Chapter 7: Ethical Dilemma

Chapter 7: Ethical Dilemma

Today the momentum of change (in which computer – based technologies play a pivotal role) is ever increasing. Consequently, older people are becoming ever more concerned and bewildered by the constant alterations that are occurring in practically every aspect of their daily lives. Stability is being replaced by instability. As younger people embrace e-mail, cellular phones, text messaging and the like, the older generations see their post offices closing, no longer is there any personal contact at the bank, and who knows for how much longer they will able to use a chequebook?

How do you perceive the ramifications of computer-based technologies and the current pace of change impacting on older people? For them it will be alarming, as of now where we are on computer age

where computers technology do and provide some convenient stuff for us. But how about the traditions? People may become tardy and be dependent on computers. Since they’re not familiar with the current technology they will assign other people to do their past work. They may feel isolated because they will no longer do some work that they usually do.

To what extent are they becoming increasingly isolated? Isolated on the sense that they are not well adapted of computer pace.

Not only because of the lack of knowledge on the technology’s usage but also the learning capacity of the older people unlike the young ones. Young ones easily adapt the technology because it follows on their growth while the older people may give only more confusing because of their past lifestyle.

Is direct personal contact being gradually eroded? Not totally because for now computers can’t do all things that people do. Maybe a

person do can communicate other people everywhere with the use of computer technology. But how about the intimate communication?

Perhaps discuss these issues with older person that you know, such as a family member. Identify the issues. As I talked to my grandfather which obviously belong to those

older people who aren’t that familiar to computer technology and he said

“The technology may give us convenient especially in our daily life. We can give messages easily by just texting or email. We can contact a person by just calling them on cellular phones. But I fear that that essence of a particular task may collapse. We older people do observe that the development of a person who raise from computer technology do have bigger difference on the people from the past like us. Older people like me may think that computer technology are nuisance on developing human development or worse decrease the social development of a person. ”

Have these people gained as a consequence of the proliferation of and reliance we place upon computer- based technologies and the pace of change that has ensued? Yes

Raymond Jay S. Rofuli

Objective

Background of development of computer intelligence

Differences between AI and expert systems

Turing Test and the Chinese Room Scenario arguments against intelligent computing

AI devices designed for and programming rules to design devices

Origins of AI and Expert System Two areas or research intelligence

Replication of human intelligence

Use of human intelligence

Intelligence machines

Academics working in the field of AI could see similarities between the computational aspects of the human mind and the way these machines worked.

Reasoning of intelligent computers Step 1

Logic and rationality are properties of human thought and

Logical arguments are properties of computation therefore,

Human ‘thinking’ can be replicated by computational methods

Reasoning of intelligent computers Cont….. Step 2

Human thinking is equated with intelligenceComputers can replicate human thinkingComputers can be intelligent

Expert Systems

A second approach is to put intelligence into computers. Rather than trying to get computers to exhibit intelligence, developers concentrated on creating knowledge.

The use of artificial intelligence and expert systems

-Mildred Juaton

Two opposing points are given Test of computer intelligence Denies that computers can be intelligent

at all

9.3 The debate on computer intelligence

“If a person could be fooled into thinking they were having a conversation with another person, when in fact they were conversing with a machine, then the machine could be said to exhibit intelligence.”

It is one of the most influential test of computer intelligence came from Alan Turing.

Influence research and debate for many years. Became known as Turing Test.

Test of computer intelligence

ELIZA One program that was written to interact with a

human operator and simulate conversation. Created by Joseph Weizenbaum With this program, a person could sit at a

computer terminal and engage in a fairly realistic conversation with the machine.

The design of the program meant that the type of interactionit allowed was similar to the interaction between a psychologist or therapist and a client.


“ Computers that could play chess, based on the assumption that “clever people can play chess, therefore if a computer can beat a world-class chess player, then the computer must be intelligent.”


“Computer are simply ‘symbol manipulators’ and cannot be said to exhibit intelligence at all”

Claimed by John Searl, he explained his position by using an example, now commonly known as the ‘Chinese Room Scenario’.

Denies that computers can be intelligent at all

Suppose that a man is inside a room, which has a gap under the door; through this gap, he receives sheets of paper from someone outside. No other form of communication is possible. The sheets of paper have Chinese symbols written on them and the task before this individual is to translate these symbols into some other language, such as English. To do this, he simply looks up a table on the wall and writes down the equivalent of the Chinese symbol in the required language. He then passes these under the door to the person waiting outside.

Chinese Room Scenario

Searl’s claim is that, although the man in the room has manipulated symbols so that Chinese language has been translated into English words, in no sense could the man be said to understand Chinese. He has simply followed rules in order to change particular input format into a desired output format, and this is essentially what digital computers do. Hence, any claime that rule-governed symbol manipulation can allow a computer language or, more broadly, exhibit intelligence, is totally without foundation. Human may manipulate symbols, but in communicating or demonstrating intelligence in other ways they must be doing additional things as well.

Chinese Room Scenario

(Continuation)

Applying Intelligence Concepts of AI

AI is concerned with producing applications that developers may claim ‘do’ intelligent things.

AI is concerned with producing programs that deliver information based on prior knowledge gained from experts.

Applications Smart devices Search engines Commercial advantages of cheap and fast information processing.

