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CHAPTER 7. Collaborative Computing Technologies: Group Support Systems. Collaborative Computing Technologies: Group Support Systems. People Perform groupwork Need to collaborate Need to communicate. Opening Vignette: Chrysler SCORES with Groupware. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CHAPTER 7Collaborative Computing Technologies: Group Support Systems
Collaborative Computing Technologies: Group Support SystemsPeople
Perform groupworkNeed to collaborateNeed to communicate
Opening Vignette: Chrysler SCORES with GroupwareChrysler used groupware to enhance collaboration and communication with suppliersIdentify waste in the Value ChainEliminate the waste
SolutionLotus Notes ApplicationExtended Enterprise SystemIncentives for suppliers to contributeVendor relationship systemProvides a competitive advantage
SCORE BenefitsEnhanced relationships with suppliersBetter-quality purchasing practicesBetter quality productLower costs (in 2000: $2 billion)
Groupwork CharacteristicsGroup performs a taskDifferent placesDifferent timesSame or different organizationsPermanent or temporary
More CharacteristicsSpan managerial levelsSynergy or conflictProductivity gains / lossesQuick response may be requiredHard to meet in one placeMultiple sources of knowledgeExternal expertise
Anytime / Anyplace CollaborationEnabled by WebLow cost PCs
MeetingsJoint activityEqual or near equal statusOutcome depends on participants knowledge, etc.Outcome depends on group compositionOutcome depends on decision-making processDisagreement settled by rank or negotiation
GroupwareTo support groupwork / meetings Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW)Software that provides collaborative support to groups
Communication SupportVitalNeeded for collaboration
Modern information technologies provide inexpensive, fast, capable, reliable means of supporting communicationInternet / Web
Supporting CommunicationWord of mouthDelivery personsHorsebackSnailmailTelegraphTelephoneRadioTelevisionVideoconferencingInternet / Web
Nonverbal Communication
Important issue Not captured by most communication systems
Supporting Collaboration (CSCW)People work togetherGroup Support Systems (GSS)Groupware:Electronic meeting systemsElectronic conferencing systems
A Time/Place FrameworkSame Time / Same PlaceDecision Room Same Time / Different Place Video ConferenceDifferent Time / Same Placevia Internet Different Time / Different Place
GroupwareLotus Notes / Domino ServerIncludes Learning SpaceNetscape Collabra ServerMicrosoft NetMeetingNovell GroupwiseGroupSystemsTCBWorksWebEx
Group Support SystemsGoal: to support groupworkIncrease benefits / decrease losses of collaborationBased on Nominal Group TechniqueDelphi MethodElectronic Meeting System (EMS)
Important FeaturesParallelismAnonymity
Lead to process gains and task gains
GSS Process GainsParallel information processing / flowLarger groups can participateRapid computer discussionsQuiet people can participate equallyNoisy people cant strongly drive meetingSaves travel time (millions $ / year)
GSS Process LossesFree-ridingFlaming
GSS TechnologiesDecision roomMultiple use facilityWeb-based
The Decision (Electronic Meeting) Room 12 to 30 networked personal computersUsually recessed Server PC Large-screen projection systemBreakout roomsNeed a Trained Facilitator for Success
Cool RoomsSource: Groupsystem.com, Tuscon, AZ, www.groupsystems.comUS Air Force
Cool RoomsIBM Corp.Source: Groupsystem.com, Tuscon, AZ, www.groupsystems.com
Cool RoomsMurraysville School District BusSource: Groupsystem.com, Tuscon, AZ, www.groupsystems.com
Few OrganizationsUse Decision RoomsHigh CostNeed for a Trained FacilitatorSoftware Support for Cooperative Tasks, NOT Conflict IssuesInfrequent UseDifferent Place / Different Time NeedsMay Need More Than One
Other TechnologiesMultiple Use FacilityCheaperStill need a facilitatorWeb-basedCheaper: no extra hardware neededStill need facilitator
GroupSystemsFrom Groupsystems.com, Tucson, AZ
Comprehensive groupwareWindows & Web versionsLeading software
GroupSystems ActivitiesAgendaElectronic BrainstormingGroup OutlinerTopic CommenterCategorizerVote
Others
GSS Meeting ProcessIdea generationIdea organizationPrioritizingIdea generation
Iterate until solution is reached
Why GSS?SuccessfulNeedOrganizational commitmentExecutive sponsorOperating sponsorUser-seductive interfaceDedicated well-trained facilitatorGood planning
Distance Learning (DL)Nontraditional classroomCSCW / GSS / GroupwareRequires technologyNot newEffectiveGrowing fastCorporate, too
DL AdvantagesJust as effective or moreFlexible timeStudent can keep jobStudent can travel in jobAccess anywhere / anytimeCan present new technology cheaplyCan focus on specific skillsCan cost lessExpand classroom size easily
More DL AdvantagesAdd breadth and depth to courseMore one-on-one interaction with instructor (e-mail)Student/faculty contact time increasesFor continuous learnersAttendance is flexible (Careful!)Discussion technologiesStudent attitudes evolve and improveImpacts (scores) are higher
DL DisadvantagesFewer social interactionsLess or no on-campus interactionCommunications problemsStudents MUST be highly motivatedStudents MUST be highly disciplinedStudents MUST have effective time management skillsStudents MUST be extremely dedicated
More DL DisadvantagesTakes more faculty and staff timeLearner must be more responsibleStudents MUST work hard!
Others
Distance Learning CoursewareLotus NotesMicrosoft NetMeetingNovell GroupWise
Learning Space (Lotus Notes)WebCTLearnLinc Virtual Classroom
Creativity and Idea Generation
Creativity: Generally a human traitCreativity and innovation
Can create tremendous impacts in organizations
Idea GenerationElectronic BrainstormingCan be simulatedCan adjust methods
Create more ideas (information overload)
Cognitive maps - useful
CreativitySoftware that exhibits creativity
Intelligent agents (softbots)Copycat (creates analogies)AARON (creates painted art)Genjam (writes jazz music)Kurzweils Cybernetic Poet (writes poems)
Creativity Software AlternativesCoBrain
Software that Facilitates Human CreativityProject KickStartThoughtPathCreative WhackPackIdeaFisher
GSS and Collaborative Computing Issues and ResearchGSS/EMS methodsWeb groupwareDistance learningVirtual organization
DeSanctis & Gallupe, 1987 FrameworkDennis, et al, 1988 Framework Pinsonneault and Kraemer, 1989 Framework Nunamaker et al, 1991 Framework Fjermestad 1998 Framework GSS Frameworks
DeSanctis, G. and Gallupe, R. B., (1987), AFoundation for the Study of Group Decision Support Systems, Management Science, 33, 3, 589-609
GSS Technologies
Organizational commitmentExecutive SponsorOperating sponsorDedicated facilitySite visitsLiaisonsResponsiveness- Use prototypingTrainingCost-benefit analysisSoftware flexibilityManaging Expectations
GSS Success Factors (Implementation)