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Chapter 7 AXIAL SKELETON. Skeletal System GROSS ANATOMY. OBJECTIVES. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons and name the bones of each. Explain the types of vertebra, the curvature of the vertebra, and number them. Explain the types of ribs and number them. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 7AXIAL SKELETON
Skeletal SystemGROSS ANATOMY
OBJECTIVES• Distinguish between the axial and appendicular
skeletons and name the bones of each.• Explain the types of vertebra, the curvature of
the vertebra, and number them.• Explain the types of ribs and number them.• Explain the differences between the male and
female skeleton’s pelvic cavity.• Are their any additional variations in other
locations in the body?
WAY COOL WEBSITE • Body Online
• http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html
Anatomical Terms used for Bone Featurespage 1
• Terms– Body: main part– Head: enlarged end– Neck: constriction
between head and body– Margin or border: edge– Angle: bend– Ramus: branch off body– Condyle: smooth
rounded articular surface– Facet: small flattened
articular surface
• Projections– Process: prominent
projection– Tubercle: small
rounded bump– Tuberosity: knob– Trochanter:
tuberosities on proximal femur
– Epicondyle: near or above condyle
Anatomical Terms used for Bone Featurespage 2
• Ridges– Line or linea: low
ridge– Crest or crista:
prominent ridge– Spine: very high ridge
• Openings– Foramen: hole– Canal or meatus:
tunnel– Fissure: cleft– Sinus or labyrinth:
cavity
• Depressions– Fossa: general term
for a depression– Notch: depression in
bone margin– Fovea: little pit– Groove or sulcus:
deeper, narrow depression
General Information• There are 206 bones of the human
body.• The bones of the skeleton are divided
up into – AXIAL BONES– APPENDICULAR BONES
AXIAL SKELETONgeneral bones
• Skull• Auditory ossicles• Hyoid Bone• Vertebral Column• Rib Cage (thoracic cage)
80 bones
APPENDICULAR SKELETONgeneral bones
• Contains: – Pectoral Girdle– Upper Limb– Pelvic Girdle– Lower Limb
• Function: – Protects the Brain,
Spinal Cord & Vital Organs located in the Thorax
126 Total Bones
AXIAL SKELETONSKULL
Skull (aka: Cranium)• Neurocranium (Braincase)• Viscerocranium (Face)
Neurocranium• Parietal• Temporal• Frontal• Sphenoid• Occipital• Ethmoid
Parietal Bone
Lamboid Suture
Coronal Suture
Squamous Suture
Temporal Bone
Temporal Bone Landmarks
Mastoid Process
Styloid Process
Zygomatic Process
External Acoustic Meatus(ear canal)
Carotid Canal (Carotid Foramen)
Temporal Bone Landmarks
Temporal Bone Landmarks
9) Internal Acoustic Meatus
Frontal Bone & Landmarks
Supraorbital Margin
Sphenoid Bone & Landmarks
Resembles a bat or butterfly
Sella Turcica (houses pituitary)
Occipital Bone & Landmarks
Opening where brain & spinal cord connect
Foreman Magnum
Occipital Condyle
(articulation {meeting of
two bones} between the skull & 1st Vertebra)
Ethmoid Bone
Ethmoid Bone Landmarks
Inferior Nasal Concha
Middle Nasal Concha
Olfactory Foramina – holes in the Cribriform Plate
Fontanals
Closes during the
1st year
Closes at end of 2nd
year
VISEROCRANIUM
Viscerocranium (face)Bones of the Face
• Maxilla• Zygomatic – “cheekbone”• Palatine• Lacrimal• Nasal• Inferior Nasal Concha• Mandible• Vomer
Mandibular Condyle
Mandible Landmarks
Maxilla LandmarksPalatine Process
Incisive Foramen
Lacrimal Bone
Inferior Nasal Concha
Vomer
Hyoid BoneUnlike other bones, the hyoid does NOT
articulate with other bones.
