CHAPTER 7CHAPTER 7

CONCURRENT CONCURRENT ENROLLMENTENROLLMENT

SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS Solutions Solutions

A homogenous mixture of two or more A homogenous mixture of two or more substances in which the components substances in which the components are atoms, molecules or ions. are atoms, molecules or ions.

SoluteSolute A substance (usually are solid or gas) A substance (usually are solid or gas)

that dissolves into a solvent. that dissolves into a solvent. SolventSolvent

What causes the solute to dissolve. What causes the solute to dissolve.

CONTINUEDCONTINUED

DissolvingDissolving A term used to describe the process of A term used to describe the process of

solution formation when one or more solution formation when one or more solutes are dispersed in a solvent to solutes are dispersed in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixtureform a homogeneous mixture

Like dissolves likeLike dissolves like Polar solvents will dissolve polar or Polar solvents will dissolve polar or

ionic compoundsionic compounds Nonpolar solvents will dissolve Nonpolar solvents will dissolve

nonpolar compoundsnonpolar compounds

SOLUBILITYSOLUBILITY SolubleSoluble

A solute that dissolves into a solvent to a A solute that dissolves into a solvent to a large extentlarge extent

InsolubleInsoluble A solute that does not dissolve very much A solute that does not dissolve very much

into a solventinto a solvent ImmiscibleImmiscible

A term used to describe liquids that are A term used to describe liquids that are insoluble in each otherinsoluble in each other

SolubilitySolubility Maximum amount of solute that can be Maximum amount of solute that can be

dissolved in a specific amount of solvent dissolved in a specific amount of solvent under specific conditions of temperature and under specific conditions of temperature and pressure pressure

CONTINUEDCONTINUED

Saturation solutionSaturation solution Maximum amount possible of Maximum amount possible of

dissolved solute in a stable situation dissolved solute in a stable situation at a certain temperature and pressureat a certain temperature and pressure

Supersaturated solutionSupersaturated solution Unstable solution that contains an Unstable solution that contains an

amount of solute greater than the amount of solute greater than the solute solubility at a certain solute solubility at a certain temperature and pressuretemperature and pressure

SOLUTION PROCESSSOLUTION PROCESS

Ionic solids are held together by charge Ionic solids are held together by charge attraction. The attraction to the water attraction. The attraction to the water molecule is greater than between the ions so molecule is greater than between the ions so they dissociatesthey dissociates

Hydrated ionHydrated ion Ion surrounded by water moleculesIon surrounded by water molecules

A solute will not dissolve in a solvent ifA solute will not dissolve in a solvent if The forces between solute particles are too strong The forces between solute particles are too strong

to be overcome by interactions with the solvent to be overcome by interactions with the solvent particleparticle

The solvent particles are more strongly attracted The solvent particles are more strongly attracted to each otherto each other

CONTINUEDCONTINUED

Ionic compounds will dissolve in Ionic compounds will dissolve in water following the rules found on water following the rules found on page 212.page 212.

Ways to increase the dissolving rateWays to increase the dissolving rate Crush or grind the solute Crush or grind the solute Heat the solvent Heat the solvent Stirring Stirring

MOLARITYMOLARITY ConcentrationConcentration

Amount of solute contained in a specific Amount of solute contained in a specific amount of solutionamount of solution

MolarityMolarity Number of moles of solute contained in a liter Number of moles of solute contained in a liter

of solutionof solution M (molarity) = M (molarity) = moles of solutemoles of solute liters of solutionliters of solution

Percent concentrationPercent concentration Solution concentration that expresses the Solution concentration that expresses the

amount of solute in 100 parts of solutionamount of solute in 100 parts of solution % = % = part part X 100X 100 totaltotal

CONTINUEDCONTINUED

Weight/weight percentWeight/weight percentConcentration that expresses Concentration that expresses

the mass of solute contained in the mass of solute contained in 100 mass units of solution100 mass units of solution

%(w/w) = %(w/w) = solute masssolute mass X X 100100

solution masssolution mass

PROBLEMSPROBLEMS Weight/volume percentWeight/volume percent

Concentration that expresses the grams of Concentration that expresses the grams of solute contained in 100 mL of solutionsolute contained in 100 mL of solution

