Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic. Framing a New Government Constitution derived principles from state documents. Fashioned system of government

Chapter 6Chapter 6

The Constitution and the New The Constitution and the New Republic Republic

Framing a New GovernmentFraming a New Government

Constitution derived principles from Constitution derived principles from state documents. Fashioned system state documents. Fashioned system of government that has survived for of government that has survived for more than 200 years. more than 200 years.

1783, members of Confederation 1783, members of Confederation Congress members withdrew from Congress members withdrew from Philadelphia to escape clamor of Philadelphia to escape clamor of army veterans.army veterans.


18 members, representing only 8 states 18 members, representing only 8 states voted on Confederation’s most important voted on Confederation’s most important legislation, the Northwest Ordinance.legislation, the Northwest Ordinance.

Majority of people satisfied with Majority of people satisfied with Confederation.Confederation.

Common Feelings: Believed they fought war Common Feelings: Believed they fought war to avert danger of remote tyrannical to avert danger of remote tyrannical authority. Wanted to keep power centered in authority. Wanted to keep power centered in statesstates


Wealthiest most powerful groups Wealthiest most powerful groups wanted more national government wanted more national government capable of dealing with nations capable of dealing with nations economic problemseconomic problems

Society of Cincinnati- exclusive Society of Cincinnati- exclusive hereditary club of military men, hereditary club of military men, disgruntled at the refusal of Congress disgruntled at the refusal of Congress to fund their pensionsto fund their pensions


Manufacturers and artisans: wanted Manufacturers and artisans: wanted to replace state tariffs with uniformly to replace state tariffs with uniformly high national duty, single commercial high national duty, single commercial policy in place of thirteen different policy in place of thirteen different state policies. state policies.

Land speculators wanted to remove Land speculators wanted to remove the “Indian Menace”. Wanted to stop the “Indian Menace”. Wanted to stop the states from issuing paper money-the states from issuing paper money-would lower the value of what they would lower the value of what they received in paymentsreceived in payments


Conflicts between liberty and order Conflicts between liberty and order central feature of American central feature of American democracydemocracy

The Confederation’s weakest point The Confederation’s weakest point was the lack of power to taxwas the lack of power to tax


Alexander Hamilton: Alexander Hamilton: called for national called for national convention to convention to overhaul entire overhaul entire document- delegates document- delegates approved proposal of approved proposal of all states gathering in all states gathering in Philadelphia to Philadelphia to consider ways to consider ways to amend the amend the constitution.constitution.


Annapolis Annapolis convention- five convention- five states attended in states attended in 17861786

Thomas Jefferson: Thomas Jefferson: not alarmed by not alarmed by Shay's Rebellion- a Shay's Rebellion- a little rebellion now little rebellion now and then was a good and then was a good thing. thing.


Washington: his support for Constitutional Washington: his support for Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia gave it immediate Convention in Philadelphia gave it immediate credibilitycredibility

Constitutional Convention- attended by 55 men, Constitutional Convention- attended by 55 men, representing all states but Rhode Islandrepresenting all states but Rhode Island

Framing a New GovernmentFraming a New Government Founding Fathers: young (excluding Founding Fathers: young (excluding

Franklin 81) well educated, retained Franklin 81) well educated, retained Revolutionary suspicion of concentrated Revolutionary suspicion of concentrated power. Unanimously chose Washington power. Unanimously chose Washington to preside over hearings.to preside over hearings.


Decisions required majority not Decisions required majority not unanimity each state had one voteunanimity each state had one vote

James Madison: sent as delegate James Madison: sent as delegate from Virginia composed detailed plan from Virginia composed detailed plan for new "national" government. for new "national" government. Edmund Randolph proposed creating Edmund Randolph proposed creating a Judicial, Executive and Legislative a Judicial, Executive and Legislative branch branch


Virginia Plan - called for national Virginia Plan - called for national legislature consisting of two houseslegislature consisting of two houses

Lower house- states would be Lower house- states would be represented in proportion to represented in proportion to population (largest VA would have population (largest VA would have about ten times as many about ten times as many representatives as the smallest representatives as the smallest Delaware) Delaware)


Upper house members elected by Upper house members elected by lower house no rigid system of lower house no rigid system of representationrepresentation

Results of proposal: aroused Results of proposal: aroused immediate opposition among immediate opposition among delegates small states delegates small states


William Patterson: William Patterson: proposed federal proposed federal rather than rather than national national government government


New Jersey Plan preserved one house New Jersey Plan preserved one house legislature, equal representation, legislature, equal representation, gave Congress expanded powers to gave Congress expanded powers to tax and regulate commerce tax and regulate commerce

Rejected, substantial support from Rejected, substantial support from smaller statessmaller states


Virginia Plan permited members of Virginia Plan permited members of upper house to be elected by state upper house to be elected by state legislatures rather than by lower legislatures rather than by lower house. Each state guaranteed at house. Each state guaranteed at least one member in upper houseleast one member in upper house


Questions and Debates: would states Questions and Debates: would states be equally represented? Would be equally represented? Would slaves be counted in population slaves be counted in population when determining the size of a when determining the size of a state's representation?state's representation?


South Carolina: wanted slaves to be South Carolina: wanted slaves to be considered persons in determining considered persons in determining representation, also wanted to representation, also wanted to consider slaves property if the consider slaves property if the government levied taxes based on government levied taxes based on populationpopulation


Grand Committee- single delegate Grand Committee- single delegate from each state with Franklin as from each state with Franklin as chairman to resolve disagreements chairman to resolve disagreements


July 16, 1787- convention voted to accept July 16, 1787- convention voted to accept Great CompromiseGreat Compromise

Satisfying the South: permitted to tax Satisfying the South: permitted to tax exports, forbidden to impose duty of more exports, forbidden to impose duty of more than $10 a head for slaves, no authority to than $10 a head for slaves, no authority to stop slave trade. Feared power to regulate stop slave trade. Feared power to regulate trade would interfere with agrarian economy. trade would interfere with agrarian economy.

No definition of citizenship, no list of No definition of citizenship, no list of individual rights, restrained powers of individual rights, restrained powers of national governmentnational government


James Madison: James Madison: helped most in helped most in creating the creating the Constitution, Virginia Constitution, Virginia Plan, helped resolve Plan, helped resolve two important two important philosophical philosophical questions;questions;


Question of sovereignty: could Question of sovereignty: could national and state governments national and state governments exercise sovereignty at the same exercise sovereignty at the same time- all power flowed ultimately from time- all power flowed ultimately from people, neither state nor federal people, neither state nor federal government truly sovereign- derived government truly sovereign- derived authority from "We the people..."authority from "We the people..."

Supreme Law: constitutionSupreme Law: constitution


Federal Government: broad powers; Federal Government: broad powers; tax, regulate commerce, control tax, regulate commerce, control currency and pass lawscurrency and pass laws

Constitution accepted existence of Constitution accepted existence of separate states, left important separate states, left important powers in their hands.powers in their hands.


Public feared tyrannical leader who Public feared tyrannical leader who would breed corruption within would breed corruption within republic, believed individual states republic, believed individual states must remain sovereign and strong must remain sovereign and strong national government would be national government would be dangerousdangerous


Separation of Powers: large republic Separation of Powers: large republic possible if separation of powers possible if separation of powers within government and a system of within government and a system of checks and balances among checks and balances among legislative, executive and judicial legislative, executive and judicial branches, drawn from Scottish branches, drawn from Scottish philosopher David Humephilosopher David Hume


Congress composed of two chambers, House Congress composed of two chambers, House of Representatives and Senate, both would of Representatives and Senate, both would have to agree before laws were passedhave to agree before laws were passed

President would have power to veto CongressPresident would have power to veto Congress Federal Courts: protection from executive Federal Courts: protection from executive

and legislature, judges and justices served and legislature, judges and justices served for lifefor life

Fear of the mob: only House of Fear of the mob: only House of Representatives elected directly by peopleRepresentatives elected directly by people


