Chapter 7

Ethnicity

Who are you?

• Defined by:– Nationality– Clubs– Language– Religion– Ethnicity- ancestors and cultural traditions

• Measurable: income, life expectancy, mortality rate

Questions with Ethnicity

• To what extent does discrimination exist?• Do we correct the past? How/To what extent?

– Affirmative action…• Do we encourage or protect and ethnicity? To

what extent?

Ethnicity is NOT…

• Something that can disappear

• Language can change• Religion can be converted

• Ethnicity is your DNA

Eugenics Movement

• Science tried to prove that there were differences in people based on their race

• Hitler…people are inferior because…

• But no ethnicity is trying for global dominance unlike –lingua franca’s- unlike universalizing religions

• People have ethnic fights over GEOGRAPHIC locations

Vocab Words

• Ethnicity• Race*Societies sort out school, leisure time, residences, daily life based on the color of skin

RacismRacist

Multicultural marriages article

USA

• Ethnic Diversity is shown by the census every 10 years

• The term “Hispanic” 1973 “inoffensive label” all Spanish speaking peopleLatin America…Latino/Latina (12%)Mexicans…Chicano/Chicana Take back the WORD LA!

Ethnicity vs. Race• Asian American• Ethnicity?• Race?• Answers: Asian American

ethnicity• Asian race• Hispanic American?• Ethnicity?• Race?• Answers: Hispanic• Race ????

Where in the USA regionally?

• West

• South West USA 90% Urban

In general only 75% of Americans live in Urban areas…discrimination (Af. American 90%)

USA Numerous Ethnicities

• Hispanic• African American• Asian American

• All 3 have different migration stories and through these issues of discrimination/segregation

Migration Patterns

• Forced• Voluntary• Interregional• INTRAregional

18th century

• Forced migration of Africans by Dutch, British, Portuguese

• Slavery was rare in Europe (indentured servitude) but Europeans diffused the practice of slavery

• How: Costal Africans captured interior Africans• Show me on a map where this happened!

Guess what map we’re learning next…

Triangular Slave Trade

• Europe -> Africa w/clothes/trade goods• Africa-> W. Hemisphere/Caribbean w/Slaves/Gold• Caribbean-> Europe with sugar and molasses

*Efficient

Hardships

• Separation of families• Destroying villages• Physical- strong/young taken left behind?• Packed ships=…• ¼ die in crossing• Labor intensive crops- cotton tobacco SE USA

Civil War Lies!

• Emancipation Proclamation- In Lincoln’s interest

What have you learned so far?

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

•The 13th Amendment (Ratified 12/6/1865): - Abolished Slavery

•The 14th Amendment (Ratified 7/9/1868):- Citizen Rights…No state can “deprive

any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

•The 15th Amendment (Ratified 2/3/1870):- Right to Vote Could Not be Denied Based on Race

The Great MigrationEven with changes to the Constitution,

African-Americans still faced racial hardships and brutality in the south.

From 1889 and 1918, over 2,552 black Americans were

lynched. Jim Crow was alive!

Sharecropping was a reinstitution of

slavery

Billy Holiday Strange FruitVern and RyanSwing Low

The Great Migration

This became known as “The Great Migration.”

In response to their harsh treatment in the south, between 1910 and 1930, African-American families migrated to northern cities in multitudes.

The Great Migration- Interregional Migration

Three major destinations of the Great Migration were:

- Detroit- Chicago- New York City

African-American Population Increases:- Detroit: + 611.3 %

- Chicago: + 148.2 %- New York City: + 66.3 %

What IS the Harlem Renaissance?

The Harlem Renaissance was an American cultural movement of the 1920’s and 1930’s.

Named after the Harlem community of New York City, this period brought about some of the most influential African-American visual artists, musicians, writers, and dancers.

• Many factors combined to spark the origins of the Harlem Renaissance. These included:

–The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

–The Great Migration–World War I

Harlem, New YorkIn 1903, Philip A. Payton Jr., an African-American real estate agent, made deals with white landlords to lease some Harlem houses to middle-class Black families that were anxious to leave crowded tenements.

Harlem, New York

INTRAregional Migration

By 1910, many white Harlem citizens abandoned the neighborhood.

With the Great Migration was in full swing, Harlem’s affordable homes for African-Americans became a popular destination.

•

Brownstones, 1958.Harlem blossomed into a community with a strong and unique identity. African-American literary and visual art became a large part of this new cultural which a sense of optimism in spite of economic difficulties.

Vocab thus far…

• Ethnic Clustering• Blockbusting

• Redlining-deny mortgages/overcharging• Restrictive covenant

Jim Crow Laws enforced/busted

1896 Plessy v. Ferguson• Train car incident• “Separate but equal”

*Emmett Till case

1954 Brown v. Board of Education

• Doll Experiment evidence• Integration with “deliberate

speed”

Doll Experiment

Latin Americans/Asians

• Voluntary Migration• 1960/1970/NAFTA• Influx of workers and

todays population are descendants of

• Chinese largest Asian immigrant population

European Ethnic Identities

• Retain religion, food, cultural traditions

• Residential locations

*think if I’m new to the country where do I want to live…?

