient for the first 6 months. Obtain guidance from health care provider about solid foods.



Safety – must be considered at all times. Take the following safety measures:– Keep emergency phone numbers available.

– Ensure the crib meets federal safety standards.

– Use an appropriate car seat.

– Do not allow pillows, comforters, or plush toys in bed with the child.



– Prevent falls.– Prevent choking.– Remove hanging toys from the crib when the

child begins to reach, pull, and roll over.– Never leave the child unattended in the car.– Secure and keep out of reach all cords on

window blinds, lamps, and electrical equipment.

Safety (cont.)


The Toddler: One to Three Years

Physical Development– Arms and legs grow faster than

the trunk.– Most walk by 15 months, run by

2 years.– At 3 years, they are very agile

and active. They can throw a ball, draw simple shapes, and use child’s scissors.


The Toddler: One to Three Years (cont.)

Intellectual-Cognitive Development– Child tries to imitate actions like raking,

sweeping, etc.– Speech

12 to 15 months – speaks single words.

Second year – makes sentences of 6 to 20 words.

Third year – repeats nursery rhymes.– May always ask “Why?”



Psycho-Emotional Development– 1 year – many emotions available.– 1 to 3 years – child gains some control over

ways to express feelings.– 18 months to 2½ years – temper tantrums

become an issue, child begins to resist authority.

– 3 years – child becomes sensitive to the feelings of others and may be characterized as affectionate.



Social Development– 1 to 2 years – child unable to play

well with others, may be aggressive.– 2 to 3 years – child learns sharing

and becomes aware of appropriate behavior when playing with others.



Aspects of Care– Work on motor skills with crayons.– Patient explanations and patience provide a

positive environment for growth.– Health care monitoring and vaccinations are

needed.– Toilet training may be encouraged when child

demonstrates signs of readiness.


The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age

Physical Development– Height – heredity becomes apparent in

variations among children.– Respiratory and heart rates begin to

slow.– Bones – begin to ossify. Activity and

calcium are important in developing strong bones.


The Preschooler: Three to Five Years of Age (cont.)

– Nighttime bladder and bowel control achieved by 3 to 4 years of age.

– Large muscle development should enable the child to navigate stairs using alternating steps.

– At 5 years a child can hop, skip, and participate in team sports.

Physical Development



Intellectual-Cognitive Development– Nervous system – many connections,

called synapses, are made, enabling more skillful play.

– Language – great strides are made. Vocabulary may reach 900 words by 3 years, and 1600 by 4 years. At age 5, vocabulary exceeds 2000 words.



Psycho-Emotional Development– 3 years – usually pleasant, enjoys

music, has a sense of self. – 4 years – child tests limits, becomes

more negative.– 5 years – child should be more self-

assured, adjusted, and home-centered. Child can accept some responsibility.



Social Development– 3 years – children know what gender

they are; they like to “help.”– 4 years – very social. Enjoy games.– 5 years – enjoy games with more rules.



Aspects of Care– Maintain regular checkups, including a

complete preschool physical. – Immunizations must be kept up to date.– Nighttime routines help a child feel

secure.


The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten Years

Physical Development– Girls tend to be taller and heavier than

boys at this stage.– Bones continue to ossify. – Reproductive systems begin developing

slowly.– Postural habits are developed.


The Elementary School Child: Six to Ten Years (cont.)

Intellectual-Cognitive Development– Progresses from brief attention span to

being able to focus for extended periods of time.

– Moves from block letters to cursive handwriting.

– Speech may differ between peers and adults.

– Recognizes time concepts, differentiates between fantasy and reality, and develops a sense of right and wrong.



Psycho-Emotional Development– Parental influence decreases while peer

influences increase as child approaches 10 years.

– Concerns shift from self to others.– Child may become very sensitive to

criticism.



Social Development– School becomes very

important to the child, along with group activities.

– Appropriate social behaviors are learned.



Aspects of Care– Structure, schedule, and consistent daily

activities are important.– Activities must be monitored to prevent

physical injury.– Health and dental care and immunizations

must be maintained.


