ETHNICITY Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos, meaning national
Ethnicities share a cultural identity with people from the same
homeland Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits Race = people
who share a biological ancestor
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WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED? Distribution of ethnicities
in the United States Hispanics (Latinos) = 15 percent of the U.S.
population African Americans = 13 percent of the U.S. population
Asian Americans = 4 percent of the U.S. population American Indians
= 1 percent of the U.S. population
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DISTRIBUTION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES Figure
7-1
Slide 6
DISTRIBUTION OF HISPANICS IN THE UNITED STATES Figure 7-2
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DISTRIBUTION OF ASIAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES Figure
7-3
Slide 8
DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN THE UNITED STATES Figure
7-4
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WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED? Concentration of ethnicities
in U.S. cities 90 percent of African Americans and Hispanics live
in cities Remnants of twentieth-century European migration = still
evident on the landscape Example: clustering of restaurants in
Little Italy, Greektown
Slide 10
ETHNICITIES IN CHICAGO Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic
Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in
different areas of the city.
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ETHNICITIES IN LOS ANGELES Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African
American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.
Slide 12
WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED? African American migration
patterns Three major migration patterns Forced migration from
Africa (eighteenth century) The triangular slave trade Immigration
from the South to northern cities (first half of the twentieth
century) Identifiable paths of migration Immigration out of inner
cities to other urban areas (second half of the twentieth century
to present) The ghetto
Slide 13
TRIANGULAR SLAVE PATTERN Figure 7-7
Slide 14
AFRICAN AMERICAN MIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES (TWENTIETH
CENTURY) Figure 7-8
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AFRICAN AMERICANS IN BALTIMORE Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African
American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area
northwest of downtown in the 1950s.
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WHERE ARE ETHNICITIES DISTRIBUTED? Differentiating ethnicity
and race Often confusing Race = traits that are shared genetically
Biological features within one racial group are highly variable
Biological classification of people into distinct racial groups is
meaningless Spatial effects of racism Separate but equal White
flight Blockbusting Apartheid in South Africa
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BLACK HOMELANDS IN SOUTH AFRICA Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid
era, South Africa created a series of black homelands with the
expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them.
These were abolished with the end of apartheid.
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APARTHEID Figure 7-13
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WHY HAVE ETHNICITIES BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO NATIONALITIES? Key
Issue #2
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WHY HAVE ETHNICITIES BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO NATIONALITIES? Rise
of nationalities Nationality: identity with a group of people who
share a common allegiance to a particular country From the Latin
word nasci, which means to have been born. Nation-state: a state
whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular
ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality Examples
Denmark Nation-states in Europe Nationalism = loyalty and devotion
to a nationality
Slide 21
NATION-STATES IN EUROPE
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WHY HAVE ETHNICITIES BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO NATIONALITIES?
Multinational states Multiethnic state A state with multiple ethnic
groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity
Example: the United States Multinational state A state with
multiple ethnic groups who retain their own distinctive national
identity Example: the United Kingdom Example: Russia (the largest
multinational state) Revival of ethnic identity
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REPUBLICS OF THE SOVIET UNION Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union
consisted of 15 republics that included the countrys largest ethnic
groups. These all became independent countries in the early
1990s.
Slide 24
ETHNICITIES IN RUSSIA Figure 7-12
Slide 25
ETHNICITIES IN THE CAUCASUS Fig. 7-13: The Caucasus region is
extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across
several national boundaries.
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WHY DO ETHNICITIES CLASH? Key Issue #3
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WHY DO ETHNICITIES CLASH? Ethnic competition to dominate
nationality Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa Ethiopia and
Eritrea Sudan Somalia Ethnic competition in Lebanon Religious and
ethnic differences
Slide 28
ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN EASTERN AFRICA Figure 7-14
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ETHNICITIES IN LEBANON Figure 7-15
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WHY DO ETHNICITIES CLASH? Dividing ethnicities among more than
one state Dividing ethnicities in South Asia India and Pakistan
Kashmir Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka
Slide 31
ETHNIC DIVISION IN SOUTH ASIA Figure 7-16
Slide 32
JAMMU AND KASHMIR Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly
Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947.
India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and
there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.
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SINHALESE AND TAMILS IN SRI LANKA Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are
mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the
Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.
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WHAT IS ETHNIC CLEANSING? Key Issue #4
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WHAT IS ETHNIC CLEANSING? Ethnic cleansing = process in which a
more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful group
from their territory The purpose is not to subjugate, but to remove
Today, most ethnic cleansing happens in Europe and Africa
Slide 36
WHAT IS ETHNIC CLEANSING? Ethnic cleansing in Europe Largest
forced migration = 19391945 Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly
removed by Nazis The former Yugoslavia Creation of multiethnic
Yugoslavia The breakup of Yugoslavia Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo Balkanization: the process by which a
state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Slide 37
THE BALKANS IN 1914 Figure 7-20
Slide 38
FORCED MIGRATIONS AFTER WORLD WAR TWO Fig. 7-19: Territorial
changes after World War II resulted in many migrations, especially
by Poles, Germans, and Russians.
Slide 39
ETHNIC REGIONS IN YUGOSLAVIA Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavias six
republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic
cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil
wars of the 1990s.
Slide 40
WHAT IS ETHNIC CLEANSING? Ethnic cleansing in central Africa
Most boundaries in Africa do not correspond to ethnic groups
Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi destabilizes the region Ethnic
cleansing and genocide in Rwanda Refugees spill into neighboring
countries Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil war
Slide 41
ETHNICITIES IN AFRICA Fig. 7-23: The boundaries of African
states do not (and cannot) coincide with the thousands of ethnic
groups on the continent.