• German town• Butcher town• Old louisivlle…etc.

• NYC, Detroit, Chicago little ltaly, Greektown, Mexicantown

• As people earned $$ changed residences

Apartheid in South Africa

• Physically separating different races into different geographic areas

• Created by white decedents of the Netherlands 1652 settlers in Cape Town, South Africa

• Babies were labeled according to race

• Race= legal status

• Where you could live, work, shop, attend school and own land dictated

• No voting rights, restricted wages, restricted occupations

Nelson Mandela• Rolihlahla Mandela

• Given Christian name at school to Nelson (IMPERIALISM)

• Supposed to have tribal leadership, but chose education and humanitarian efforts (against discrimination) instead of his people/arranged marriage

• Went to prison after nationally and internationally fighting for equal rights/representation for blacks in South Africa

• 1991 African National Congress wins

• 1994 Elected President• Now governed by black

majority, but still disproportionate amount of blacks poor

I’m A Cajun

• The Meaning of Race Article

Nationality vs. Ethnicity

• Group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country

• Passport• Civic duty• voting

• Religion• Language• Material culture

USA Simplified

• Nationality- citizen (born or immigrant)– Declaration of independence/Constitution– Except…Af. Americans and Women had restricted

rights• Ethnicity- ancestry• Race- color of skin, but today, you get to

choose how you identify your race on the census and other official paperwork!

In the case of Canada…

• Quebecois- ethnicity or Nationality? [think back to minority languages…how does that apply?]

• Different language, religion, culture than Anglo-Canadians

• *ethnicity- not nationality kept as 1 country 50.6% vote because they respected identity.

Nationalism

• We’re #1 • Positive+ flags, culture, attitude

• Negative- unity through negative image of others

• “Abnormal/Degenerate”

Centripetal force

• An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

• Flag• National pledge• Identity of language, religion and other

cultural traits

Lebanon4 million ppl- size of Connecticut

60% Muslim (Shiite vs World Majority Sunni), 40% Christian

• 1943 independence• Religion % represented

in Government (60/40)

• Religious segregation– Sunni (Northwest)– Shiite (S/E Majority)– Christian (W)

• Civil wars• US/Israel tried to

intervene for Peace

• Solution 1975-1990 Civil Wars 64 seats in Parliament Christian, 64 seats in Parliament Muslim

• ? Separation of Church and State?

S Asia• 1947 India Independent• Split into India (Hindu) and

Pakistan (Muslim)

• Weird boundaries when British Imperialists split so massive ethnic migration of 17 million Hindu in Pakistan killed and Muslims in India

• Kashmir is the “line of control” between India and Pakistan

• Pakistan wants Kashmir to vote bc they think they’ll come over to Pakistan

ON TOP OF THAT!

• Punjab is a region with 2% of Sikhs in India, but they too want their own country and are currently fighting for independence

Yugoslavia

• Division of independent states from the former Yugoslavia in 1990s has been the bloodiest since WWII (1939-1945)

Yugoslavia a.k.a Balkans• Ethnicities with Slavic

languages thrown together

• Some interacted with Western democracies/economies

• Some had autonomy from Yugoslavian government and could “rule” themselves

• Nationalism through currency DINAR

• Stability between ethnicities because younger people only knew “yugoslavia”

• 1980 Unifying force Josip Broz Tito dies- everyone breaks for independence

• Serbs ethnic cleansing in Kosovo/Bosnia

• 1996 Bosnia 3 areas– Bosnian Muslims (ethnicity)– Serbs– Croats

Vocab

• Balkanized

• Small geographic area- unstable-long standing ethnic issues with each other

• Balkanization

• Process by which a state/country breaks down due to conflict among its ethnicities

Kurds

• Sunni Muslims- former independent state post WWI (ottoman Empire)

• 1923 part of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria (displaced)

• Turkish Nationalism = suppression of Kurd culture

• US help Kurds rebel in Iraq

• 2003 US overthrows Suddam Hussein- Iraq kurds gain more rights

• But even today they are an ethnicity without a nationality

Iraq, Iran,

• ¾ Arab (2/3 Shiite, 1/3 Sunni)

• 1/6 Kurd• North- Kurds welcome

US• Center- Sunni Muslims-

lost power w/o Hussein • South- Shiite Muslims-

Hostility about Americans

• Afghanistan

• Was imperialized by Soviet Union

• 2001 US invaded and overthrew Taliban (1995-2001 strict interpretation) Recall some consequences…

Rwanda (Ch 7 Section 1 back)

• Genocide

• Why Africa? Boundaries not matching ethnic groups

• Tribes more important than state

• Political and Economic self determination

• 1950s/1960s most independent

• 2011 Sudan/South Sudan