Agents

-intelligent devices that are designed to act independently.

SandPoint's Hoover, which "provides a single user interface to multiple information media, including real-time newswires, on-line databases, field intelligence, and corporate computing resources. Hoover automatically organizes selected information according to the context of the user's need or function. Designed for groups of users, Hoover currently works with Lotus Notes. Support for other groupware solutions is under development."

Open Sesame! is a software agent that learns the way users work with their Macintosh applications. "It streamlines everything you do on your desktop. It eliminates mundane, time-consuming tasks so that every minute you spend at your computer is productive". Open Sesame! uses a learning agent which observes user's activities and learns which tasks are repeated again and again. It then offers to perform those repetitive tasks for the user automatically.

Ambient intelligence

-people living easily in digital environments in which the electronics are sensitive to people’s need, personalized to their requirements, anticipatory of their behavior and responsive to their presence.

Applications in the environment

One of the early aims of applying intelligence was in the field of robotics, and in particular to use robots to carry out work that is either dangerous or inaccessible to humans.

ExampleCRASAR, which had been established on Sept 2,

2001, by the founding director, LTC John Blitch (ret) and former DARPA program manager, was invited to respond by the NY State Emergency Management Office on the afternoon of Sept. 11, 2001 through the National Institute for Urban Search and Rescue.

continuation. . . . In-car navigation system which have been

use for sometime- offering suggestions on the most efficient route a driver can take to get from A to B.

Examples:

Parrot AsteroidGarmin Nuvi 3490LMT GPS receiverGarmin Nuvi 3450 GPS receiver

Continuation. . . Smart homes

Bringing intelligent devices into the home. A number of projects are under way using technologies that learn user preferences, and that can respond to changing circumstances. One of these projects is the AWARE HOME. .

The Aware Home

uses technology to support elderly people living in their own homes.

Continuation. . . .These are the examples of how technology can be applied in the project called The Aware Home Research Initiative (AHRI) at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Software which automatically constructs family albums from video pictures collected in the house.

An intercom system which use voice recognition to allow people to speak to one another by saying their name.

Software that telephones a person when their photograph is spoken to

Electronic tagging of easily mislaid items such as keys.Reminders about appointments.

Nelly C. Ancajas

THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEM

Implication on agent-based decision making

Some of the issues that need to be considered in relation to the deployment of ‘intelligent’ agents.

Do the consequences benefit the user- - that is, are they in the user’s interest ?

Do the consequences disadvantage the user?


Do the consequences benefit a third party ?

If the benefits are for a third party, who is the third party.

eg. Government or commercial enterprise?


First Example Funded by consumer electronic companies such as

Nokia, Sony, and Vodafone… the software agent would monitor the activities of cell phone users until it is able to determine certain preferences… for example, the software agent would be able to determine a pattern of behavior such as going to the movies every Friday, and would then seek information online in an effort to buy movie tickets for the user. What is more, by entering a trip in the cell phone schedule, the agent would go online to check the availability of flights and hotels in an effort to reserve a room and buy a ticket for the user. (Graham – Rowe, 2003)

Two examples of intelligent software that have very different outcomes for the user.


Second example We refer to the intelligent speed adaption

(ISA) device described in the previous section. This device is designed specifically not to respond to the users; preferences. If the car driver (the user) wants to go faster and presses the accelerator pedal, the ISA will prevent an increase in speed.


World Wide Web Consortium Also known as the Platform for Privacy

Preferences Project (P3P).

- It has been developed to protect online users’ privacy preferences using P3P


Social Issues Loss of employment due to

replacement of jobs Dangers in safety-critical

applications Centralization of power Dehumanizing effect of AI Unrealistic expectations due to

sensationalizing the capabilities of AI

Joseph Weizenbaum- a computer scientist who was very concerned on how AI would be applied-created ELIZA, a program that could emulate conversation- the test for intelligence that Turing suggested

“…there are some human functions for which computers ought not to be substituted. It has nothing to do with what computers can or cannot be made to do. Respect, understanding and love are not technical problems.

Computers should not be applied in:

Applications ‘whose very contemplation ought to give rise to feeling of disgust in every civilized person.

‘All projects that propose to substitute a computer system for a human function that involves interpersonal respect, understanding and love in the same category.

Anything which ‘can be seen to have irreversible and not entirely foreseeable side effects’, especially when there is ‘no pressing human need for such a thing.’

Legal Issues The use of agents to

implement and enforce the law

The issue of responsibility

Consider the MIRA SystemA child runs out into the road in front of a car. Despite the speed control enforcement, there is insufficient space for the car to stop. The only course that the driver can take is to swerve and accelerate. The car swerves, but the speed control system prevents a brief period of acceleration. An accident ensues. Who is to blamed?

Particular Areas of Difficulty When Using Intelligent Agents The allocation of responsibility Compliance with consumer

protection regulations Privacy risks Creating legally valid agent-based

digital signatures

Professional Issues Computer Professionals

-responsible not only to consider the usability of the device, but also to consider the wider effects of its decision-making capabilities, and the extent of the interaction with other devices

Issues To Be Considered in Using Intelligent Devices Reliability Trusthworthiness Privacy Issues Security Issues Burden on the User Identity Identification Decision Making Procedures

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Chapter 7: Ethical Dilemma