Its name is derived from the Greek word hyoeides meaning
"shaped like the letter upsilon" (υ).
SINUSES• Frontal• Maxillary• Ethmoidal• Sphenoidal
Maxillary Sinus
Sphenoidal Sinus
Terms• Wormian Bones
– also known as extra sutural bones[1] are extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium. These are irregular isolated bones which appear in addition to the usual centers of ossification of the cranium and, although unusual, are not rare.
Terms• Foramen – hole• Condyle – smooth, rounded articular
surface• Articular – of or relating to joints• Process – prominent projection• Fossa – general term for a depression• Canal/Meatus – tunnel
THORACIC (rib) CAGE
Functions of the Vertebral Column• Supports weight• Protects the spinal cord• Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal
cord• Provides site for muscle attachment• Permits movement of head & trunk
Vertebral Columngeneral information• Consists of 26 bones called “vertebrae”• Vertebrae can be divided into 5 regions:
– (C) Cervical vertebrae (7)– (T) Thoracic vertebrae (12)– (L) Lumbar vertebrae (5)– Sacral bone (1)– Coccygeal bone (1)
*hint to remember the numbers think of mealtimes (7, 12, and 5)
Developing embryo have about 33-34 vertebrae that fuse: 5 sacral fuse to form 1 bone
Counting Vertebrae• The vertebrae are designated by a letter
(C, T or L) with a number after the number.
• The number indicates the number of the vertebrae from superior to inferior within each region.
Curvature of the Vertebral Column• There are 4 major curvatures which
help accommodate our upright posture by aligning our body weight with our pelvis and lower limbs.– 2 curvatures appear during embryonic
development
Appear during embyronic
development
First Cervical Vertebrae• The first cervical (neck)
vertebra is called the atlas. It supports the head. – The atlas bone is
named for the Greek god Atlas who was condemned to support the earth and its heavens on his shoulders.
Second Cervical Vertebrae • The second cervical vertebra
is called the axis. It is so-named because the uppermost cervical vertebra (called the atlas) rotates about the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra.
• The joint between the axis and atlas is a pivot type of joint. It allows the head turn.
• The Latin word "axis" means axle or pole.
• The axis bone serves as the axle about which the atlas (and the head) turn.
Dens (aka: Odontoid Process)
Transverse Foramen
Transverse Foramen – indicated by the BLUE ARROWS
Anatomy of Vertebrae• Body – weight
bearing portion• Arch – projects
posteriorly from the body
• Various Processes
SACRAL VERTEBRAE• Highly
modified• 5 vertebrae
are fused into a single bone called the SACRUM
POSTERIOR VIEW
SACRAL VERTEBRAE ANTERIOR VIEW
COCCYX”tailbone”
• Most inferior portion of the vertebral column and usually consists of 3-5 semi-fused vertebrae that form a triangle
• Easily broken
RIB CAGE (thoracic cage)
Functions of the RIB CAGE• Protects vital organs within the thorax• Forms a semi-rigid chamber that can
increase and decrease in volume during respiration
• Consists of:– 3 thoracic vertebrae– The ribs– Associated costal(rib) cartilages– Sternum
Ribs• There are 12 pairs of ribs
– True Ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)• Superior 7 Ribs• Articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and attach directly
to their costal cartilages to the sternum– False
• Inferior 5 pairs• Articulate with the thoracic vertebrae but DO NOT
ATTACH directly to the sternum.• Consist of 2 groups
– Vertebrochondral Ribs (8th, 9th, 10th ribs)» Joined by common cartilage to the 7th rib
– Floating Ribs (vertebral ribs) (11th & 12th ribs)» Do NOT attach to sternum
Each rib has two extremities, a posterior or vertebral, and an anterior or sternal, and an intervening portion—the
body or shaft.
STERNUM“breastbone”
• Sword Shaped• 3 Parts
– Manubrium– Body– Xiphoid Process
– Superior Margin of the manubrium has a JUGULAR NOTCH or suprasternal notch