%(w/v) = %(w/v) = grams of solutegrams of solute X 100 X 100

milliliters of solutionmilliliters of solution Volume/volume percentVolume/volume percent

Concentration that expresses the volume Concentration that expresses the volume of liquid solute contained in 100 volumes of liquid solute contained in 100 volumes of solutionof solution

%(v/v) = %(v/v) = solute volumesolute volume X 100 X 100

solution volumesolution volume

CONTINUEDCONTINUED

MM11VV11 = M = M22VV2 2 or Cor C11VV11 = C = C22VV22 C = M, %(v/v), or %(w/v)C = M, %(v/v), or %(w/v)

PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

ElectrolyteElectrolyte A Solute that when it dissolves forms A Solute that when it dissolves forms

many ions that allow it to conduct many ions that allow it to conduct electricityelectricity

NonelectrolyteNonelectrolyte A solute that when dissolved does not A solute that when dissolved does not

form ions and will not conduct form ions and will not conduct electricityelectricity

CONTINUEDCONTINUED

Colligative propertiesColligative properties Solution property that depends on the Solution property that depends on the

concentration of solute particles in concentration of solute particles in solutionsolution

ΔΔttbb = nK = nKbbMM

ΔΔttff = nK = nKffMM K = constant, will be given, M = K = constant, will be given, M =

molarity, molarity, ΔΔt = change in t = change in temperaturetemperature

OSMOTIC PRESSUREOSMOTIC PRESSURE Hydrostatic pressure required to prevent Hydrostatic pressure required to prevent

the net flow of solvent through a the net flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane into a solutionsemipermeable membrane into a solution

OsmosisOsmosis The process in which solvent flows through a The process in which solvent flows through a

semipermeable membrane into a solutionsemipermeable membrane into a solution OsmolarityOsmolarity

ππ = nMRT; n = moles, M = molarity, R = = nMRT; n = moles, M = molarity, R = constant, T = temperatureconstant, T = temperature

COLLOIDSCOLLOIDS Homogeneous mixture of two or more Homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances in which the dispersed substances substances in which the dispersed substances are present as larger particles than are found are present as larger particles than are found in solutionin solution Dispersing medium - Dispersing medium - Dispersed phase - Dispersed phase -

Solute particles found in solutions do not Solute particles found in solutions do not scatter light, whereas dispersed phase scatter light, whereas dispersed phase particles in colloids do. This is called the particles in colloids do. This is called the Tyndall EffectTyndall Effect

Emulsifying agentEmulsifying agent A substance that when added to colloids prevents A substance that when added to colloids prevents

then from coalescing and settingthen from coalescing and setting

DIALYSIS AND RED BLOOD DIALYSIS AND RED BLOOD CELLSCELLS

A process in which solvent molecules, small A process in which solvent molecules, small molecules and hydrated ions pass from a molecules and hydrated ions pass from a solution through a membranesolution through a membrane

Dialyzing membraneDialyzing membrane A semipermeable membrane with pores large A semipermeable membrane with pores large

enough to allow solvent molecules, small enough to allow solvent molecules, small molecules and hydrated ions to pass throughmolecules and hydrated ions to pass through

When RBC cells are placed in distilled water it When RBC cells are placed in distilled water it causes the water to flow into the cell to lower causes the water to flow into the cell to lower the concentration levelthe concentration level When this occurs it causes the cell to burst When this occurs it causes the cell to burst

this is called hemolysisthis is called hemolysis

CONTINUEDCONTINUED When the concentration of the fluid outside of When the concentration of the fluid outside of

the cell is higher it causes the water to flow the cell is higher it causes the water to flow out of the cellout of the cell When this occurs it causes the cell to When this occurs it causes the cell to

shrink this is called crenationshrink this is called crenation Intravenous drips must be made correctly so Intravenous drips must be made correctly so

that the osmolarity does not change to cause that the osmolarity does not change to cause hemolysis or crenationhemolysis or crenation

HypertonicHypertonic Solution with higher osmolaritySolution with higher osmolarity

HypotonicHypotonic Solution with lower osmolaritySolution with lower osmolarity