The Middle School Child: Eleven to Thirteen Years

Physical Development– Puberty – occurs in girls at 12 to 13

years, but may start as early as 9. In boys, it starts around 14 years of age.

– Fusion of some bones occurs.– Skin problems may begin, and appetite

increases.


The Middle School Child: Eleven to Thirteen Years (cont.)

Intellectual-Cognitive Development– Physical and psychological changes divert

energy from academics.– Child begins to think abstractly and

critically.– Exaggeration and fibbing may occur.



Psycho-Emotional Development– Accurate information about their

changing bodies should be given by a reliable source.

– Child may be temperamental or moody.



Social Development– Becoming part of a

group becomes important.

– Girls become interested in male-female relationships earlier than boys.



Aspects of Care– Reassure the child that he or she is loved.– Avoid being hypercritical. Don’t make too

many demands.– Monitor friendships and associations.– Maintain immunizations and regular health

care checkups.– Allow some quiet time in the schedule.


The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years

Physical Development– Females attain their adult

height and weight, while males continue to grow until age 25.

– Poor diet and exercise in this stage can lead to problems later in life.

– Education about sexual behavior should be provided by trusted, well-informed adults.


The Adolescent: Fourteen to Nineteen Years (cont.)

Cognitive-Intellectual Development– Reasoning and critical and abstract

thinking are developing. Psycho-Emotional Development

– Although aware of acceptable behavior, teens are prone to angry outbursts.

– Adolescents can feel both alone and conspicuous.

– Often, teens feel immortal or invulnerable.



Social Development– Teens should learn effective

interpersonal skills, resolve conflicts and become comfortable with their style of communicating.

– They tend to get involved in community service projects.

– They are more comfortable relating to their parents.



Problems Faced by Teens– Eating Disorders

• Anorexia nervosa – self-starving, more common in females.

• Bulimia – binge eating, followed by purging through vomiting, excessive use of laxatives, abuse of diuretics, or excessive exercise.



– Substance Abuse Signs• Change in personality, friends, health

habits, and appearance.• Withdrawal from family and group

activities. • Sliding school grades.• At-risk teens are those who have:

– Family history of substance abuse.– Low self-esteem.– Depression.– A sense of “not fitting in.”



– Violence• Poverty is considered a leading cause

of violence in teens.• Bullying in school is increasingly

recognized as a cause of violence.• Depressed students may harbor

resentment for a long time.



– Sexually Transmitted Diseases – STDs that threaten long-term health and well-being include:

• Chlamydia.• Syphilis.• Gonorrhea.• Hepatitis B.• Herpes type II.• Papilloma virus.• HIV.



– Pregnancy – problems associated with teen pregnancy include:

• Low birth weight.• Prematurity.• Cesarean delivery.• Child abuse.• Growing up in poverty.



– Suicide – the third leading cause of death for people 15 to 24 years of age.

• Warning signs include: – Depression.– Anger, directed inward.– Alcohol and/or other substance abuse.– Changes in habits.– Giving away personal possessions.– Giving verbal hints about committing

suicide.



• Actions to take if you suspect someone is contemplating suicide:

– Listen.– Take the person seriously.– Get help from a responsible adult.– Do not promise to “keep the secret.”– Never assume it’s “just talk.”



Aspects of Care– Provide adequate calcium and weight-bearing

exercise.– Provide sex education and information about

sexually transmitted diseases.– Encourage friendships, sporting events, and

social events.– Listen to them.– Give them the facts.



Aspects of Care (cont.)– Trust them.– Provide them with firm and friendly discipline.– Be consistent.– Educate them, with their independence in

mind.– Set limits and stick to them.– Set examples of good behavior and taste.– Remember how it felt to be an adolescent.


Section 7-2 Apply Your Knowledge

List three suicide warning signs.Answer:Suicide warning signs are:1. Depression.2. Anger, directed inward.3. Alcohol and/or other substance abuse.4. Changes in habits.5. Giving away personal possessions.6. Giving verbal hints about committing

suicide.

Documents

Chapter 7 Human Growth and Development Health Care Science Technology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc