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Chapter 7 1
Chapter 7, 8
Information Technology For Management 4th Edition
Turban, McLean, Wetherbe
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Basic Information Systems
Chapter 7 2
Functional Areas in a Business
Business
Funtion
Accounting
Financing
MarketingSales
Operations
Human Resources
•Cash Management
•Asset Management
•Budgeting
•A/R
•A/P
•Payroll
•General Ledger
•Compensation
•Vacation
•Skills/Training
•Receiving
•Fulfillment
•Process control
•Purchasing
•Order Taking
•CRM
•Self-service
•Retail Pricing
•Sales Promotions
•Sales Force Management.
•Customer Loyalty
•Interactive Marketing
Chapter 7 3
Functional Areas – Value Chain Perspective
The value chain model, views activities in organizations as either primary (reflecting the flow of goods and services) or secondary (supporting the primary activities). The organizational structure of firms is intended to support both of these types of activities.
Chapter 7 4
Functional Areas – Supply Chain Perspective
The supply chain is a business process that links all the procurement from suppliers, the transformation activities inside a firm (the value chain) and the distribution of goods or services to customers via wholesalers and retailers.
Chapter 7 5
Functional Information Systems
Composed of smaller systems: A functional information system
consists of several smaller information systems that support specific activities performed in the functional area.
Integrated or independent: The specific IS applications in any
functional area can be integrated to form a coherent departmental functional system, they can be integrated across departmental lines to match a business process or be completely independent.
Interfacing: Functional information systems may interface
internally with each other to form the organization-wide
information system or externally systems outside the organization.
Supportive of different levels: Information systems applications
support the three levels of an organization’s activities: operational,
managerial, and strategic
Functional information systems support the organization, processes and business model.
Enterprise Wide Environment – All business units.
Chapter 7 6
Transactional
Office
Decision Support
Strategic
Functional Information Systems
Business transactions, events
and processes. Support of the
business and customers.
Back office
administrative
tasks and ops.
Datamining ops
that support
management
Data Analysis
and statistical
forecasting.
Operation Level of the
company is normally highly
structured and predefined.
Dynamic and what-if
features.
Integrated
Clerical documents,
schedules, mail,
manuals, etc.
Chapter 7 7
Supply and Value Chains
Supply Chain Flows Materials flows are all physical products, new materials, and
supplies that flow along the chain.
Information flows relates to all data associated with demand, shipments, orders, returns and schedules.
Financial flows include all transfers of money, payments, credit card information, payment schedules, e-payments and credit-related data.
Supply chain refers to the flow of materials, information, payments, and services from raw material suppliers, through factories and warehouses (Value Chain), to the final consumer (Demand Chain). It includes tasks such as purchasing, payment flow, materials handling, production planning & control, logistics & warehousing, inventory control, and distribution. When it is managed electronically it is referred to as an e-supply chain.
Supply Chains contribute to increased profitability and competitiveness
Chapter 7 8
Supply Chains Components
The supply chain involves three segments:
Upstream, where sourcing or procurement from external suppliers occur
Internal, where packaging, assembly, or manufacturing take place
Downstream, where distribution or dispersal take place, frequently by external distributors.
It also includes the movement of information and money and the procedures that support the movement of a product or a service.
Organizations and individuals are also part of the chain.
Chapter 7 9
Supply Chains Classifications There are several major types of supply chain
Integrated make-to-stock
Continuous replenishment
Build-to-order
Channel assembly.
Value Chain
Demand Chain
“Supply” Chain
Chapter 7 10
Adding value along the chain is essential for competitiveness, however problems exist especially in complex or long chains and in cases where many business partners are involved. These problems are due to uncertainties and the need to coordinate several activities, internal units, and business partners.
Demand forecasts are a major source of uncertainties Competition
Prices
Weather conditions
Technological development
Customer confidence
Uncertainties exist in delivery times Machine failures
Road conditions
Shipments
Quality problems may also create production delays
Supply Chain Problems
Chapter 7 11
The bullwhip effect refers to erratic shifts in orders up and down the supply chain because of poor demand forecasting, price fluctuation, order batching, and rationing within the chain.Even slight demand uncertainties and variability become magnified if each distinct entity, on the chain, makes ordering and inventory decisions with respect to its own interest above those of the chain. Distorted information can lead to tremendous inefficiencies, excessive inventories, poor customer service, lost revenues, ineffective shipments, and missed production schedules.
Supply Chain Problems continued
A common way to solve the bullwhip problem is by sharing information along the supply chain through EDI, extranets, and groupware technologies. For example employing a vendor-managed inventory (VMI) strategy, the vendor monitors inventory levels and when it falls below the threshold for each product this automatically triggers an immediate shipment.
Chapter 7 12
Information sharing among supply chain partners (c-commerce) sometimes referred to as the collaboration supply chain is one method to overcome problems in the flow. Others are:
Optimal Inventory Levels
Supply Chain Coordination and Collaboration
Supply Chain Teams
Performance Measurement and Metrics
Various IT-Assisted Solutions
wireless technology
optimal shipping plans
strategic partnerships with suppliers
just-in-time
Supply Chain Solutions
Chapter 7 13
ERP and Supply Chains
It is comprised of a set of applications that automate routine back-end operations:
such as financial management
inventory management
Scheduling
order fulfillment
cost control
accounts payable and receivable,
It includes front-end operations such as:
POS
Field Sales
Service
It also increases efficiency, improves quality, productivity, and profitability.
ERP or enterprise systems control all major business processes with a single software architecture in real time.
Enterprise Resource Planning
Chapter 7 14
Chapter 7 16
Chapter 7 17
ERP Reality
Complete systems can cost tens of millions of dollars
Implementation can take several years
Companies may lose flexibility
Chapter 7 21
What is SAP?Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing
SAP is the leading global provider of client/server business application solutions
SAP is the number one vendor of standard business applications software
SAP is the fifth largest independent software supplier in the world
Electronic Commerce
Interorganizational Systems:
Business-to-business
Electronic storefront
Chapter 7 23
Market ExchangeInterorganizational Structure
Vertical integrationMultiple activities in the same firm
Risk: range of expertise required
Selective sourcingSome outsourced activities
Risk: control of outsourcer
Virtual corporationCoordination of separate activities
Risk: loss of core competency
Chapter 7 24
Questions
Do we benefit from electronic commerce?
Do we use information to add value to customers?
Are we managing the product/service channel?
Have we redesigned business with our partners to take advantage of technology and provide security
Do we have partners with shared vision and common purpose?
Do we have the right infrastructure?
Chapter 7 25
External / Internal Hosting
Outside (Cheaper)
minimize bandwidth and hardware problems
use external experts
installed infrastructure
little additional staffing required
Inside (More Control)
dependent on third party reliability
possible single vendor software solutions
possible single vendor payment scheme
Chapter 7 26
External / Internal Hosting
External better at storefronts
but requires close integration with core business
Internal better at business to business
but often creates a self-contained replicated system that can be outsourced
Chapter 7 27
Payment
Credit CardsSET (Secure Electronic Transaction) with http
Electronic ChecksPublic/private key transactions with banks
Electronic Cash3rd party software to create virtual cash
EDI/EFTValue added network using 3rd party.
Common in business to business.
Chapter 7 28
Infrastructure Drivers