September 17,1787 Constitution September 17,1787 Constitution signedsigned

Supporters of Constitution had a Supporters of Constitution had a number of advantages-better number of advantages-better organized, support of Franklin and organized, support of Franklin and Washington- FederalistsWashington- Federalists

Federalists: James Madison, Federalists: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John JayAlexander Hamilton, John Jay


Federalist Papers- Federalist Papers- series of essays, series of essays, widely publicized, widely publicized, explained explained meaning and meaning and virtues of the virtues of the Constitution Constitution hoping to draw hoping to draw supportsupport


Anti-federalists: presented selves as Anti-federalists: presented selves as defenders of true principles of the defenders of true principles of the Revolution, believed Constitution Revolution, believed Constitution would produce a strong, potentially would produce a strong, potentially tyrannical, center of power, claimed tyrannical, center of power, claimed it would increase taxes, obliterate it would increase taxes, obliterate states, yield dictatorial powers, and states, yield dictatorial powers, and favor the "well born” favor the "well born”


Constitution lacked bill of rights, little Constitution lacked bill of rights, little faith in ability of human beings to faith in ability of human beings to wield power, no government could be wield power, no government could be trusted to protect liberties of citizenstrusted to protect liberties of citizens


Fears of Federalists: disorder, Fears of Federalists: disorder, anarchy, chaos, unchecked power of anarchy, chaos, unchecked power of the masses. Wanted to create the masses. Wanted to create government that would be strong government that would be strong enough to act against threats to enough to act against threats to order and stabilityorder and stability

Fears of Anti-federalists: concerned Fears of Anti-federalists: concerned with dangers of concentrated powerwith dangers of concentrated power


Delaware Convention (1787-1788)- Delaware Convention (1787-1788)- first to ratify constitution, followed by first to ratify constitution, followed by NJ, PA and Mass., New Hampshire- NJ, PA and Mass., New Hampshire- 9th state to ratify constitution9th state to ratify constitution

Rhode Island - opposition - did not Rhode Island - opposition - did not call a conventioncall a convention


George Washington- first president; George Washington- first president; inaugurated in New York on April 30, inaugurated in New York on April 30, 17891789

John Adams-leading federalist- vice John Adams-leading federalist- vice presidentpresident

Twelve Amendments- first ten Twelve Amendments- first ten became Bill of Rightsbecame Bill of Rights


First Congress under Constitution First Congress under Constitution served as a continuation of the served as a continuation of the Constitutional Convention: task of Constitutional Convention: task of drafting a bill of rightsdrafting a bill of rights

Bill of Rights- forbid Congress to infringe Bill of Rights- forbid Congress to infringe on basic rights: freedom of religion, on basic rights: freedom of religion, speech, and press, trial by juryspeech, and press, trial by jury

10th Amendment reserved states all 10th Amendment reserved states all power except those specifically withheld power except those specifically withheld or delegated to federal governmentor delegated to federal government


Judiciary Act of 1789 - Congress Judiciary Act of 1789 - Congress provided for Supreme Court of 6 provided for Supreme Court of 6 members - chief justice and 5members - chief justice and 5associate justices, 13 district courts associate justices, 13 district courts w/one judge each, 3 circuit courts of w/one judge each, 3 circuit courts of appeal - Supreme Court had power to appeal - Supreme Court had power to make final decision in cases involving make final decision in cases involving constitutionality of state lawsconstitutionality of state laws


Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton - secretary of - secretary of treasury treasury

Henry Knox - Henry Knox - secretary of war secretary of war

Edmund Randolph - Edmund Randolph - attorney generalattorney general

Thomas Jefferson - Thomas Jefferson - secretary of statesecretary of state

Henry Knox

Federalists and RepublicansFederalists and Republicans

Controversy - one side believed Controversy - one side believed America required a strong national America required a strong national government other wanted a modest government other wanted a modest oneone


Federalists – centralizers led by Alexander Federalists – centralizers led by Alexander Hamilton, mission: to become nation, state, Hamilton, mission: to become nation, state, with centralized authority, complex with centralized authority, complex commercial economy, proud standing in commercial economy, proud standing in world affairsworld affairs

Republicans - fathered under leadership of Republicans - fathered under leadership of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, beliefs: envisioned modest central beliefs: envisioned modest central government, no highly commercial government, no highly commercial societies, remain agrarian, powers rested in societies, remain agrarian, powers rested in hands of states and peoplehands of states and people


Government Federalist under Government Federalist under Washington; dominant figure in Washington; dominant figure in administration was Alexander administration was Alexander HamiltonHamilton

Hamilton's Ideas: believed stable Hamilton's Ideas: believed stable effective government required effective government required enlightened ruling class and support enlightened ruling class and support of wealthy and powerfulof wealthy and powerful


Funding The Debt- government takes Funding The Debt- government takes responsibility for existing public debt- responsibility for existing public debt- call in old depreciated certificates call in old depreciated certificates and exchange them for uniform and exchange them for uniform interest-bearing bonds, payable at interest-bearing bonds, payable at definite datesdefinite dates


Assume debts- federal government Assume debts- federal government takes over debts states accumulated takes over debts states accumulated during the Revolution- create large during the Revolution- create large and permanent national debt- hoped and permanent national debt- hoped it would result in creditors most likely it would result in creditors most likely to lend money to governmentto lend money to government


National Bank: help fill the absence National Bank: help fill the absence of well developed banking system, of well developed banking system, provide loans and currency, safe provide loans and currency, safe place to deposit federal funds, help place to deposit federal funds, help collect taxes and disperse collect taxes and disperse governments expendituresgovernments expenditures


Government now needed more Government now needed more revenue to pay off interest on bonds, revenue to pay off interest on bonds, Hamilton proposed 2 new taxesHamilton proposed 2 new taxes

Excise Tax (Whiskey Tax): paid by Excise Tax (Whiskey Tax): paid by distillers of alcoholic liquors- tax would distillers of alcoholic liquors- tax would fall heavily on backcountry (PA, VA, NC)fall heavily on backcountry (PA, VA, NC)

Tariff on imports- raise revenue and Tariff on imports- raise revenue and protect American manufacturing from protect American manufacturing from foreign competitionforeign competition


““Report on Manufactures”- 1791 Report on Manufactures”- 1791 Hamilton grand scheme for Hamilton grand scheme for stimulating growth of industry in stimulating growth of industry in United States and wrote about the United States and wrote about the advantages.advantages.


Opposition to Hamilton- old certificates Opposition to Hamilton- old certificates that had been given to merchants and that had been given to merchants and farmers in payment for supplies during the farmers in payment for supplies during the war, or officers and soldiers for payment. war, or officers and soldiers for payment. Some had sold bonds for a fraction of face Some had sold bonds for a fraction of face value and some argued that bonds should value and some argued that bonds should be given to original holders. Some states be given to original holders. Some states had different war debts than others (Mass had different war debts than others (Mass owed more than VA)owed more than VA)


In exchange for VA’s In exchange for VA’s votes for votes for assumption bill assumption bill (government taking (government taking over state debts) over state debts) Government moved Government moved capital south near capital south near Potomac RiverPotomac River

Federalists and RepublicansFederalists and Republicans The Bank of The United States- began The Bank of The United States- began

operation in 1791operation in 1791


Effects of Hamilton's Plan: won support of Effects of Hamilton's Plan: won support of influential part of population, restored influential part of population, restored public credit, reaped large profits, public credit, reaped large profits, manufacturers profited from tariffs, manufacturers profited from tariffs, merchants benefited from new banking merchants benefited from new banking system, small farmers complained they system, small farmers complained they beared disproportionate tax burden beared disproportionate tax burden (property tax, plus excise tax on (property tax, plus excise tax on distilleries)distilleries)


Federalists viewed corrupt- resulted in Federalists viewed corrupt- resulted in emergence of alternative political emergence of alternative political organization organization

Republican Party: formed committees, Republican Party: formed committees, societies and caucuses, banded together to societies and caucuses, banded together to influence state and local elections- fighting to influence state and local elections- fighting to defend people from corrupt conspiracy by defend people from corrupt conspiracy by FederalistsFederalists

"First Party System"- institutionalized "First Party System"- institutionalized factionalismfactionalism


Thomas Jefferson: prominent speaker, Thomas Jefferson: prominent speaker, viewed self as farmer, believed in agrarian viewed self as farmer, believed in agrarian republic made of sturdy, independent republic made of sturdy, independent farmer-citizens, did not oppose industry, farmer-citizens, did not oppose industry, should develop some manufacturing should develop some manufacturing capacity, suspicious of cities, feared urban capacity, suspicious of cities, feared urban mobs, opposed development of advanced mobs, opposed development of advanced industrial economy, envisioned a industrial economy, envisioned a decentralized society, dominated by small decentralized society, dominated by small property ownersproperty owners


French Revolution: attacks on organized French Revolution: attacks on organized religion, overthrow of monarchy, religion, overthrow of monarchy, execution of king and queenexecution of king and queen

Reaction of Federalists: expressed Reaction of Federalists: expressed horrorhorror

Reaction of Republicans: applauded Reaction of Republicans: applauded democratic, anti-aristocratic spirit democratic, anti-aristocratic spirit embodied by the Revolutionembodied by the Revolution


Federalists: most numerous in Federalists: most numerous in commercial centers of Northeast, in commercial centers of Northeast, in southern seaports such as Charlestonsouthern seaports such as Charleston

Republicans: most numerous in rural Republicans: most numerous in rural areas of south and westareas of south and west

1792- Washington reelected- sides 1792- Washington reelected- sides more with Federalistsmore with Federalists

Establishing National SovereigntyEstablishing National Sovereignty

Farmers in Mass. rose in revolt; settlers in Farmers in Mass. rose in revolt; settlers in Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee toyed Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee toyed with idea of separating from union. with idea of separating from union.

Whiskey Rebellion 1794- farmers in Whiskey Rebellion 1794- farmers in western PA refused to pay whiskey excise western PA refused to pay whiskey excise tax, began terrorizing tax collectorstax, began terrorizing tax collectors

Washington's Response - called out Washington's Response - called out militias of 3 states, raised army, led troops militias of 3 states, raised army, led troops into PA intimidated them into allegianceinto PA intimidated them into allegiance


New States: Vermont 1791, Kentucky New States: Vermont 1791, Kentucky in 1792, Tennessee in 1796.in 1792, Tennessee in 1796.

Border conflicts continued in Border conflicts continued in northwest and southwest with northwest and southwest with IndiansIndians


Indians in Constitution: excluded Indians in Constitution: excluded from taxation, not counted to pop. from taxation, not counted to pop. totals, congress had power to totals, congress had power to regulate commerce with foreign and regulate commerce with foreign and Indian Tribes, bound to obey past Indian Tribes, bound to obey past treaties, no direct representation, no treaties, no direct representation, no clear understanding of what rights clear understanding of what rights Indians had.Indians had.


Edmond Genet (Citizen Genet)- Edmond Genet (Citizen Genet)- French diplomatic representative- French diplomatic representative- used American ports to outfit French used American ports to outfit French warships, commissioned George warships, commissioned George Clark to lead expedition against Clark to lead expedition against Spanish lands to south (Spain allied Spanish lands to south (Spain allied with Britain) challenged neutrality with Britain) challenged neutrality policypolicy


1794- Britain’s Royal Navy began 1794- Britain’s Royal Navy began seizing hundreds of American ships seizing hundreds of American ships in the French West Indies.in the French West Indies.


Jay's Treaty 1794- settled conflict Jay's Treaty 1794- settled conflict with Britain helped prevent new war, with Britain helped prevent new war, established undisputed American established undisputed American sovereignty over Northwest, sovereignty over Northwest, produced relationship with Britain, produced relationship with Britain, trade important to UStrade important to US

Public Response: bitter public Public Response: bitter public denunciations, burned in effigy- denunciations, burned in effigy- congress ratifiedcongress ratified


Pinckney’s Treaty 1795: Spain Pinckney’s Treaty 1795: Spain recognized rights of Americans to recognized rights of Americans to navigate Mississippi River and navigate Mississippi River and deposit goods at New Orleans, fixed deposit goods at New Orleans, fixed northern boundary of Florida along northern boundary of Florida along 31st parallel31st parallel

The Downfall of the The Downfall of the FederalistsFederalists

After 1796 Federalists never won another electionAfter 1796 Federalists never won another election Washington's Farewell Address 1797- denounced Washington's Farewell Address 1797- denounced

foreign entanglementsforeign entanglements Jefferson Republican candidateJefferson Republican candidate


John Adams Federalist candidate- John Adams Federalist candidate- excellent statesman, austere, rigid, excellent statesman, austere, rigid, aloof, few skills as politician, tried to aloof, few skills as politician, tried to impose own virtue-won by slim 3 impose own virtue-won by slim 3 electoral votes, Jefferson became VP electoral votes, Jefferson became VP

Federalists more supportive of Federalists more supportive of Thomas PinckneyThomas Pinckney


French captured American ships- sent French captured American ships- sent Pinckney, Marshall and Gerry to negotiate Pinckney, Marshall and Gerry to negotiate treaty w/ France treaty w/ France

X, Y, Z Affair- French foreign minister X, Y, Z Affair- French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded loan for France and a (Talleyrand) demanded loan for France and a bribe to French officials before any negotiationsbribe to French officials before any negotiations

Results: created widespread popular outrage at Results: created widespread popular outrage at France's actions and strong support for France's actions and strong support for Federalist response- undeclared war with Federalist response- undeclared war with FranceFrance


Undeclared War- cutoff trade with Undeclared War- cutoff trade with France, repudiated treaties of 1778, France, repudiated treaties of 1778, authorized American ships to capture authorized American ships to capture French armed ships- constructed NavyFrench armed ships- constructed Navy

Results of "Quasi War" - new treaty Results of "Quasi War" - new treaty which canceled the old agreement of which canceled the old agreement of 1778, established new commercial 1778, established new commercial engagements no more perpetual engagements no more perpetual alliance with Francealliance with France


Alien Act- new obstacles in way of Alien Act- new obstacles in way of people who wanted to become people who wanted to become American citizensAmerican citizens

Results: discouraged immigrations Results: discouraged immigrations and encouraged foreigners to leave and encouraged foreigners to leave countrycountry


Sedition Act- allowed government to Sedition Act- allowed government to prosecute those who engaged in prosecute those who engaged in "sedition" against government"sedition" against government

Republican Interpretation: seen as Republican Interpretation: seen as Federalist campaign to destroy partyFederalist campaign to destroy party


Virginia and Kentucky Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: central Resolutions: central government had right government had right to nullify acts which to nullify acts which were created by were created by undelegated powers undelegated powers and seen as and seen as unauthoritative, void.unauthoritative, void.


Election of 1800: same candidatesElection of 1800: same candidates Federalists accused Jefferson of being a Federalists accused Jefferson of being a

dangerous radical, would bring reign of terror dangerous radical, would bring reign of terror Republicans portrayed Adams as tyrant, Republicans portrayed Adams as tyrant,

conspiring to be kingconspiring to be king Jefferson won election- with help of Tammany Jefferson won election- with help of Tammany

Society formed in New York by Aaron BurrSociety formed in New York by Aaron Burr Tied Burr 73 votes- Jefferson still electedTied Burr 73 votes- Jefferson still elected


Judiciary Act of 1801- reduced number Judiciary Act of 1801- reduced number of Supreme Court justiceships by of Supreme Court justiceships by increasing number of federal judgeships increasing number of federal judgeships as a wholeas a whole

Midnight Appointments- Adams Midnight Appointments- Adams appointed Federalists to new positions, appointed Federalists to new positions, stayed up until midnight of last day of stayed up until midnight of last day of office to finish signing new judge’s office to finish signing new judge’s commissionscommissions

Documents

Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic. Framing a New Government Constitution derived principles from state documents. Fashioned system of government